The Official New Zealand Road Code

The official New Zealand road code

Introduction

The official New Zealand road code is a user-friendly guide to New Zealand’s traffic law and safe driving practices. You will be tested on this information in your theory and practical driving tests.

Information in the Licence and study guide section will help you through each stage of your driver licence. It explains the driver licensing system in New Zealand, describes each stage of your driver licence and provides useful

information about the theory and practical tests. It also includes most of the questions that you could be asked when you sit the theory test for your learner licence, and a driving skills syllabus to help you and your driving coach when you’re learning to drive.

This guide is intended for drivers of cars and other light vehicles. For information for heavy vehicle drivers and motorcyclists, please obtain a physical copy of The official New Zealand road code for heavy vehicle

drivers and The official New Zealand road code for motorcyclists.

Updates

Any changes made to the web version of The official New Zealand road code since the last published edition are listed on the Updates page.

Where can I buy the 'Road code'?

You can purchase copies of The official New Zealand road code for car

drivers, The official New Zealand road code for heavy vehicle drivers and The official New Zealand road code for

motorcyclists from NZ Transport Agency agents and most booksellers. The 2012/13 edition of The official New Zealand road code is available from the following stockists:

 The New Zealand Automobile Association (AA stores) - www.aa.co.nz

 Paper Plus and Take Note stores - www.paperplus.co.nz

 VTNZ (Vehicle Testing New Zealand) - www.vtnz.co.nz

 The Warehouse - www.thewarehouse.co.nz

 Whitcoulls stores - www.whitcoulls.co.nz

 Some BP Connect Service Stations - www.bp.co.nz

 Some Postshops - www.postshop.co.nz

 Many independent bookshops.

DISCLAIMER

The NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) has endeavoured to ensure the material in this document is technically accurate and reflects legal requirements. However, the document does not override governing legislation. The NZTA does not accept liability for any consequences arising from the use of this document. If the user of this document is unsure whether the material is correct, they should make direct reference to the relevant legislation and contact the NZTA.

Creating a safe road system

To create a road system where fewer people die or are seriously injured, we need to improve the safety of all parts of the system – roads and roadsides, speeds, vehicles, and road use. This is a job for all of us – for drivers and for everyone working in the transport sector.

As a road user, you can contribute by choosing to:

 buy the safest vehicle you can afford so it protects you and your loved ones in the event of a crash, and keep your vehicle really well maintained

 travel on roads that are the safest and be aware of roadside hazards

 travel at a safe speed for the road and conditions – such as the safety of your vehicle, the weather, other traffic on the road, and your level of experience

 give driving the respect and attention it deserves

 think ahead and leave plenty of time for your journey – even short ones  share the road safely with others

 stay sober and drug-free behind the wheel, and ensure others do the same. Meanwhile, the transport sector will work to ensure:

 roads and roadsides are more predictable and forgiving of drivers’ mistakes, and encourage appropriate behaviour and safe speeds

 speed limits suit individual roads and drivers understand safe speeds and drive to the conditions vehicles help prevent crashes and protect people in crashes so they aren’t killed or seriously injured.

It will take 10 years or more to build this level of safety into the road system, and it will only happen if we all play our part. Please do your bit for safer journeys on our roads.

Updates to the Road code

This page lists any updates to The official New Zealand road code since the last published edition. These changes will usually have been caused by a

legislation change.

Other update pages:

 The official New Zealand road code for heavy vehicle drivers

 The official New Zealand road code for motorcyclists

The 2013 version of The official New Zealand road code was published in June 2013.

Update September 2013

 Page 302:

Question I6 - The image displayed for this question is incorrect.

The question is not currently included in the questions you could be asked in a theory test for a car licence.

Update October 2012

 Hazards and emergencies - Dealing with hazards

About signs

In this section you’ll be introduced to the main types of road and vehicle-mounted signs you will see on New Zealand roads.

Other signs are introduced throughout this book in relevant sections.  Main types of signs

 Vehicle-mounted signs

Main types of signs

Most of the signs you will see on New Zealand roads are international symbolic signs. This means they use the same shapes and symbols as traffic signs all over the world.

Symbolic signs are used because they are quick to read and easy for all drivers to understand.

New Zealand's signs are generally made of reflective material, making them easier to read at night.

The three types of sign

The signs on our roads can be divided into three types: 1. compulsory signs

2. warning signs

3. information signs

You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign. Some examples of these signs are shown on the following pages.

Note: the examples shown are only a small sample of the symbolic signs used

on our roads. They are intended to familiarise you with the three main types of symbolic sign rather than introduce you to all of the signs you will see when driving.

Important

Road authorities (for example, local councils) may have special rules for road users in specific areas. These restrictions should be indicated by signs or markings.

Compulsory signs

Compulsory signs tell you what you must or must not do. They are usually red or blue.

Turn right Keep going straight ahead

Keep left

You must not go faster than 50 km/h

You must not drive into this road

You must not turn left

You must not make a U-turn

You must stop and then give way

You must slow down (or stop, if necessary)

and give way School patrol – you must stop

Some compulsory signs have red borders.

You must keep left

unless passing _{Bus lane that can also} be used by cycles, motorcycles, mopeds

Bus lane that can only be used by buses

Transit lane, which can only be used by passenger service vehicles, cycles, motorcycles and

vehicles carrying at least the number of people displayed on the sign (eg T2 means two

or more people, T3 means three or more people)

Warning signs

Warning signs alert you to a particular hazard on the road ahead. They warn you to be careful for your own safety, the safety of other road users or the safety of road workers carrying out maintenance.

There are two types of warning signs: 1. those that warn you of a permanent hazard 2. those that warn you of a temporary hazard.

Permanent warning signs

Permanent warning signs are yellow and black.

Pedestrian crossing Look out for children

Slippery surface Road narrows

Clearance height advance warning

Temporary warning signs

Temporary warning signs are orange and black.

Gravel surface Stop on request Other hazard

Note: this sign will always be

displayed with another sign explaining the hazard, eg ‘Flooding’

Information signs

Information signs give you useful information, for example, the distance to the next town. They are all rectangular, but come in a range of different colours and sizes.

