Cw Test Final

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1 1

Introduction

•

• Operationalized in September 2007, with its Head Office in Mumbai.

Operationalized in September 2007, with its Head Office in Mumbai.

•

• Comprises of a resource pool of 350+ Engineers who have worked

Comprises of a resource pool of 350+ Engineers who have worked

with all Tier 1 OEMs across India. They bring rich experience by

working in companies such as WIPRO, Reliance Communications,

T

ata T

ele

Service

s,

Micro

T

echnolo

gies.

•

• Management comprises of members having over 10 years of

Management comprises of members having over 10 years of

experience in providing solutions over the wireless

network.

•

• Dedicated to achieve best in

Dedicated to achieve best in

Software Development and getting you

the most of innovative developed

software’s

.

Netwing Technologies Private Ltd. Netwing Technologies Private Ltd.

NETWING TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd.

W W W . W A T S O N W Y A T T . C O MW W W . W A T S O N W Y A T T . C O M

A Telecom & IT Company

www.netwing.in www.netwing.in

(2)

Equipment Details

Frequency

Frequency used used 2300 2300 - - 2400 2400 MHz MHz NETWING NETWING Tool Tool DiscriptionDiscription Activity

Activity type type referencereference

Transmission

RF Synthesizer

RF Synthesizer Tortoise Multi-Band TransmitterTortoise Multi-Band Transmitter

(CW)

(CW) 2.3 GHz, 2.5/25/50/200 2.3 GHz, 2.5/25/50/200 kHz step kHz step 20 watt20 watt

Power Amplifier

Power Amplifier Tortoise Tortoise 20 20 wattwatt

RF Cables set

RF Cables set 1/2" 1/2" 5-10 5-10 mtrmtr

Power meter

Power meter Yellow Yellow Frog Frog Coyat Coyat 150 150 Mhz Mhz -2.7 -2.7 ghz ghz for for rms rms & & CW CW bothboth

Omni antenna

Omni antenna Jaybeam Jaybeam WirelesWireless s 76402407640240

Telescopic mast

Telescopic mast Various Various 5 5 to to 7meters 7meters with with safety safety guidesguides

Reception

Analog Receiver

Analog Receiver Coyote modular receiver w/GPS Coyote modular receiver w/GPS Rx1: 2.3-2.4 GHz receiver module (25 kHzRx1: 2.3-2.4 GHz receiver module (25 kHz steps/25 kHz IF BW)

steps/25 kHz IF BW) Magnetic antenna

Magnetic antenna Mount Mount Antenna Antenna UMBUMB

Set of accessories

Set of accessories CoyoteCoyote

GPS

Wheel trigger

Wheel trigger Rotary Rotary (Same (Same Work) Work) CoyatCoyat

PC laptop

PC laptop variousvarious

Netwing

(3)

Equipment Details

Netwing

Netwing Technologies Technologies Private Private Ltd. Ltd. 33

Activity

Activity type type referencereference

Survey

Digital camera

Digital camera Canon Canon / / Sony Sony with with Zoom Zoom equiv equiv 35mm 35mm above above 105105 Professional Compass

Professional Compass Topochaix Topochaix UniversalUniversal GPS handset

GPS handset Trimble / Garmin…Trimble / Garmin… various referencesvarious references Decameter

Decameter variousvarious Binocular

Binocular OlympusOlympus

Complements

Antenna line tester

Antenna line tester Anritsu Anritsu site site mastermaster

Spectrum analyzer

Spectrum analyzer Anritsu Anritsu MS2721 MS2721 or or equiv.equiv.

digital multimeter

digital multimeter Flex Flex to to test test Volt, Volt, Amp, Amp, ohmohm

Tool box with divers

wrench

(4)

Site Selection

The major criteria with which sites were selected for CW testing is:

•

• The representation of clutters in the

The representation of clutters in the

sites surroundings meeting

the pretext of model for which it is being driven.

•

• Any major obstacles which can badly affect the collection of data.

Any major obstacles which can badly affect the collection of data.

•

• For the feasibility of installing antenna and safe upkeep of the CW

For the feasibility of installing antenna and safe upkeep of the CW

equipments near to the antenna.

•

• Adequacy of driving in the surroundings of the selected sites.

