MODELING, SIMULATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
PARABOLIC DISH SYSTEM UNDER MALAYSIA
ENVIRONMENT
ROSNANI BINTI AFFANDI
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
MODELING, SIMULATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
PARABOLIC DISH SYSTEM UNDER MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENT
Rosnani Binti Affandi
Doctor of Philosophy
MODELING, SIMULATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE PARABOLIC DISH SYSTEM UNDER MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENT
ROSNANI BINTI AFFANDI
A thesis submitted
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “Modelling, Simulation and Feasibility Study of The Parabolic Dish System under Malaysia Environment” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name : Rosnani Binti Affandi Date :
APPROVAL
I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of Doctor of Philosophy.
Signature :
Supervisor Name : Datuk Professor Dr. Mohd Ruddin Bin Ab Ghani Date :
DEDICATION
To my beloved husband, mother, and children
ABSTRACT
The primilarily aim of this research is to carry out the fundamental investigation of the performance and feasibility of solar CSP, focusing on Parabolic Dish (PD) type in Malaysia environment. Three main components of the PD system that is under consideration, consists of the concentrator, the receiver, and the Stirling engine. By using a simulation approach and Matlab Simulink as the simulation tool; a background of the PD system is provided, along with a detailed description of the components model. Meanwhile, the performance for the three main components in PD system, is examined under three solar irradiance conditions that are low, medium and high. Besides that, the geometric design for the concentrator and receiver as well as the site location for this study is given through emphasis. Therefore, concentrator in PD system use reflective material with high efficiency to increase the PD concentrator efficiency, choose high value for the intercept factor to reduce loss for the solar intercept by the receiver and select a site with excellent solar irradiation in order to achieve high efficiency and as a result can produce high output power. Thus, by considering the highest Direct Solar Irradiance (DNI) and based on regions, five sites or locations has been chosen for this study. The site or locations with highest DNI in Malaysia are George Town at the Northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Meanwhile, other locations are Subang in central of Peninsular Malaysia, Kuantan on the east coast of peninsular Malaysia, Senai in the Southern part of peninsular Malaysia and Kuching located in East Malaysia. To accomplish the research objectives, the performance of the PD system under Malaysia environment and the output from each of the main components were analyzed. In addition, the feasibility study in terms of technical and economic are thoroughly investigated. This includes defining the characteristics and constraints, as well as the overall system performance in monetary term. The PD system are considered feasible if the PD system reaches 54,750 kW of yearly output power, capacity factor reach the value around 25 – 28% and the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) lies between RM1.72/kWh and RM 0.7522/kWh. However, the result of this research has shown that the system is technically feasible but not economically feasible. The yearly output power, the annual energy and the capacity factor shows that the PD system in Malaysia are not capable of meeting the demand reliably. Thus, the new developed model for the 25kW PD system and the finding of this research can provide useful information for Malaysia regulators on the potential of CSP development in Malaysia or in other equator region countries.