You may turn left, but first give way to any pedestrians

and vehicles

Shows the state highway number and the distance in

kilometres to places listed

Shows directions to places

at the next intersection Shows the way to the nearest _{information centre}

Shows the state highway number and direction to places listed

Vehicle mounted signs

When oversize vehicles or vehicles carrying very large loads use our roads, they must have special signs mounted on them. They may also be

accompanied by pilot vehicles to warn other road users to take care.

If you see one of these signs or pilot vehicles when you are driving, you should slow down. If the oversize vehicle or load is coming towards you, you may need to pull over and stop to allow it to pass.

Oversize sign

The sign below will be displayed on the oversize vehicle itself. If you see this sign when driving, you should drive cautiously. The vehicle may be very wide, long or high, or a combination of all three.

Oversize vehicle

Pilot vehicles

When a vehicle is carrying a large load, it may be accompanied by a pilot

vehicle, with flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-mounted sign, to warn other road users.

If the pilot vehicle is in front of the load, the sign will say either ‘Long load follows’ or ‘Wide load follows’.

If the pilot vehicle is behind the load, the sign will say either ‘Long load ahead’ or ‘Wide load ahead’.

Wide load follows

Extremely large loads

The first pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow and purple roof lights and a roof-top sign that says ‘Danger slow down’.

The second pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-top sign that says ‘Wide load follows’.

Danger slow down

Important

About driving

Key driving skills

This section introduces you to the key driving skills and road rules that you need to learn to be a safe and competent driver.

 Keeping left

 Giving signals

 Receiving signals

 Turning

 Using lanes correctly

 Following distance  Passing  Merging  Motorway driving  Towing  Reversing

Giving way

This section describes the situations in which you must give way to other

vehicles when driving. It shows you what to do in a variety of situations and at different kinds of intersections.

 Intersections

 The give way rules

 Giving way at roundabouts

 Giving way at railway level crossings

 Giving way on one-lane bridges

Stopping and parking

 How to park safely

 Where not to park

 Parking signs

 Stopping at intersections, railway level crossings and pedestrian crossings

When conditions change

This section tells you how to drive safely when conditions become more hazardous than usual.

 Driving in bad weather

 Night driving

 Roadworks

 Sunstrike

 Road surface

Hazards and emergencies

Driving has the potential to be dangerous, particularly when other hazards are involved. This section gives you some valuable tips on how to be aware of hazards and how to avoid getting into crash situations.

 Dealing with hazards

 Multiple hazards

 Safe driving tips

Key driving skills

Keeping left

In New Zealand, vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road.

It is essential to keep left, because if you don't you are likely to cause a head-on crash. This is head-one of the worst types of crash, as it almost always results in death or serious injury.

What is a road?

The legal definition of a road is very broad. It includes not only streets and highways, but also any place the public has access to – including bridges, beaches, riverbeds, car parks, reserve lands, wharves and road shoulders.

Because of this, you should apply road rules at all times when you're driving, even when you aren't on a public road.

Keeping left on a laned road

Most roads in New Zealand have lanes marked on them with a white line or raised studs.

When driving on a laned road, it is important to drive your vehicle within your lane.

Where there are two or more lanes on your side of the centre line:  keep in the left-hand lane as much as you can

 don't use the lane closest to the centre line if you will hold up other vehicles.

The lane closest to the centre line should only be used when:  you want to pass another vehicle

 you want to turn right

 the left-hand lane is full with other traffic or is blocked.

Keeping left on an unlaned road

An unlaned road is a road with no marked white lines or raised studs. To stay well out of the way of oncoming vehicles, always keep as close as possible to the left side of the road.

Unlaned road

Driving tip

When driving on an open road with a centre line, your driver's seat should normally be in the centre of your half of the road (except when driving a left-hand drive vehicle).

Reduce your speed to stay in this position when driving around bends.

Keeping left on a curve

Keep well to the left when you are driving around a curve (a bend in the road), whether you are on a laned or unlaned road.

This is particularly important because you can't always see what's around the corner. As well as other vehicles coming the other way, there could be cyclists, horses, pedestrians or an object on your side of the road.

Curves in the road

Giving signals

Signals enable you to tell other road users that you are changing your direction or position on the road. Because of this, knowing when and how to give signals is a very important part of being a safe driver.

Drivers usually signal using their indicators. However, you may sometimes need to use hand signals, if your indicators can't be seen.

When to give signals

You must signal for at least three seconds before you:  turn left or right

 move towards the left or right (for example, when you pull back into the left lane after passing another vehicle)  stop or slow down

 move out:

o from a parking space o to pass another vehicle o to change lanes.

Important

Don't assume that other drivers have seen your signals.

Signalling when turning right

For information about signalling at roundabouts, see Giving way at roundabouts.

Using your indicators

Your indicators are usually flashing yellow lights on both sides of the front and rear of your vehicle. They signal your intentions to other road users.

Use your left indicator when you are:  turning left

 moving towards the left (for example, when you pull back into the left lane after passing another vehicle or when returning to the kerb).

Signalling left Use your right indicator when you are:

 turning right

 moving towards the right (for example, when moving out of a parking space).

Signalling right

Right-turn hand signal

Important

Don't just rely on the other driver's signal. Is the vehicle slowing down? Is the vehicle in the right place on the road in relation to the signal?

Stopping

Your stop lights (the red lights at the back of your vehicle) let people behind you know that you're slowing down or stopping. Stop lights come on

automatically when you use the brake pedal (footbrake). Keep your foot on the brake pedal to keep the brake light on to warn other drivers.

Stop lights

Stop or slowing hand signal

Tip: tapping the brake pedal will flash the stop lights to warn other drivers.

Hazard lights

When you turn on your hazard lights, both indicator lights flash at the same time as a warning to other road users. You should only turn on your hazard lights when your vehicle becomes a temporary hazard to other road users, such as when:

 you're changing a tyre on the side of the road  your vehicle has broken down and is being towed.

Receiving signals

There are a variety of other signals that other road users will use to

communicate to you. You must know what these signals are and what to do when you see them.

Flashing lights and sirens

If an emergency vehicle (such as an ambulance, fire engine or police car) is coming towards you or behind you, and is using sirens and/or flashing red, blue, or blue and red lights, you must pull over and, if necessary, stop and allow it to pass.