Adequacy of driving in the surroundings of the selected sites.

•

• Ability to find cleaner frequency channel for data collection.

Ability to find cleaner frequency channel for data collection.

•

• Existence of regular power supply for avoiding battery to

Existence of regular power supply for avoiding battery to

discharge in case where the drive tests may prolong more than 3

hours.

(5)

Site Selection

•

• The planning area should be categorized into dense urban, mean urban,

The planning area should be categorized into dense urban, mean urban,

suburb and rural.

•

• The testing site shall be free of visible

The testing site shall be free of visible

obstructions aroun

d.

the building where the testing site is located on shall be higher

•

• than the average height of

than the average height of

surrounding buildings.

•

• In dense urban, the valid antenna height should be about 10m higher than

In dense urban, the valid antenna height should be about 10m higher than

the average height of surrounding buildings; In mean urban, it’s about 15m;

in suburban or rural, it’s about 15 to 25m.

•

• There should be enough clutters (from the digital map) around the site, and

There should be enough clutters (from the digital map) around the site, and

enough roads to be able to cover those clutters.

•The building’

s rooftop

should not be too

large. The antenna must be raised

when the building’s rooftop is

too large to affect t

he radio propagation,

especially when there is a parapet on rooftop.

•

• The omni antenna is set on top of the building or tower, and the valid antenna

The omni antenna is set on top of the building or tower, and the valid antenna

height, above ground level (from the ground to the middle of

antenna),

is 4 to 30m.

(6)

CW Methodology

Measurement

s Procedures For

CW Survey

•

• CW test routes were planned carefully to avoid re running

CW test routes were planned carefully to avoid re running

on the routes where ever it was possible and also

following sections were not included in the data collection

by using the pause facility of the equipment.

1) Elevated sections of roads.

2) Tunnels.

3) Bridges.

•

• Sufficient measurements were made in each clutter type

Sufficient measurements were made in each clutter type

for the model to be

(7)

CW Methodology

Precauti

ons T

aken

:

•

• Measurement tape was used to verify the accurate

Measurement tape was used to verify the accurate

height.

•

• Position of the site was

Position of the site was

recorded carefully with the

help of GPS.

•

• Mostly antenna heights were selected considering

Mostly antenna heights were selected considering

the average height of

the clutter.

•

• The power meter is used for

The power meter is used for

checking the output

power after the feeder. It is important to

check the

forward power as well as the reflected in the

antenna connection to be able to

calculate the

EiRP.

(8)

CW Drive Route Definition

•

• Distance : Must account for expected coverageDistance : Must account for expected coverage

propagation. Must account for expected

interference propagation

•

• Clutter : Sufficient measurement in all local clutterClutter : Sufficient measurement in all local clutter

types ( >1000 )

•

• Roads : Avoid street canyons, tunnels, Roads : Avoid street canyons, tunnels, elevatedelevated

roads, cuttings etc..Mix of radial and tangential

road roads with ground height above

road roads with ground height above thethe

transmitter antenna.

(9)

CW Drive Route Definition

•

• All directions from the testing site should

All directions from the testing site should

be included.

•

• Different distances should be reached;

Different distances should be reached;

•

• All the clutters in coverage area must be

All the clutters in coverage area must be

tested.

•

• Roads should be reached as much as

Roads should be reached as much as

possible.

•

• Common and narrow roads are the main

Common and narrow roads are the main

targets to be chosen.

•

• Avoid of Drive test in the

Avoid of Drive test in the

same route.

•

• Don’t record the data when the car s

Don’t record the data when the car s

tops.

•

• The testing radius should be

The testing radius should be

large

enough so that the received signal’s

strength could be weaker than

-110dBm;adjust the testing route according

110dBm;adjust the testing route according

to the received signal in the

(10)

CW Equipment Set up



Transmitter setup

Tortoise Transmitter Tortoise Transmitter

T

o

Power

Supply

12V DC@5A

Power Power Meter Meter Antenna Antenna

(11)

CW Equipment Set up



Receiver setup

Antenna



_{Coyote :The signal received from the Omni-directional antenna (no gain) is}

fed to the receiver and is again

fed to the laptop PC through the parallel

port

extender. Output of the GPS is also fed to the laptop with the same cable.