ABSTRAK
Matlamat utama kajian ini adalah untuk menjalankan kajian asas terhadap kebolehlaksanaan teknologi CSP dengan memberi tumpuan kepada Parabolic Dish (PD) dalam persekitaran Malaysia. Tiga komponen utama bagi sistem PD yang diberi perhatian adalah penumpu, penerima, dan enjin Stirling. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan simulasi dan Matlab Simulink sebagai alat simulasi, latar belakang sistem PD disediakan bersama-sama dengan penerangan terperinci mengenai model komponen. Prestasi bagi tiga komponen utama dalam sistem PD iaitu penumpu, penerima dan enjin Stirling, dianalisa mengikut tiga isyarat sinaran solar iaitu rendah, sederhana dan tinggi. Selain itu, reka bentuk geometri bagi penumpu dan penerima serta lokasi tapak untuk kajian ini diberikan penekanan . Oleh itu, penumpu dalam sistem PD menggunakan bahan reflektif dengan kecekapan yang tinggi. Ia bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kecekapan concentrator PD. Pemilihan nilai yang tinggi bagi faktor pintasan digunakan untuk mengurangkan kerugian terhadap pintasan tenaga solar oleh penerima. Manakala, kecenderungan memilih kawasan dengan sinaran solar yang sangat baik untuk mencapai kecekapan yang tinggi mampu menghasilkan kuasa keluaran yang tinggi. Oleh itu, dengan DNI tertinggi dan berdasarkan wilayah, lima tapak atau lokasi telah dipilih untuk kajian ini. Lokasi dengan DNI tertinggi di Malaysia ialah George Town yang terletak di utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Sementara itu, lokasi lain ialah di Subang, di tengah Semenanjung Malaysia, Kuantan di timur Semenanjung Malaysia, Senai di selatan Semenanjung Malaysia dan Kuching yang terletak di Malaysia Timur. Untuk mencapai objektif projek, pelaksanaan sistem PD di bawah persekitaran Malaysia, data pengeluaran dari setiap komponen utama telah dianalisis. Disamping itu, daya maju teknikal dan ekonomi sistem PD disiasat dengan teliti. Ini merangkumi penentuan ciri-ciri dan kekangan, dan prestasi keseluruhan sistem dalam bentuk kewangan. Sistem PD dianggap boleh dilaksanakan jika sistem PD mencapai 54,750 kW kuasa keluaran tahunan, faktor kapasiti mencapai nilai sekitar 25 - 28% dan Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) di antara RM1.72/kWj dan RM 0.7522/kWh. Namun, hasil daripada kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa sistem ini secara teknikal boleh dilaksanakan tetapi dari segi ekonomi ianya tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Kuasa keluaran tahunan, faktor kapasiti dan LCOE menunjukkan bahawa sistem PD di Malaysia tidak mampu memenuhi permintaan. Dengan itu, model baru bagi PD 25 kW yang dibangunkan serta hasil dari kajian ini, dapat memberikan maklumat yang berguna kepada Malaysia mengenai potensi pembangunan CSP di Malaysia atau di negara-negara
yang terletak di rantau khatulistiwa.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere acknowledgement to my supervisors for their continuous support despite the compressed time frame and long distance. Their guidance, instructions and advice were vital in producing this work. I would like to specifically thank to my supervisor Datuk Professor Dr. Mohd Ruddin Bin Ab Ghani and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gan Chin Kim, co-supervisor of this project. Working with them was educational and inspiring. Their contribution was of great impact to this thesis.
This thesis was made possible by Hadiah Latihan Persekutuan Scholarship. I gratefully acknowledge the funding received towards my PhD from Ministry of Education of Malaysia. I also wish to thank to my peers and colleagues at the Energy and Power System Laboratory at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, my friends as well as everyone who has inspired me, taught me and supported me. Thank you for the assistance and friendship.
Lastly but most importantly, I would like to give my heartfelt thanks to the closest people to my heart, my husband Zamali bin Omar, my children; Mohd Hadif Syahmi, Nur Syahzanani, Nur Syahindah, Muhammad Syakir Akmal and Muhammad Syahir, my mother Hjh Jamilah bt Hj Sujak and all my family members for their love, continuous support, motivation, patience, care, encouragement, tolerance and blessing prayers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION APPROVAL DEDICATION ABSTRACT i ABSTRAK ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx
LIST OF PUBLICATION xxiii
CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Motivation of Research 3 1.3 Problem Statement 9 1.4 Research Objectives 12 1.5 Research Scope 12 1.6 Contributions of Research 13
1.7 Thesis Outline and Organization 14
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies 17
2.2.1 Parabolic Trough 18
2.2.2 Linear Fresnel 19
2.2.3 Power Tower 20
2.2.4 Parabolic Dish (PD) 20
2.3 Comparison and Development of the CSP Technology 21
2.4 CSP and Its Issues 23
2.5 Cost and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the 28
CSP Technologies 2.6 CSP Technologies for Malaysia Environment 33
2.7 The PD Model Development 35
2.8 PD System 37
2.8.1 Concentrator 38
2.8.1.1 Concentrator Diameter 39
2.8.1.2 Concentrator Aperture Area 40
2.8.1.3 Rim Angle 41
2.8.1.4 Focal Length 42
2.8.1.5 Reflective Material 42
2.8.2 Receiver 43
2.8.2.1 Receiver Aperture Area 44 iv
2.8.2.2 Geometric Concentration Ratio 44 2.8.2.3 Intercept Factor 45 2.8.2.4 Receiver Temperature 45 2.8.2.5 Receiver Losses 46 2.8.3 Stirling Engine 48 2.9 Meteorological Data 51
2.9.1 Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) 51
2.9.1.1 Solar Irradiation in Malaysia 53
2.9.2 Cloud Cover in Malaysia 54
2.9.3 Rainfall in Malaysia 55
2.9.4 Humidity in Malaysia 55
2.10 Software for PD simulation 56
2.10.1 TRNSYS Simulation package 56 2.10.2 SAM (Solar Advisor Model for CSP) 57 2.10.3 Greenius Simulation Environment (Green Energy System 58
Analysis) 2.10.4 Matlab Simulink 58 2.10.5 Meteonorm 59 2.11 Chapter Summary 59
3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE 25kW PARABOLIC DISH (PD) SYSTEM MODELLING 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Development of 25kW PD system modelling using Matlab Simulink 62
and Meteonorm. 3.3 Site selection 64
3.4 Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) Data 65
3.4.1 Yearly DNI data 66 3.4.2 Monthly DNI Data 69 3.4.3 Daily Solar Irradiance Data 70 3.5 Geometric Design for 25kW PD System modelling under 71
Malaysia Environment 3.5.1 Sizing the Concentrator Diameter 73 3.5.2 Sizing the PD Concentrator Aperture Area 74 3.5.3 The Efficiency of PD Concentrator 75 3.5.3.1 Selecting the Reflective Material 76
3.5.4 Focal Length and Focal Point Diameter 80 3.5.5 Sizing the Receiver Aperture Area 82 3.5.6 Geometric Concentration Ratio 82 3.6 Stirling Engine Model 86
3.7 Chapter Summary 87
4. SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE 25KW PARABOLIC DISH (PD) SYSTEM 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Modeling and Simulation for the 25kW PD system 90
4.3 Concentrator Subsystems 94 4.3.1 Solar Power Incident on the Collector 95 4.3.2 Rate of Heat Transfer to the Receiver 98
4.4 Receiver Subsystems 102
4.4.1 Intercept Factor 102 4.4.2 Solar Power Intercepted by receiver 103 4.4.3 Receiver intercept losses 105 4.4.4 Optical Efficiency 107 4.4.5 Receiver Thermal Losses 109 4.4.6 Receiver Temperature 112 4.5 Stirling Engine Subsystems 113
4.5.1 Working Space 113 4.5.2 Heat Exchanger 116 4.5.3 Stirling Engine Pressure 118 4.5.4 Output Power Stirling Engine 121 4.5.5 Net Power Output 124 4.6 Performance of the PD system under Malaysia environment 126
4.7 Chapter Summary 127
5. FEASIBILITY OF THE 25kW PARABOLIC DISH (PD) UNDER MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENT 129 5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 Solar to Electric Efficiencies 130
5.3 Annual Energy 133
5.4 Capacity Factor 134
5.5 Capital Cost 136
5.6 The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) 136
5.7 Feasibility of the PD system under Malaysia environment 137
5.8 Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison on the result of 25kW PD 143
system modelling 5.9 Chapter Summary 149
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 151 6.1 Summary of the Research 151
6.2 Achievement of Research Objectives 153
6.3 Significance of Research Outputs 154
6.4 Suggestions for Future Work 154
REFERENCES 157
APPENDICES 174