Flashing red lights on an emergency vehicle

If a police car is following you with its siren on and/or flashing blue, or blue and red lights, you must pull over and stop as soon as possible.

If asked to, you must give the following to a police officer:  your name, address and date of birth

 your driver licence

 the name of the vehicle's owner.

Flashing blue and red lights on a police car

If a vehicle is following you with flashing blue lights, you must pull over and stop as soon as possible. Flashing blue lights are used by customs officers, fisheries officers and marine reserve officers. These people have the right to stop vehicles.

Flashing lights on a customs/fisheries/marine reserve car

Doctors, nurses or midwives on urgent business may use a roof-mounted green flashing light. If you see these, you must pull over and allow the vehicle to pass.

When service vehicles, such as tow trucks and road maintenance vehicles, use flashing yellow lights, they are warning you to be careful around them. When you see these lights, slow down and be prepared to stop, if necessary.

Yellow flashing lights on a service vehicle

Oversize vehicles may use flashing yellow lights and pilot vehicles may use flashing yellow and purple lights. These mean you must pull over and, if necessary, stop, and let all the vehicles pass. For more information about oversize vehicles, seeVehicle-mounted signs.

Red flashing signals outside a fire station or airport mean you must stop and remain stopped until the lights stop flashing.

Flashing red signals

Police officer directing traffic

When a police officer is directing traffic, you must stop or go where the officer directs you. A police officer's directions overrule:

 traffic signals  road signs

 the give way rules.

If a police officer is controlling an intersection, be careful to get into the correct lane. If you don't, you may have to go the wrong way.

Turning

Turning can be dangerous, because it usually means you have to cross the path of other vehicles. Remember turning traffic gives way to traffic that is not turning.

How to turn

To legally and safely make a left or right turn:

 do a thorough check for other vehicles – in front, behind and to the sides

 remember to check over your shoulder for your blind spots (the areas of road to the sides of your car that you can't see in your mirrors)

 watch for pedestrians

 signal for at least three seconds  turn when safe.

If you are turning left, use your left indicator. If you are turning right, use your right indicator.

Be prepared to stop, even if the other driver should give way to you.

Important

When turning or changing lanes remember to always check your blind spots.

Turning from a driveway

If you are driving out of a driveway:

 slow down to a complete stop at the end of the driveway

 check the road and footpath for pedestrians, vehicles and other hazards  give way to:

o anyone using the footpath

o cyclists using a cycle path or cycle lane

o vehicles on the road, including vehicles turning right into the driveway.

Making a left turn

If you are turning left into another street or driveway:  stay in the left-turn lane or keep to the left side of the road

 slow down before you turn

 check your mirrors and your blind spot  signal for at least three seconds  turn when safe.

Making a right turn on a road with no marked lanes

 slow down before you turn

 check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind spot  signal for at least three seconds

 move close to the centre of the road

 turn when safe to a similar position in the road.

Right turn on an unlaned road

Important

When turning, maintain your position on the road.

For example, if you are on the left-hand side of the road, you should stay on the left-hand side of the road after you've turned; or if you are in a lane next to the centre line, you should turn into the lane next to the centre line.

Making a right turn on a road with a centre line

 slow down before you turn

 check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind spot  signal for at least three seconds

 move towards to the centre line

 turn when safe to a similar position in the road.

Right turn on a road with a centre line

Making a right turn from the left-hand side of the road

If there are other vehicles moving fast or following too closely, or if the road is narrow, it may be best to wait on the left-hand side of the road to make the turn, rather than stopping in the middle of the road and holding up traffic.

In this situation:

 signal left for at least three seconds

 move across to the left-hand side of the road  wait there until it is safe to turn

 signal right for at least three seconds before you turn  move when it is safe.

If a vehicle in front of you has also stopped to turn right, it's best to wait behind them and then use the same position to turn from.

Take extra care on roads where traffic is moving quickly.

Turning right from the left side of the road

Safe turning tip

If you have stopped to turn right, keep your wheels pointed straight ahead until you start to turn. That way, if you are hit from behind you are less likely to be pushed into the path of oncoming traffic.

Making a right turn from a right-turn bay

A right-turn bay is an area where vehicles that are turning right can wait until it is safe to turn, without holding up vehicles going straight through.

You can't use the right-turn bay to overtake a vehicle travelling straight ahead. As you approach the right-turn bay, the road will be painted with a white

triangle with diagonal lines inside it, followed by one or more right-turn arrows. You can only drive over the white diagonal lines if you are turning right.

Right-turn bay

Turning on or off a road with a flush median

A flush median is a strip in the centre of the road that is marked with white diagonal lines within parallel lines. It provides a place for vehicles that are turning right, or vehicles that have turned right onto the road from a side road or driveway.

You can only drive onto the flush median to:

 wait to move into a gap in the traffic flow after you have turned right (car A in the diagram below)  slow down and wait before turning right (car B in the diagram below).

Using a flush median

Important

Making a U-turn

You are normally allowed to make U-turns, as long as the road is clear in both directions and it is safe to do so. Make sure you have enough room to complete the turn and don't create a hazard for oncoming vehicles.

You aren't allowed to make U-turns if a 'No U-turn' sign is displayed.

Making a turn over a no-passing line

You can cross over the solid yellow no-passing line (if it is safe to do so) when making a turn to enter a driveway or side road.

However, bear in mind that no-passing lines are often marked where visibility is limited, so special care is required. It may be safer to turn further along the road, where visibility is better. See Passing for more information about no-passing lines.

Using lanes correctly

Lanes are painted on the road to separate traffic. It's important that you use lanes correctly. The information below will help you do that.

Lane rules at intersections

Make sure you are in the correct lane for the direction that you are travelling. Follow the direction of any arrows marked on the road.

If there are no arrows:  turn left from the left-hand lane  turn right from the right-hand lane  use either lane to go straight ahead.

Ideally, you should stay in the same lane all the way through the intersection. Don't change lanes unless you can do so safely.