_{The transmitted test frequency is monitored using a laptop connected to the}

receiver. The data is processed using the

(12)

Data Post processing

Depends on customer requirements:

•

• Averaged MeasurementsAveraged Measurements – – post processing involves simple conversion into Signia formatpost processing involves simple conversion into Signia format

supported by Enterprise

•

• Signia data file ( .dat ) contains Signia data file ( .dat ) contains longitude, latitlongitude, latitude (decimal degrees) and receivude (decimal degrees) and received level (dBm)ed level (dBm)

•

• Every data file must Every data file must have header file with identical name but have header file with identical name but with extension .hd.with extension .hd.

•

• Header file must have antenna type Header file must have antenna type (identical name to one in Asset3g), Tx power, Tx antenna(identical name to one in Asset3g), Tx power, Tx antenna

height, coordinates.

•

• It is common practice to include all gains and losses under Tx power value and leave It is common practice to include all gains and losses under Tx power value and leave otherother

fields relevant to gain/losses in the header blank. Therefore in a Tx field usually is put:

•

• TxTx – – Ct +AtgCt +Atg – –Arg+Crl whereArg+Crl where

•

• Tx-Tx power(dBm),Tx-Tx power(dBm),

•

• Ct-cable loss between transmitter and antenna (dB),Ct-cable loss between transmitter and antenna (dB),

•

• Atg-transmitting antenna gain (dBi)Atg-transmitting antenna gain (dBi)

•

• Arg-receiving antenna gain (dBi)Arg-receiving antenna gain (dBi)

•

(13)

CW Data Validation

•

• Compare the site data (photographs, surrounding clutterCompare the site data (photographs, surrounding clutter

and terrain profile) to the Clutter and DTM layer of the map

data provided.

•

• Check the driven routes against vectors within the mapCheck the driven routes against vectors within the map

data.

•

• Filter out any invalid data that may cause anomalies in theFilter out any invalid data that may cause anomalies in the

calibration process

•

• Make sure that Make sure that details relating to details relating to a site a site (EIRP(EIRP, Location,, Location,

Height, A

Height, Antenna file) correspond to reports fntenna file) correspond to reports from CWrom CW

Survey.

•

• Use AUse Asset utilisset utilities to get visual representation of theties to get visual representation of the

received signal vs distance.

(14)

Data filtering

•

Filter clutter types that have less Filter clutter types that have less than 500 bins. Clutter offsets or than 500 bins. Clutter offsets or them will be estimatedthem will be estimated

later in the model tuning process.

•

Filter out any file which Filter out any file which shows extreme in signal level.shows extreme in signal level.

•

Unusually high signal level at far distance can be caused by reflection over big waterUnusually high signal level at far distance can be caused by reflection over big water

surface, or driving along route which is higher than antenna.

•

Unusually weak signal Unusually weak signal level level can be caused by drivcan be caused by driving behind blocking ing behind blocking object.object.

•

OkumuraOkumura –Hata can’t model above situations, therefore these data must be –Hata can’t model above situations, therefore these data must be filtered out.filtered out.

•

With careful route planning filtering can be With careful route planning filtering can be avoided.avoided.

•

(15)

Filtering example-Driving above Tx antenna

(16)

Filtering example-Blocking object

(17)

Displaying CW measurements in Asset

–

– Data Types-CW Measurements-CWData Types-CW Measurements-CW

Signal

–

– To set up thresholds double click on CWTo set up thresholds double click on CW

Signal and specify thresholds under

Categories tab

–

– The same goes for other options insideThe same goes for other options inside

CW Measurements

(18)

Okumura-Hata in Asset

•

• Asset uses slightly Asset uses slightly modified Okumura-Hata:modified Okumura-Hata:



 Ploss =K1 + K2*log(d) Ploss =K1 + K2*log(d) + K3*Hms + + K3*Hms + K4*log(Hms) + K5*log(Heff) + K6*log(Heff)*log(d) +K4*log(Hms) + K5*log(Heff) + K6*log(Heff)*log(d) +

K7*Ldiff + Lclutter



 d is distance in km between Tx antenna and mobile stationd is distance in km between Tx antenna and mobile station



 Hms is mobile station heightHms is mobile station height



 Heff is effective antenna height in metresHeff is effective antenna height in metres



 Ldiff is a loss due to diffractionLdiff is a loss due to diffraction



 Lclutter is a clutter lossLclutter is a clutter loss

•

• Asset has 4 Asset has 4 algorithms for algorithms for calculating effcalculating effective antenna ective antenna heightheight

•

(19)

Asset improvements



 K1 near and k2 near K1 near and k2 near are designed to overcome Okumura-Hata limiare designed to overcome Okumura-Hata limitation for closetation for close

distances.



