AR
ARTICLE 15 of
TICLE 15 of THE CONSTITUTION of
THE CONSTITUTION of
INDIA
INDIA
Prohibition of discrimination on th
Prohibition of discrimination on th
!ro"nds of r#i!ion$ rac$ cast$ s%
!ro"nds of r#i!ion$ rac$ cast$ s%
or &#ac of birth
or &#ac of birth
A &ro'ct r&ort on
A &ro'ct r&ort on constit"tiona
constit"tiona# #a(
# #a(
S"bmittd To )
S"bmittd To )
Dr. Shruti Bedi
Dr. Shruti Bedi
Assistant Professor, UILS
Assistant Professor, UILS
Panjab University, Chandigarh
Panjab University, Chandigarh
S"bmittd *+)
S"bmittd *+)
Sanjana
Roll
Roll o.
o. !"#"$
!"#"$
I%
I%
ththSe&ester B.A.LL.B.
Se&ester B.A.LL.B.
'A
'ABL(
BL( )* C)'('S
)* C)'('S
I.
I.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……….. 3ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……….. 3II.
II.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………...4LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………...4III.
III.
TABLE OF CASES……….5-6TABLE OF CASES……….5-6I%
I%..
INTRODUCTION………INTRODUCTION………... …... 77 %%.. NO DISCRIMINA NO DISCRIMINATTION AGAIION AGAINST THE CITIZEN 151!…NST THE CITIZEN 151!………." -#…." -# %I.
%I. NO DISCRIMINA NO DISCRIMINATTION AS ION AS TO USE OR ATO USE OR ACCESS TO $UBLIC $LACES CCESS TO $UBLIC $LACES ARARTT.15%!….#-1&.15%!….#-1& %II.
%II. S$ECIAL $ROVISION FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN ART. 153!………11-13S$ECIAL $ROVISION FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN ART. 153!………11-13 %III.
%III. S$ECIAL $ROVISIONS FOR BACKWARD CLASSES ART. 154!………13-1#S$ECIAL $ROVISIONS FOR BACKWARD CLASSES ART. 154!………13-1# I+.
I+. S$ECIAL $ROVISIONS RELATING TO ADMISSION TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSS$ECIAL $ROVISIONS RELATING TO ADMISSION TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ART. 155!………... 1#-%& ART. 155!………... 1#-%&
+.
+.
BIBLIOGRA$H'………BIBLIOGRA$H'………..%1..%1+I.
+I.
AC.NO/LED0EENT
AC.NO/LED0EENT
The Success & outcome of this project required a lot of guidance & assistance from The Success & outcome of this project required a lot of guidance & assistance from many people & I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion many people & I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance & I would of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance & I would not forget to thank them.
not forget to thank them. I
I am am ththankankfuful l to to & & fofortrtununatate e enenouough gh to to coconsnstatant nt enencocoururageagemementnt susuppopport rt && guidance.
guidance.
I am very much thankful to !r.Shruti "edi for her support & guidance without I am very much thankful to !r.Shruti "edi for her support & guidance without which I would not have #een a#le to accomplish this project work. I am thankful to which I would not have #een a#le to accomplish this project work. I am thankful to my friends who helped me in the collection of material & parents for their moral my friends who helped me in the collection of material & parents for their moral support. support. Sanjana Sanjana Roll No. - 81/13 Roll No. - 81/13
LIST O2 A**RE3IATIONS
LIST O2 A**RE3IATIONS
AIR(
AIR( A))
A)) I*+,
I*+, R/02
R/02
A2.( A2,)
A2.( A2,)
CI(
CI( C,
C, 82,
82, 0
0 I*+,
I*+,
E.9.(
E.9.( F0
F0 E:;/)
E:;/)
E+,.( E+,2,0*
E+,.( E+,2,0*
HC(
HC( H,9
H,9 C02
C02
SCC( S/; C02 C88
SCC( S/; C02 C88
SC(
SC( S/;
S/; C02
C02
<.
<.
V88
V88
TA*LE O2 CASES
TA*LE O2 CASES
a&e
a&e of
of the
the Cases
Cases
Pg.
Pg.
no.
no.
1.1. A80= K; T= <. U*,0* 0 I*+,> %&&"! 6 SCCA80= K; T= <. U*,0* 0 I*+,> %&&"! 6 SCC …...1#…...1# %.
%. C,2C,2)= <)= <. S2. S22 0 M?82 0 M?80 A0 AIR 1#64 SC 1"IR 1#64 SC 1"%3………%3………16………16 3.
3. D.$D.$. . 08, <08, <. S22. S22 0 M+? B 0 M+? B2 A2 AIR 1#55 SC 334……IR 1#55 SC 334………."……." 4.
4. D**,8D**,8,0* $),0* $)@ <. @ <. U*,0* 0 I*+U*,0* 0 I*+,> A,> AIR %&&#NIR %&&#NOC! %54& MOC! %54& MAD.!…AD.!………1&……1& 5.