Laned intersection

Making a right turn at an intersection with marked lanes

When turning right from a road that has more than one marked lane in each direction into another road with more than one marked lane in each direction:

 make sure you are in the right-turn lane  signal for at least three seconds before turning  turn into the appropriate lane of the road.

Turning right with marked lanes

Making a right turn into a one-way street

 turn from the lane next to the centre line (if in a two-way street)  signal for at least three seconds before turning

Turning right into a one-way street

Making a right turn from a one-way street

When turning right from a one-way street, you should stay in the same lane throughout the turn. That means:

 if you're turning from the left-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into the left-hand lane of the two-way street  if you're turning from the right-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into the lane immediately to the left of the

centre line of the two-way street.

Remember to signal for at least three seconds before turning.

Turning right from a one-way street

Two vehicles turning into the same road at a laned intersection

 both vehicles must show they want to turn by signalling for at least three seconds  both vehicles stay in their own lane throughout the turn, that is:

o car A turns from the left-hand lane into the left-hand lane o car B turns from the right-hand lane into the right-hand lane.

Turning at a laned intersection

Changing lanes at an intersection

Ideally, try to get into the correct lane before you get to the intersection. However, if you must change lanes:

 make sure it's safe before you start

 signal for at least three seconds before changing lanes

 before changing lanes, look over your shoulder to check that there are no vehicles in your blind spot. Never change lanes suddenly.

Incorrectly changing lanes at an intersection

Passing lanes

When there are passing lanes, drive in the left-hand lane unless you are passing another vehicle.

If you've been driving slower than the speed limit, don't speed up when you reach a passing lane if other vehicles are following – give them the opportunity to pass you safely. See Passing for more information.

Passing lane

Special vehicle lanes

Special vehicle lanes have signs or markings that indicate they are only for the use of specific kinds of vehicles, such as buses, cycles, taxis or vehicles

carrying a specified number of passengers (transit lanes). See Main types of signs for examples of special vehicle lane signs.

Other vehicles may use special vehicle lanes to make a turn or get to a parking space. Use of the lane for these purposes must be kept to a minimum length and be no more than 50 metres. You must give way to any vehicles entitled to use the lane.

Some special vehicle lanes operate 24 hours a day for the use of the

designated vehicles. Others have times of operation specified on their signs, for example, '4 pm to 6 pm'. In that case, you may be able to stop in them outside of these times.

Important

If you are turning at an intersection where there is a cycle lane, give way to cyclists going straight through.

Following distance

It's very important to make sure you have a safe distance between you and the vehicle in front, so you will have enough time to stop if you need to stop

suddenly.

Several seconds can pass from the time you see the hazard until you come to a complete stop. This is because you need time to react to the hazard and take action – putting your foot on the brake – as well as time for the brakes to slow the vehicle down.

The faster you are going, the longer it will take to stop. This means you must increase your following distance as you increase your speed.

Important

Some people take longer to react to hazards than others.

If you're tired, or your reaction times are slower than normal, take this into account and increase your following distance.

Keeping a safe following distance

A good way to make sure you always keep a safe following distance is to use the two-second rule or the four-second rule, which are explained below.

The two-second rule

Under normal conditions, the two-second rule is an easy way to make sure you have allowed enough following distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front, no matter what speed you're travelling at.

To check if you are travelling two seconds behind the vehicle in front:

 watch the vehicle in front of you pass a landmark – such as a sign, tree or power pole – at the side of the road  as it passes the landmark, start counting 'one thousand and one, one thousand and two'

 if you pass the landmark before you finish saying those eight words, you are following too closely - slow down, pick another landmark and repeat the words to make sure you have increased your following distance.

The two-second rule

The four-second rule

In bad weather, when the road is wet or slippery, or when you're towing a trailer, you need to increase your following distance to four seconds, because you'll take longer to stop if you need to.

To check that you are travelling four seconds behind the vehicle in front, follow the instructions above for the two second rule, but count 'one thousand and

one, one thousand and two, one thousand and three, one thousand and four' instead.

Important

When you're following another vehicle and you don't intend to overtake them, you must leave enough space in front of your vehicle for vehicles behind to pass you.

Passing

Many serious crashes on New Zealand roads are caused by dangerous passing. To safely pass another vehicle, you need to be extremely careful. You need to have a clear view of the road ahead, to make sure you can finish passing safely. You must also pay close attention to the vehicle you are passing, in case it changes its course.

Passing on the right

Passing on the right can be dangerous, especially if you have to:  change your path of travel

 enter a lane or part of the road used by oncoming vehicles.

Before passing, always ask yourself 'is it really necessary to pass?' Don't pass just because you are feeling impatient with the car in front – that's often when crashes happen.

If you do decide to pass, follow the rules shown below. Before you pass:

 make sure you will be able to see at least 100 metres of clear road ahead of you once you have finished

passing - if not, don't pass

 look well ahead to make sure there are no vehicles coming towards you  look behind to make sure there are no vehicles passing you

 signal right for at least three seconds before moving out to pass. Before pulling in front of a vehicle you have passed:

 make sure you can see the vehicle in your rear view mirror  signal left for at least three seconds.

Passing on the right

Important

Take extra care, and leave extra room, when passing cyclists, horses or pedestrians, as the wind gust of your vehicle could affect their balance.

Passing on the left

You can only pass on the left when:

 there are two or more lanes on your side of the centre line and you are able to pass safely by using the left-hand lane

 you are directed to by a police officer  the vehicle you are passing:

o has stopped, or

o is signalling a right turn, or o is turning right.

At all other times, when you are passing, you must pass on the right.

Passing on the left

Important

If you are being passed by another vehicle:

 move as far to the left of the road as possible

 never speed up to stop the other vehicle from passing you.

No-passing line

On some sections of road there will be a solid yellow line painted on your side of the centre line. This line is called a no-passing line.

No-passing lines are usually there because it's unsafe to cross the centre line to pass, because features like hills and curves make it impossible to see if there is oncoming traffic.

Sometimes no-passing lines are marked because:

 there is already a passing lane on your side of the road and you must use that to pass  the road is multi-laned, so you do not need to cross the no-passing line to pass.

You must not pass another vehicle if it means you have to cross over a no-passing line on your side of the centre line.