 Through Clutter LossThrough Clutter Loss – – takes into the account clutter profile along takes into the account clutter profile along distance d from mobiledistance d from mobile

station to base station.



 Advantages in improved accuracy/reduced standard deviation error and more realisticAdvantages in improved accuracy/reduced standard deviation error and more realistic

calculated predictions.

(20)

Through Clutter Model Definition



 Each clutter category is Each clutter category is given Through Clutter Loss (dB/km) on given Through Clutter Loss (dB/km) on the path between transmitter andthe path between transmitter and

receiver.



(21)

Overview of Model Calibration

•

There must be project set There must be project set up (map data, antennas, sites, propagation model) in order up (map data, antennas, sites, propagation model) in order toto

start tuning

•

Load CW dataLoad CW data

•

Make appropriate filtering, usually:Make appropriate filtering, usually:

•

-110dBm to -40dBm-110dBm to -40dBm

•

125m to 10000125m to 10000

•

Start with the default values for k parametersStart with the default values for k parameters

•

Do Auto TuneDo Auto Tune

•

Try all combination of effective antenna height and diffraction algorithms and determineTry all combination of effective antenna height and diffraction algorithms and determine

which one gives the

which one gives the lowest standard deviationlowest standard deviation

•

(22)

Model setting

•

• Tools-Model Tuning-Options

Tools-Model Tuning-Options

•

• Select the resolution of mapping

Select the resolution of mapping

data

•

• Select the model as a start tuning

Select the model as a start tuning

model. It is recommended to use

default model

(23)

Filter Setting

•

Tools-Model Tools-Model Tuning-Options-FilTuning-Options-Filterter

•

Set up distance filteringSet up distance filtering

•

Set up signal level filteringSet up signal level filtering

•

Filter out clutter types with insufficient data byFilter out clutter types with insufficient data by

highlighting them

•

If you tune k7 click just NLOSIf you tune k7 click just NLOS

•

Click antenna button if directional antennasClick antenna button if directional antennas

were used

(24)

Auto Tune

•

Tools-Model Tuning-Auto TuneTools-Model Tuning-Auto Tune

•

Set up deltasSet up deltas

•

Click fix box next to the k Click fix box next to the k factor you don’tfactor you don’t

want to tune

•

Click Auto Tune under Tools tabClick Auto Tune under Tools tab

•

Wait for resultsWait for results

•

You can apply new parameters by clickingYou can apply new parameters by clicking

apply new parameters

•

Through clutter offsets and clutter offsets areThrough clutter offsets and clutter offsets are

under Clutter tab

(25)

K parameters

•

K3 and K4 are not K3 and K4 are not altered. This is because they relate to mobile height which in a typicalaltered. This is because they relate to mobile height which in a typical

cellular system is

cellular system is constant making these coefficients redundant.constant making these coefficients redundant.

•

K7 is the K7 is the diffraction parameter. It can be determined by tuning just NLOS diffraction parameter. It can be determined by tuning just NLOS data.data.

•

All K parameters must keep the same polarity as in the original Okumura Hata modelAll K parameters must keep the same polarity as in the original Okumura Hata model

•

K1, K2, K7 >0K1, K2, K7 >0

•

K3, K5, K6 <0K3, K5, K6 <0

•

(26)

Default K parameters

(27)

k1, k2 near calibration

•

• If model is not good close to the site, for

If model is not good close to the site, for

example up to 700m, auto tune the

model from 700m to 10k.

Apply found k parameters.

•

• Tune model again with k5,k6 and k7

Tune model again with k5,k6 and k7

locked and filter out distances above

700m.

•

• Result will be k1 near and

Result will be k1 near and

k2 near.

•

• If standard deviation is still bad try with other distances until you find the best

If standard deviation is still bad try with other distances until you find the best

fit.