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Comparison on the different of CSP Technologies 21 2.2 Malaysia and list of countries with CSP Plant 26
2.3 PD model development 36
3.1 The latitude and longitude data for five Locations in Malaysia 65 3.2 Yearly DNI data and the latitude longitude for five Locations in Malaysia 66 3.3 The range of the daily solar irradiance for five locations in Malaysia 70 3.4 Reflectance of the concentrator 76 3.5 Rim angle ϕrim and concentration ratio Cr 84
3.6 SES 25kW Stirling engine parameter values 87 4.1 Concentrator parameter for 25kW PD system modelling 91 4.2 Receiver and Stirling Engine parameter for 25kW PD system modelling 91
under Malaysia solar irradiance
4.3 The low, medium and high of daily solar irradiance data for George Town 95 Penang, Malaysia
4.4 Result for receiver intercept losses for 25kW PD system 106 4.5 Simulation result for the 25kW PD system optical efficiency 108
4.6 Performance of the components in 25kW PD system at highest daily solar 127 irradiance in George Town
5.1 Solar to electric efficiencies for five locations in Malaysia. 132 vii
5.2 The capacity factor for five locations in Malaysia 135 5.3 Output power and highest solar to electric efficiencies for five locations in 138
Malaysia
5.4 Total hours for solar irradiance 223 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 in a year for five 140
locations in Malaysia
5.5 Total hours, days and month in a year of PD system to operate for five 139 locations in Malaysia
5.6 Annual energy, capacity factor and LCOE for five locations in Malaysia 142 5.7 Parameters for 25kW PD system modelling, The Solar Dish-Stirling system 143
Model and SAM software
5.8 Comparison on the annual energy result by using Matlab Modelling and 148
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Total for world energy primary supply (1971– 2010) 3 (Key World Energy Statistics 2012, 2012)
1.2 World fuels consumption by sector (2008–2035)(Smith et al., 2011) 4 1.3 Total energy consumption by sector in Malaysia (2005 – 2009) 5 (Saidura R. et al. 2007; Mohd Shahidan Shaari 2013)
1.4 CO2 emissions by fuel (1971 – 2010) (Hoeven, 2012) 6
2.1 Parabolic trough systems. (http://www.eere.energy.gov) 18 2.2 Fresnel reflector systems (http://www.eere.energy.gov) 19 2.3 Power tower systems (http://www.eere.energy.gov) 20 2.4 Parabolic dish systems (http://www.eere.energy.gov) 21 2.5 World Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) 23 2.6 Malaysia latitude and longitude map 25
2.7 Solar world map 25
2.8 Worldwide CSP project by country 27 2.9 Tariff/LCOE development over DNI level (Benz, 2010) 30 2.10 Projected tariff development for CSP plant by measure or 31 over time (Benz,2010)
2.11 Thermal storage and utility demand (“Concentrating Solar Power : 32 Technologies , Cost , and Performance,” 2012)
2.12 Parabolic Dish (PD) 38 2.13 The parabolic concentrator surface (William B. Stine, 1994) 39 2.14 Rim angle for PD concentrator 41 2.15 Losses of solar radiation from the concentrator to receiver (Fraser, 2008) 47 2.16 Five compartments inside Stirling engine (D. F. Howard, 2010) 49 2.17 PV diagram for ideal stirling cycle 49
2.18 Radiation from sun. 52
2.19 Annual average solar radiation (MJ/m2/day) (Mekhilef et al., 2012) 54 3.1 Research framework for development of 25kW PD system under Malaysia 63 environment
3.2 Yearly irradiance data graph for George Town, Penang 67 3.3 Yearly irradiance data graph for Senai 67 3.4 Yearly irradiance data graph for Kuantan 68 3.5 Yearly irradiance data graph for Subang 68 3.6 Yearly irradiance data graph for Kuching 69 3.7 Monthly irradiance data for George Town, Senai, Kuantan, Subang 69 and Kuching
3.8 Flow chart for geometric design of the 25kW PD system 72 3.9 Schematic diagram for PD concentrator 73 3.10 PD concentrator diameter versus the aperture area 75 3.11 Concentrator efficiency for four different reflective material 77 3.12 Circular image with diameter d at centre of the PD concentrator 80 3.13 Focal length, rim angle and focal point diameter for PD system. 81 3.14 Rim angle versus geometric concentration ratio 83 4.1 Operational framework for Parabolic Dish (PD) performance simulation 90