If you see a dashed yellow line on your side of the centre line, that means that a no-passing line is about to start.

While you may come back over the dashed yellow line to finish passing, you must not cross it to start passing.

No-passing line As shown in the picture above:

 you may come back over the dashed yellow line between A and B to finish passing  you must not cross the solid yellow line between C and D.

You can pass at a no-passing line if:  you stay on your side of the solid yellow line, and

 you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time while you are passing, and  the lane is wide enough for two vehicles.

Passing without crossing the no-passing line

Passing on a three-laned road

If there is no solid yellow line on your side of the centre line, you may use the centre lane to pass as long as:

 there are no vehicles in that lane, and

 you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time while you are passing.

Don't use the centre lane to pass if there is an oncoming vehicle in the centre lane.

Passing on a three-lane road

Where you must not pass

Remember, it is against the law to cross over a no-passing line on your side of the centre line to pass another vehicle. But this isn't the only situation where you mustn't pass. This page shows you other situations where passing is both unsafe and illegal.

Don't pass any vehicle that has stopped, or is slowing down, for people on a pedestrian crossing.

Illegal passing near a pedestrian crossing

Don't pass any vehicle when you are coming to a blind corner or curve. (A blind corner or curve is where you can't see what's around the corner.)

Illegal passing on a curve

Don't pass any vehicle when you can't see at least 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time while you are passing.

Illegal passing without 100 metres of clear road

Don’t pass any vehicle at an intersection if it means you will cross the centre line. You must not get in the way of:

 vehicles coming towards you  vehicles coming out of side roads.

Illegal passing at an intersection Don't pass:

 any moving vehicle when you are less than 60 metres from a railway level crossing  any vehicle that has stopped for a train.

Illegal passing near a railway level crossing

Don't pass any vehicle if it means you have to drive over a flush median.

Illegal passing on a flush median

Passing at an intersection

In some situations, you are allowed to pass another vehicle at an intersection; however, you need to be very careful when doing this.

Passing on the left at an intersection with one lane on your side

of the road

In this situation, you can pass on the left if there is enough room in your lane for you to pass and the vehicle you are passing:

 has stopped, or

 is signalling a right turn, or  is turning right.

Don't pass if the vehicle has signalled a left turn.

Passing on the left at an intersection

Passing on the left at an intersection with more than one lane on

your side of the road

In this situation, you can pass on the left if the vehicle you are passing is in a different lane and you can pass safely.

Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one lane

on your side of the road

In this situation, you can pass on the right if you are turning right or going straight ahead.

Passing on the right at an intersection

Merging

Sometimes on a road, two lanes will merge into one lane.

The lanes merge where the broken lane lines stop. It's important to make sure that all vehicles from both lanes have plenty of space in which to merge safely. The instructions in this section show you how.

Merge like a zip

The best way to merge is like a zip – where a vehicle from the left lane goes and then a vehicle from the right lane goes, and so on.

As you merge, let one vehicle from the other lane go first, and then go.

Leaving a merge lane after turning right at an intersection

Some roads have a merge lane to help vehicles that have turned onto the road join the traffic flow.

If you are in a merge lane at an intersection:  show you want to merge by signalling for at least three seconds  move into a safe gap in the traffic

 adjust your speed and following distance.

Merge lane

Using on-ramps when entering and leaving a motorway

When using an on-ramp to enter a motorway:  change your speed to match the speed of the motorway traffic

 use the whole length of the on-ramp to adjust your speed – don't change speed suddenly just as you enter the motorway

 signal right for at least three seconds  move into a safe gap in the traffic

 don't enter the motorway at a sharp angle  adjust your speed and following distance.

Motorway on-ramp When using an off-ramp to leave a motorway:

 watch for exit signs

 signal left for at least three seconds

 move into the left-hand lane as soon as possible

 keep up with the traffic flow until you are on the off-ramp  don't leave the motorway at a sharp angle

 adjust your speed.

Motorway off-ramp

Motorway driving

Motorways are designed so that traffic can flow with as little disruption as possible. On a motorway, you shouldn't come across things that hold up traffic flow, such as:

 intersections  turning vehicles  parked vehicles  pedestrians  cyclists.

Although the number of 'everyday' driving hazards are reduced on motorways, you still need to drive carefully as motorway traffic usually moves very quickly.

Motorway signs

Most motorway signs are green with white around the edges.

Pay special attention to signs that show the beginning and end of the motorway, as well as signs that show particular exits.

Safe driving on motorways

 keep left, unless you are passing  watch for exit signs

 get into the correct exit lane in plenty of time

 signal for at least three seconds before you change lanes  you must not stop your vehicle, except in an emergency  you must not make a U-turn

 you must not stop to let down or pick up passengers

 if you miss your exit, don't stop and reverse – instead, drive on to the next exit.

Breakdowns on motorways

If you break down on a motorway:

 indicate and steer your vehicle as far off the road as possible – don't stop suddenly

 lift up the bonnet and boot and, if possible, hang something white on the driver's door handle or window – this will show you need help

 turn on your hazard lights or use a safety triangle to warn approaching traffic  at night, turn on the inside light

 if you don't have a mobile phone and it isn't safe to walk to a telephone, stay in your car and wait for help  don't stand on the motorway

 if you need help from other drivers, leave plenty of space for them to stop – remember, vehicles travel fast on a motorway and it will take a while for them to slow down.

Towing

Light motor vehicles

On a learner or restricted car licence (Class 1) you can tow a trailer but the combined weight of your vehicle, the trailer and its load must not exceed 4500kg.

On a full licence the combined weight of your vehicle, the trailer and its load must not exceed 6000kg.

Tractors and agricultural vehicles

On a restricted or full car licence you can drive an agricultural tractor-trailer combination of up to 25,000kg providing you do not exceed 40km/h.

On a full car licence you can also drive:

 a tractor/trailer combination of up to 25,000kg if being used for non-agricultural purposes at a speed of up to 30km/h, or

 an agricultural tractor-trailer combination of up to 25,000kg being driven at a speed of up to 40km/h. See page 13–18 for more information about what you can drive on different licence classes.

You must take extra care when towing a trailer or another vehicle. This is because, with the extra weight behind it, your vehicle will feel different to drive.