(28)

Clutter offset

•

• Some through clutter offsets and clutter offsets need to be estimated due to

Some through clutter offsets and clutter offsets need to be estimated due to

insufficient data.

•

• Estimation is done relative to the clutter offsets with sufficient data.

Estimation is done relative to the clutter offsets with sufficient data.

•

• Clutter offsets must be realistic

Clutter offsets must be realistic

relative to each other.

•

(29)

Adjusting ME

•

• Mean error is usually altered after estimation

Mean error is usually altered after estimation

of clutter offsets.

•

• ME can be easily bring back to 0 by changing k1

ME can be easily bring back to 0 by changing k1

•

(30)

Model analyses

•

• Make statistical analyses for ME

Make statistical analyses for ME

and SD for different distance ranges.

•

• In the range of i

In the range of i

nterest, typically 1km to 4km,

following requirements should

be fulfilled

•

• -1 < ME < 1

-1 < ME < 1

•

• SD < 8

SD < 8

•

• If ME or SD is outside the above specified values, try with changing the dual

If ME or SD is outside the above specified values, try with changing the dual

slope distance or take the second best model from the initial tuning.

(31)

Statistical Breakdown for Coastal Urban 15m

No. of Bins

No. of Bins Mean ErrorMean Error Standard DeviationStandard Deviation

Actual

Calibration whole range

Calibration whole range 8026080260 00 6.86.8 125~250 125~250 10301030 -0.5-0.5 8.18.1 250~500 250~500 28992899 -1.1-1.1 88 500~1km 500~1km 87008700 -1.4-1.4 7.77.7 1km~2km 1km~2km 1935119351 -0.1-0.1 7.47.4 2km~4km 2km~4km 2959829598 0.90.9 6.66.6 4km~8km 4km~8km 1779117791 -0.4-0.4 5.45.4 8km~16km 8km~16km 891891 -1.6-1.6 5.25.2

(32)

Statistical Breakdown for ME and SD

Standard deviation distribution Standard deviation distribution

0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0.. 1 1 2 2 5 5 - - 0 0.. 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0.. 5 5 - - 1 1 22 - - 4 4 ₈_8 - - 1 1 6 6 Di Distance (kmstance (km )) S S t t a a n n d d a a r r d d d d e e v v i i a a t t i i o o n n

Mean er

Mean er ror vs distanceror vs distance

-2 -2 -1.5 -1.5 -1 -1 -0.5 -0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 1.5 1.5 0 0.. 1 1 2 2 5 5 - - 0 0.. 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 0.. 2 2 5 5 - - 0 0.. 5 5 0 0.. 5 5 - - 1 1 1 -1 - 2 2 22 - - 4 4 44 - - 8 8 8 8 - - 1 1 6 6 Distance (km) Distance (km) M M e e a a n n e e r r r r o o r r

(33)

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 1

Apoview site Apoview site No. of No. of Bins Bins Mean Mean Error Error Standard Standard Deviation Actual Deviation Actual Calibration whole Calibration whole range range 1066810668 -1-1 6.16.1 125~250 125~250 5353 4.34.3 5.65.6 250~500 250~500 368368 0.40.4 7.57.5 500~1km 500~1km 11531153 -2.7-2.7 7.37.3 1km~2km 1km~2km 23242324 -1.5-1.5 6.36.3 2km~4km 2km~4km 43834383 0.40.4 5.95.9 4km~8km 4km~8km 23432343 -2.4-2.4 5.15.1 8km~16km 8km~16km 4444 -2.4-2.4 4.14.1

(34)

Coverage plot

(35)

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 2

Banawa site

No. of Bins

No. of Bins Mean ErrorMean Error Standard DeviationStandard Deviation

Actual Actual Calibration whole Calibration whole range range 63546354 0.10.1 6.46.4 125~250 125~250 9595 11.611.6 5.25.2 250~500 250~500 4242 2.72.7 5.75.7 500~1km 500~1km 252252 -1.8-1.8 7.77.7 1km~2km 1km~2km 16201620 -0.9-0.9 6.36.3 2km~4km 2km~4km 32283228 11 6.46.4 4km~8km 4km~8km 10411041 -1.6-1.6 4.84.8 8km~16km 8km~16km 7676 -2.9-2.9 3.83.8