5. G. $G. $,;),;)9* 9* <. <. S22 S22 0 T0 T;;,) N,) N+ + AIR AIR %&&# M%&&# M+. 5+. 54. ……4. ………."………." 6.
6. G0<*;*2 0 G0<*;*2 0 A*+ $+8 A*+ $+8 VV. . V,V,@? K;. @? K;. AIR AIR 1##5 SC 164">………. 1##5 SC 164">………. 1111 7.
7. G)8G)8* $=8* $=8 <. <. S22 0 S22 0 H?*H?* A AIR %&1& SC %""IR %&1& SC %"". …………. ………1%1% ".
". I*+,I*+, S*? < S*? <. U*,. U*,0* 0 I*+,0* 0 I*+,> A> AIR 1##3 SC 47IR 1##3 SC 477…………7………13>17>113>17>1"" #.
#. , L) <, L) <. $+; S,. $+; S,*9> A*9> AIR 1#54 M.$IR 1#54 M.$..> %3…………> %3………..7…..7 1&.
1&. *=, $8*=, $8+ $,;00 + $,;00 <. <. S22 0 S22 0 ;; ;; *+ K8;, *+ K8;, AIR AIR 1#73 1#73 SC #3&. SC #3&. ……….15……….15 11.
11. M.R. B)@, M.R. B)@, <. <. S22 0 M?S22 0 M?80 A80 AIR 1#63 SC IR 1#63 SC 64#………64#……….15>1"…….15>1" 1%.
1%. N.T.N.T.R U*,<8,2? 0 H)2 S,*8 <. R U*,<8,2? 0 H)2 S,*8 <. G.B.R. $8+> AIG.B.R. $8+> AIR %&&3 SC 1#47………….…1%R %&&3 SC 1#47………….…1% 13.
13. $. $. R@*+* <. S22 0 M+8 AR@*+* <. S22 0 M+8 AIR 1#6" SC 1&1%IR 1#6" SC 1&1%………16………16 14.
14. $;@,2 S,*9 <. S22 0 $*@> AI$;@,2 S,*9 <. S22 0 $*@> AIR %&&# $. H. 7………R %&&# $. H. 7………..1&………..1& 15.
15. $0/) U*,0* 0 D;02, R,928 <. $0/) U*,0* 0 D;02, R,928 <. U*,0* 0 I*+, AIU*,0* 0 I*+, AIR 1#"% SC 1473……….#R 1#"% SC 1473……….# 16.
16. $2, S,<82< <. S22 0 M.$$2, S,<82< <. S22 0 M.$. . AIR 1### SC %"#4. ………..1"AIR 1### SC %"#4. ………..1" 17.
17. R@8, <. S22 0 U.$. R@8, <. S22 0 U.$. AIR 1#54 A))> 6&"………AIR 1#54 A))> 6&"………..……..7………..……..7 1".
1". S*9 U; R<;) <. S22 0 S82S*9 U; R<;) <. S22 0 S82> AI> AIR 1#5% S.1%4……….7R 1#5% S.1%4……….7 1#.
1#. S22 0 M.$. S22 0 M.$. <. M0* S,*9> A<. M0* S,*9> AIR 1##6 SC %1&6………14IR 1##6 SC %1&6………14 %&.
%&. S22 0 M+88 <. S22 0 M+88 <. C;/=; D0,@* AC;/=; D0,@* AIR 1#55 SC %%6………...….. 1%IR 1#55 SC %%6………...….. 1% %1.
%1. S22 0 U.$. <S22 0 U.$. <. $+/ T0*+0* A. $+/ T0*+0* AIR 1#75 SC IR 1#75 SC 563………563………....17………....17 %%.
%%. T02 T02 S82;; <S82;; <. . T02 T02 A*,=?;;> 1##1! A*,=?;;> 1##1! 4 SCC 4 SCC 31%………..1&31%………..1& %3.
%3. VV)8;; $) <. C0,* U*,<8,2?> A)8;; $) <. C0,* U*,<8,2?> AIR 1##6 SC IR 1##6 SC 1&%%………1&%%……….17….17 %4.
I'R)DUC'I)
I'R)DUC'I)
A2,) 15 /0<,+8 22 2 80)+ *0 +,8,;,*2,0* 0* 2 8,8 0 > 8:> 82> ),9,0*> /) A2,) 15 /0<,+8 22 2 80)+ *0 +,8,;,*2,0* 0* 2 8,8 0 > 8:> 82> ),9,0*> /) 0 ,2
0 ,2 2. 2. 2,) 15 2,) 15 /0<,+8 /0<,+8 1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subect to any disability,
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment# or (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment# or
(b) the use of !ells, tan$s, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained !holly or partly (b) the use of !ells, tan$s, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained !holly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
(%) Nothing in this article shall pre&ent the State from ma$ing any special pro&ision for !omen and (%) Nothing in this article shall pre&ent the State from ma$ing any special pro&ision for !omen and children.
children.