4.2 The high, medium and low irradiance for George Town, Penang 92 4.3 Scope of simulations for the concentrator in the 25kW PD system modelling 95 4.4 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector under high 96 irradiance level in George Town, Penang, Malaysia
4.5 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector under medium 96 irradiance level in George Town, Penang, Malaysia
4.6 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector under low 97 irradiance level in George Town, Penang, Malaysia
4.7 Scope of simulations for the rate of heat transfer to the receiver 99 in the 25kW PD system modelling
4.8 Simulation result for the rate of heat transfer to the receiver for high 99 irradiance data in George Town Penang, Malaysia
4.9 Simulation result for the rate of heat transfer to the receiver for medium 100 irradiance data in George Town Penang, Malaysia
4.10 Simulation result for the rate of heat transfer to the receiver for low 100 irradiance data in George Town Penang, Malaysia
4.11 Losses from the solar power incident on the collector to 101 the rate of heat transfer from concentrator to the receiver
4.12 Solar power intercepted by the receiver for intercept factor (0.9-1.0) for low, 104 medium and high irradiance data in George Town Penang, Malaysia
4.13 Receiver intercept losses in PD system 105 4.14 Radiation and convection losses for low irradiance 110 4.15 Radiation and convection losses for medium irradiance 110 4.16 Radiation and convection losses for high irradiance 111 4.17 Simulation result for the expansion space and compression space volume 114
4.18 Distribution of working gas temperature throughout five engine compartments 116 4.19 Stirling engine pressure simulation result 119 4.20 Simulation output for PcVc 119
4.21 Simulation output for PeVe 120
4.22 Simulation result for compression space mass 120 4.23 Output power Stirling engine under low, medium and high solar irradiance 122 4.24 Monthly output power for Stirling engine from January to December in 123 George Town, Penang, Malaysia
4.25 PD Stirling engine gross power output over a year 124 4.26 Net power output Stirling engine for low, medium and high solar 125 irradiance in George Town Penang, Malaysia
4.27 Yearly net power output Stirling engine from January to December in 126 George Town Penang, Malaysia
5.1 Solar to electric efficiencies for 25kW PD system under low, medium and 131 high solar irradiance data in George Town Penang, Malaysia
5.2 Annual energy for five locations in Malaysia 134 5.3 Comparison on the performance of the PD system obtain from 25kW PD 145 system modelling, The Solar Dish-Stirling system model and SAM software
5.4 Output power for the 25kW PD system modelling, Solar Dish-Stirling system 147 model and SAM software at 1000 W/m2 solar irradiance
5.5 Solar to electric efficiencies for 25kW PD system modelling, the Solar 147 Dish-Stirling system model and SAM software
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A1 Overall block diagram of the 25kW PD system 175 A2 Matlab simulink for concentrator, receiver and Stirling engine system 176 A3 Concentrator model 177 A4 Concentrator subsystem model 177
A5 Concentrator geometric design model 178
A6 Receiver model 179 A7 Receiver subsystem model 179
A.8 Compression space model 180
A9 Cooler model 181
A10 Regenerator model 182
A11 Heater model 183
A12 Expansion space model 184
B1 Solar irradiance data on 1 January in George Town, Penang 185 (solar deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
B2 Solar irradiance data on 1 January in Senai, Johor 186 (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
B3 Solar irradiance data on 1 January in Kuantan, Pahang 187 (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
B4 Solar irradiance data on 1 January in Subang, Selangor 188 (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
B5 Solar irradiance data on 1 January in Kuching, Sarawak 189 (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
C1 The performance result on 1 January in George Town, Penang 190 (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D1 Sample of the daily solar irradiance data for Senai, Johor, Malaysia 191 (High solar irradiance on 2 December).