Follow the safe towing guidelines on these pages whenever you tow a trailer or another vehicle.

Note: the term ‘trailer’ includes caravans, and boat and horse trailers.

Important

If you are towing a trailer or another vehicle, check your rear-view mirror often to make sure you aren't holding up vehicles behind you.

Safe towing guidelines

 Refer to the car manufacturer's recommendations before towing a trailer, in particular the weight limits recommended.

 Refer to the loading limits for the tow bar you are using.

 Be aware that overloading and uneven loading of car trailers can seriously affect a car's handling.

 When driving a light vehicle (for example, a car or light truck), you must not tow more than one trailer or vehicle at a time.

 You must be able to see behind the towed trailer or vehicle. If you can't see behind with your rear-view mirrors, you may need to fit a special mirror.

 There must be no more than 4 metres between your vehicle and the trailer or vehicle it is towing.  The maximum speed for a light vehicle towing a trailer on the open road is 90 km/h.

 The maximum speed for towing a motorcycle is 30 km/h.

 You must not tow a motorcycle unless it is mechanically disabled.  At night, the back of the trailer/towed vehicle must show a red light.

 If you're towing a disabled vehicle at night, its headlights must light up the towing connection.

 Remember, you will be slower and less stable than other traffic when towing. Check behind often to see if other vehicles are held up behind you.

 If the road is winding or narrow and vehicles can't pass you, stop at a safe place and let them pass.  Leave more space than usual between your vehicle and the one in front, so that others can pass you.  Remember that the added weight behind you means you will need more space to stop.

 Increase your following distance from two seconds to four seconds.

 The towing connection and safety chain or cable that holds the trailer/vehicle must be secured safe and strong.  If you are towing another vehicle without a rigid towing system, eg with a rope or a strop, the maximum

allowable speed is 50km/h.

 If you are towing another vehicle with a rigid towing connection the maximum speed is 90km/h. 

Important

When towing a horse trailer, take extra care as the horse may move – especially when you brake or travel around corners – and this could affect the movement of the trailer.

Reversing

When reversing, take special care to make sure that the way is clear. Every year, young children are killed and injured by reversing vehicles. If you are in any doubt about whether the way behind you is clear, get out and check.

Reversing guidelines

Follow the guidelines below whenever you are reversing:

 Before you move off, make sure it is safe to reverse. The best way to do this is to walk around the vehicle and make sure there are no children or other obstacles in your path.

 Don't rely on your mirrors alone. Always turn around and look over your shoulder.  Try to reverse in a straight line.

Giving way

This section describes the situations in which you must give way to other

vehicles when driving. It shows you what to do in a variety of situations and at different kinds of intersections.

It is very important to know the give way rules.  Intersections

 The give way rules

 Giving way at roundabouts

 Giving way at railway level crossings

 Giving way on one-lane bridges

Intersections

What is an intersection?

 two or more streets or roads join or cross  a public entrance or exit joins a street or road.

Intersections include entrances to and exits from supermarkets, petrol stations and other public parking areas, such as airports and hospitals.

There are a number of different types of intersections, depending on how many roads meet at the intersection.

Driving up to an intersection

If any other vehicle is approaching or crossing an intersection, do not speed up when approaching. As you drive up to an intersection, use the system of car control. This method helps you deal with hazards safely.

 Course (look ahead for a safe and legal path).

 Mirrors (look behind and in your blind spots).

 Signal for at least three seconds.

 Brakes (slow down so that you can give way if required).

 Gears (change if necessary).

When it is safe:

 Accelerate up to traffic speed.

The red shading in the diagram below shows you which areas to check carefully before entering an intersection.

Approaching an intersection

 slow down and look in all directions: ahead, behind and to both sides  be ready to stop if you have to.

The red shading in the diagram below shows you which areas to check carefully before entering an intersection.

Where to check at an intersection

What are the give way rules?

 Road users must stop or give way as necessary at Stop signs, Give Way signs and traffic signals.

 If you are turning, give way to vehicles not turning. Note: if you are leaving the path of a marked centre line, you are deemed to be turning and must give way to vehicles that are following the centre line.

 If you are turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you including those turning left. Note: this applies if both vehicles are facing no signs or signals or the same signs or signals.

 At a T-intersection or driveway, traffic on a terminating road (bottom of the T) must give way to all traffic on a continuing road (top of the T).

 In all other situations, give way to all vehicles coming from your right, eg at a crossroad controlled by traffic signals, when the signals have failed and all approaches have flashing yellow lights.

Two vehicles coming towards each other and turning right

When two vehicles are coming towards each other and both are turning right, no one should have to give way.

This is because normally neither will cross the other's path, so both vehicles can turn safely. However, be careful if the other vehicle is a large truck or bus, as they may need more room to make the turn.

Remember to check for traffic coming towards you that is going straight through the intersection (see The give way rules). Your view might be blocked by the turning vehicle.

Important

Giving way means that the road user you're giving way to (whether they are a driver, cyclist, pedestrian or any other kind of road user) doesn't need to stop, brake or slow down, swerve or take any other evasive action to avoid you. At many intersections traffic is controlled by Stop signs, Give Way signs and traffic signals. See below for when to use the give way rules at these

intersections. If a police officer is directing traffic you must obey his/her directions as they overrule the give way rules.

Stop sign

At an intersection controlled by a Stop sign:  come to a complete stop (do not just slow down)

 stop where you can see vehicles coming from all directions

 stay stopped until you have given way to all other vehicles (this includes cycles and motorcycles, etc)  if you and another vehicle are both facing Stop signs, use the give way rules (see The give way rules)  you must not go until it is safe.

Intersection with a Stop sign

Helpful hint

If you are are turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you who are turning left.

Give Way sign

At an intersection controlled by a Give Way sign:  slow down and be ready to stop

 give way to all other vehicles, except those facing a Stop sign

 if you and another vehicle are both facing a Give Way sign, use the give way rules (see The give way rules)  you must not go until it is safe.

A triangle give way marking and a white line will be painted on a sealed road. A car facing a Stop sign gives way to a car facing a Give Way sign.