D2 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector 192 for solar irradiance on the 2 December in Senai, Johor, Malaysia.
(solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D3 Simulation result for rate of heat transfer to the receiver 192 for solar irradiance on the 2 December in Senai, Johor, Malaysia.
(solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D4 Solar power intercepted by the receiver for intercept factor (0.9-1.0) 193 For Solar irradiance on the 2 December in Senai, Johor, Malaysia.
(solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D.5 Result for receiver intercept losses for solar irradiance on 193 the 2 December in Senai, Johor, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation
from year 1986 – 2009)
D6 Simulation result of the 25kW PD system optical efficiency for solar 194 irradiance on the 2 December in Senai, Johor, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D7 Output power Stirling engine for solar irradiance on the 2 December 195 in Senai, Johor, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986–2009).
D8 Sample of the daily solar irradiance data for Kuantan, Pahang, 196 Malaysia on the 2 April (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986 – 2009).
D9 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector for solar 197 irradiance on the 2 April in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar
irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D10 Simulation result for rate of heat transfer to the receiver for solar 197 irradiance on the 2 April in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar
irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009).
D11 Solar power intercepted by the receiver for intercept factor (0.9-1.0) 198 for Solar irradiance on the 2 April in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar
irradiance deviation from year 1986 – 2009)
D12 Result for receiver intercept losses for solar irradiance on the 2 April 198 in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from
year 1986–2009)
D13 Simulation result of the 25kW PD system optical efficiency for solar 199 irradiance 2 April in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar irradiance
deviation from year 1986–2009)
D14 Output power Stirling engine for solar irradiance on the 2 April in 200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986–2009).
D15 Sample of the daily solar irradiance data for Subang, Malaysia 201 on the 4 April (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D16 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector for solar 202 xv
irradiance on the 4 April in Subang, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D17 Simulation result for rate of heat transfer to the receiver for solar 202 irradiance on the 4 April in Subang, Malaysia (solar irradiance
deviation from year 1986–2009).
D18 Solar power intercepted by the receiver for intercept factor (0.9-1.0) 203 for Solar irradiance on the 4 April in Subang, Malaysia (solar irradiance
deviation from year 1986–2009).
D19 Result for receiver intercept losses for solar irradiance on the 4 April 203 in Subang, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D20 Simulation result of the 25kW PD system optical efficiency for solar 204 irradiance 4 April in Subang, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from
year 1986–2009).
D21 Output power Stirling engine for solar irradiance on the 4 April in 205 Subang, Malaysia
D22 Sample of the daily solar irradiance data for Kuching, Sarawak, 206 Malaysia on the 18 April (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986–2009).
D23 Simulation result for solar power incident on the collector for solar 207 irradiance on the 18 April in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar
irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D24 Simulation result for rate of heat transfer to the receiver for solar 207 irradiance on the 18 April in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar
irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D25 Solar power intercepted by the receiver for intercept factor (0.9-1.0) 208 xvi
for Solar irradiance on the 18 April in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year 1986–2009).
D26 Result for receiver intercept losses for solar irradiance on the 18 April 208 in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986–2009).
D27 Simulation result of the 25kW PD system optical efficiency for solar 209 irradiance 18 April in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar irradiance
deviation from year 1986–2009).
D28 Output power Stirling engine for solar irradiance on the 18 April in 210 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (solar irradiance deviation from year
1986–2009)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CF Capacity factor CO2 Carbon dioxide
CSP Concentrating Solar Power DHI Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance DIR Direct Illuminated Receivers DNI Direct Normal Irradiation GHI Global Horizontal Irradiance HTF Heat Transfer Fluid
IIR Indirect Illuminated Receivers IEA International Energy Agency LCOE Levelized Cost of Electricity
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NPV Net Present Value
O&M Operating and Management PD Parabolic Dish
PV Photovoltaic
PCU Power Conversion Unit RE Renewable Energy
R&D Research and Development SAM Solar Advisor Model