The give way rules

There are give way rules that apply at intersections and driveways.  If you are turning, give way to all traffic that is not turning.

This includes giving way to cyclists using cycle and bus lanes, and vehicles using bus lanes.

It also applies when both vehicles are facing the same control, such as Stop signs, Give Way signs and green traffic signals.

If you are leaving the path of a marked centre line at an uncontrolled intersection, you must give way to vehicles following the centre line. This is because vehicles leaving the path of the centre line are legally turning (even though sometimes they might actually be going in a straight line) and the give way rules apply.

 If the road you are on terminates (bottom of the T), give way to traffic on the continuing road (top of the T). This also applies at driveways.

You must give way to all traffic on the road and any road user on a footpath, cycle path or shared path.

 In all other situations give way to your right. An example would be at a crossroads controlled by traffic signals when signals have failed and all approaches have a flashing yellow light.

The give way rules from 25 March 2012

Download our publication which gives an overview of the give way rules from 25 March 2012 (PDF, 1.25 MB, 8 pages).

Traffic signals

The following rules apply at an intersection controlled by traffic signals (also known as traffic lights):

 A red signal means stop.

Red signal  A green signal means you can go, provided it is safe and:

o if you are turning right, you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are going straight through,or vehicles turning left.

o you give way to pedestrians crossing. This includes riders of mobility devices and wheeled recreational devices.

Green signal

 A yellow signal means stop, unless you are so close to the intersection that you can't stop safely. A yellow signal indicates that the lights will soon turn red.

Yellow signal

 A flashing yellow signal means the traffic signals are not working. In this case, you must apply the give way rules for uncontrolled intersections.

Flashing yellow signal

Arrow traffic signals

When arrows are displayed on traffic signals, they apply only to vehicles going in the direction the arrow is pointing. For example:

 A red arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing.

Red arrow

 A yellow arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing, unless you are so close to the intersection that you can't stop safely.

Yellow arrow

 A green arrow means you can go if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing, provided it is safe.

Green arrow

Reading the traffic signals

The following examples will help you get to know what traffic signals and arrows mean.

Signal Vehicle path Action

Turning left Must stop. The red arrow protects pedestrians crossing the road.

Straight through May go, provided it is safe.

Turning right May go provided: > it is safe, and

> you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are going straight through the intersection.

Turning left May go, provided it is safe.

Straight through May go, provided it is safe.

Turning right Must stop, unless it is not safe to do so.

Turning left May go, provided it is safe.

Straight through May go, provided it is safe.

Turning left Must stop.

Straight through Must stop.

Turning right May go, provided it is safe. All vehicles coming towards you should be stopped.

Cycle, tram and bus signals

At some intersections, there are special signals for cycles, trams and buses. Cycles, trams and buses can move when these signals are on, but all other

vehicles must wait for the appropriate green traffic signal.

Special traffic signals

Giving way at roundabouts

A roundabout is a central island in the middle of an intersection, where all vehicles must travel to the left of the island. Roundabouts can be small, large, single-laned or multi-laned. The number of roads that come into a roundabout can range from three to five or even more.

Single-laned roundabouts

When you come up to a roundabout that has only one lane in each direction:  slow down as you come up to the roundabout

 give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you enter the roundabout.

Multi-laned roundabouts

Most roundabouts that have more than one lane in each direction are marked with lanes and arrows, which help you enter and leave the roundabout. The lane markings and arrows will tell you which lane to use.

Not all roundabouts are marked the same way, so take extra care – especially at the exits. If you need to cross from one lane to another near an exit, give way to any vehicles in the lane that you want to enter.

When coming up to a multi-laned roundabout:  try to get into the correct lane

 give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you enter the roundabout.

Multi-laned roundabout

Signal use at roundabouts

If you are turning left at the first exit of a roundabout:  signal left as you come up to the roundabout.

Single-laned roundabout Multi-laned roundabout If you are travelling more than halfway around a roundabout:

 signal right as you come up to the roundabout

Single-laned roundabout Multi-laned roundabout If you are going 'straight' through a roundabout:

 don't signal as you come up to the roundabout

 signal left as you pass the exit before the one you wish to take. At some small roundabouts it may not be possible to give three seconds warning, but it is courteous to give as much indication as you can.

Single-laned roundabout Multi-laned roundabout

Look out for cyclists who may find it difficult to maintain a turn signal on a roundabout and are exempt from this requirement.

Important

At roundabouts, look out for vehicles that:  may have to change lanes to exit

 may not be able to stay in their lane because they are: o large (for example, buses)

o travelling too fast.

Roundabout signs

Some of the signs you may see at a roundabout are shown below.

The sign below tells you that you are coming up to a roundabout. You should be ready to give way.

Roundabout

The sign below tells you to keep to the left of the traffic island as you come up to the roundabout.

Keep left

The signs below tell you that you must apply the roundabout give way rules.

Give Way

The picture below shows you where you can expect to see these signs at a roundabout.

Roundabout signs

Giving way at railway level crossings

A railway level crossing is a point where the road crosses over a railway line. This means you drive over the railway tracks and could come into the path of a train. Because of this, you need to be very careful around railway level

crossings to avoid a very serious crash.

Crossing a railway level crossing

The signs below are some of the signs you may see when coming up to a railway level crossing.

Railway level crossing signs When you see one of these signs:

 slow down and be ready to stop

 as you come up to the railway crossing, search up and down the railway line. You will need to search further up the railway line, as trains often travel at a higher speed than vehicles on the road

 cross only if you are sure there are no trains coming in either direction and there are no vehicles stopped in front of you on the other side of the crossing.

At railway level crossings controlled by signals, bells and

barrier arms

Many railway level crossings are controlled by flashing red signals, bells and/or barrier arms, as shown below.

Railway level crossing signals and barrier arms

You must stop if the signals have started flashing, the bells have started ringing and/or the barrier arm has started to lower.

Don't cross until the barrier arms have lifted, the lights have stopped flashing and the bells have stopped ringing.

At railway level crossings controlled by a Stop sign or Give Way

sign

Railway level crossings that aren't controlled by signals, bells or barrier arms may be controlled by a Stop sign or a Give Way sign.

At railway crossings controlled by Stop or Give Way signs:  make sure you can see in both directions along the railway line

 if there is a Stop sign, come to a complete stop before the railway line (there will usually be one or two yellow lines showing you where to stop)

 only cross the railway line if you are sure that there are no trains coming in either direction and there are no vehicles stopped in front of you on the other side of the crossing

Railway level crossing signs

Important safety advice for railway level crossings

 Never try to cross the railway line unless there is enough space for your vehicle on the other side of the line.  Never pass a vehicle that has stopped for a train.

 Never try to race a train over the crossing.

Following other vehicles over railway level crossings

Take special care when following other vehicles when coming up to a railway level crossing. Some vehicles (such as buses and vehicles carrying dangerous goods) are legally required to come to a complete stop before crossing, even when there are no lights flashing or bells ringing.

Giving way on one-lane bridges

Some roads in New Zealand have one-lane bridges on them. At these bridges, vehicles travelling in one direction have to give way to vehicles going in the other direction.

All one-lane bridges are clearly signposted, showing who should give way.

Signs that show you must give way on one-lane bridges

If you have to give way at a one-lane bridge, you should see one or both of the warning signs shown below.

The first warning sign has a yellow diamond-shaped sign to tell you that you are coming up to a one-lane bridge and a round sign with a red border to tell you that you must give way to vehicles coming towards you.

First warning sign

The second warning sign reminds you that you must give way.

Second warning sign

Signs that show that other drivers should give way to you on a

one-lane bridge

If other drivers should give way to you on a one-lane bridge, you will see the sign shown below as you come up to the bridge.

The big white arrow on the blue rectangle shows that you can go onto the bridge first.

Slow down and check for vehicles that may already be on the bridge, before driving on.

Others should give way to you

Important

When coming up to a one-lane bridge, take note of the signs:  a red circle shows you must give way

 a blue rectangle shows that other vehicles should give way to you.

Stopping and parking

How to park safely

It's not only moving vehicles that are potential hazards on the road. Parked vehicles can be hazards too. That's why it's important to follow the safe parking rules and guidelines shown in this section.

Safe parking rules

By law, you must follow these rules when parking:  Indicate for at least three seconds before slowing down to park.

 Park parallel to the road and as close to the left as possible, unless you are parking in an area where angle parking is permitted. There will be lines on the road (or signs) to show where you can angle park.

 Move as far off the road as possible when stopping or parking on a road with fast-moving traffic.  Always check for passing vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians before opening your door.

 Be careful when pulling out of a parking space. Don't forget to: o check for vehicles

o signal for at least three seconds before pulling out.

 A motor vehicle must not be parked on the road during the hours of darkness unless it is clearly visible to other road users. This means it should be lit by street lights, or you should turn on the tail lights and the side light nearest the centre of the road on the front of the vehicle.

 A light, flat-decked vehicle that is parked on the street at night must display a rear red light that: o is on the side of the vehicle closest to the centre of the road

o is visible at a distance of 100 metres.

Safe parking guidelines

Following the guidelines below will ensure that when you park your vehicle it won't move forward or backward:

 When parking uphill on a steep road:

o turn the front wheels away from the kerb

o leave your car in first gear if it's manual or in park if it's automatic o apply your handbrake.

 When parking downhill on a steep road: o turn the front wheels towards the kerb

o leave your car in reverse gear if it's manual or in park if it's automatic o apply your handbrake.

Safety tip

Where not to park

For your own safety, and the safety and convenience of other road users, there are certain areas where you must not park. You risk being fined and/or having your vehicle towed away if you park in these areas.

You must not park or stop your vehicle:

 on the right-hand side of the road, except in a one-way street

 where it will be in the way of other people using the road (including pedestrians)

 near a corner, curve, hill, traffic island or intersection, if it will stop other people from seeing along the road  on the road, if you can park the vehicle off the road without damaging grass or gardens (a controlling authority

may have a bylaw and/or signs prohibiting parking on a grass verge)  on any footpath

 on a traffic island (whether it is flush or raised)

 on, or closer than 6 metres to, an intersection, unless there are parking spaces or a notice telling you that you can park there

 on, or closer than 6 metres to, the approach side of a pedestrian crossing  on a marked bus stop or taxi stand

 closer than 6 metres to a bus stop marked only by a sign  in front of, or closer than 1 metre to, a vehicle entrance

 alongside another parked vehicle – that is, you must not double-park

 on 'no stopping' lines (broken yellow lines) marked within 1 metre of the edge of the road, which you may see near pedestrian crossings, intersections, driveways or narrow roads

 where traffic signs say you must not stop or park

 where a sign says that part of the road is reserved for specified kinds of vehicles (for example, bus, taxi or goods service vehicles) – in many cases, this restriction is marked by a broken yellow line more than 1 metre from the kerb

 in a cycle lane

 in a bus or transit lane during the hours of operation as indicated by signs

 on, or closer than 500mm to, a fire hydrant, unless somebody who can move the vehicle stays with it  on a yellow circle on the road containing a rectangle (as shown below) or between the circle and the

footpath, unlesssomebody who can move the vehicle stays with it.

 without due care and consideration for other road users. You must leave sufficient room between your vehicle and any adjacent parked vehicles to allow easy access.

Fire hydrant road marking

Parking signs

You must obey all parking signs.

Examples of parking signs

Any parking sign that has a red border around the outside means that you cannot stop there at any time, unless other times are shown.

Below are some examples of parking signs and what they mean.

You must not stop here between the times shown on the sign. If you do, your car will be towed away. You will have to pay the tow fee to get your car back

You must not stop for the distance shown on the sign

You can stop after you pass this sign

You can't stop between 8am and 6pm in the direction shown by the arrow

You may not stop here at any time. Only buses can stop here

All other parking signs apply between 8am and 6pm, other than public holidays covered by section 44(1) of the Holidays Act 2003 (Christmas Day, Boxing Day, Good Friday, etc), unless other times are shown.

The number shown under the 'P' shows how many minutes you can park for

A coupon must be displayed on the window of the vehicle if you park here

Only motorcycles can park here

Any vehicle can stop here to unload goods or people, but the vehicle must not be left unattended for more than five minutes