1'() Nothing in this article or in clause
1'() Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 2 shall pre&ent the State from ma$ing any special (2) of article 2 shall pre&ent the State from ma$ing any special pro&ision for the
pro&ision for the ad&ancement ad&ancement of any of any socially and socially and educationally bac$!ard educationally bac$!ard classes of classes of citizens or citizens or for thefor the Scheduled *astes and the S
Scheduled *astes and the Scheduled Tribes.+cheduled Tribes.+
2'() Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 1 shall pre&ent the State from 2'() Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 1 shall pre&ent the State from ma$ing any special pro&ision, by la!, for the ad&ancement of any socially and educationally bac$!ard ma$ing any special pro&ision, by la!, for the ad&ancement of any socially and educationally bac$!ard classes of citizens or for the Scheduled *astes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special classes of citizens or for the Scheduled *astes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special pro&isions r
pro&isions relate to their admission to educational institelate to their admission to educational institutions including pri&ate educational institutions,utions including pri&ate educational institutions, !hether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in !hether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article %.+ clause (1) of article %.+ A2,) 15 0*2,*8 /0<,8,0*8 0 /2,) //),2,0* 0 2 9*) /,*,/) 0 ),2? 0 A2,) 15 0*2,*8 /0<,8,0*8 0 /2,) //),2,0* 0 2 9*) /,*,/) 0 ),2? 0 22;*2 ;0+,+ ,* A2,) 14. I2 /0,,28 +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,2,*8 0* 2 90*+8 0*)? 0 22;*2 ;0+,+ ,* A2,) 14. I2 /0,,28 +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,2,*8 0* 2 90*+8 0*)? 0 ),9,0*> > 82> 8:> *+ /) 0 ,2 0 *? 0 2;. I2 ;? *02+ 22 A2,) 15 88 2 ),9,0*> > 82> 8:> *+ /) 0 ,2 0 *? 0 2;. I2 ;? *02+ 22 A2,) 15 88 2 ,92 9,*82 +,8,;,*2,0*> 0*)? 20 ,2,*8 *+ 0 22 *0*-,2,* **02 ,*<0= 2 /0<,8,0*8 0 2,8 ,92 9,*82 +,8,;,*2,0*> 0*)? 20 ,2,*8 *+ 0 22 *0*-,2,* **02 ,*<0= 2 /0<,8,0*8 0 2,8 A2,). A2,).
) DISCRIIA'I) A-AIS' '( CI'I/( "01"2
) DISCRIIA'I) A-AIS' '( CI'I/( "01"2
C)8 1! 0 2,) 15 /0<,+8( 2 822 8)) *02 +,8,;,*2 9,*82 *? ,2,* 0* 90*+ 0*)? 0 C)8 1! 0 2,) 15 /0<,+8( 2 822 8)) *02 +,8,;,*2 9,*82 *? ,2,* 0* 90*+ 0*)? 0 ),9,0*> > 82> 8:> *+ /) 0 ,2 0 *? 0 2;.
T 0+8 +,8,;,*2 9,*82 ;* 20 ;= * +<8 +,82,*2,0* ,2 9+ 20 +,82,*9,8 T 0+8 +,8,;,*2 9,*82 ;* 20 ;= * +<8 +,82,*2,0* ,2 9+ 20 +,82,*9,8 *<0 *<0)? )? 0; 0; 028028..11 I2 ,*<0)<8 * );*2 0 *<0) ,8 *+ ,2 ,8 ,* 2,8 8*8 22 2 I2 ,*<0)<8 * );*2 0 *<0) ,8 *+ ,2 ,8 ,* 2,8 8*8 22 2 :/88,0* 8 20 *+8200+ ,* 2 0*2:2 0 2,) 151!. :/88,0* 8 20 *+8200+ ,* 2 0*2:2 0 2,) 151!. /iscrimination
/iscrimination againstagainst 0* /80* *88,)? ,*<0)<8 +,8,;,*2,0* ,* <0 0 2 02. T 2;0* /80* *88,)? ,*<0)<8 +,8,;,*2,0* ,* <0 0 2 02. T 2; 28 ,*)+8 0;/,80* 20 ,2,*8 /)+> ;0 0 )88 8,;,))? ,* )) ;2,) 8/2 *? 28 ,*)+8 0;/,80* 20 ,2,*8 /)+> ;0 0 )88 8,;,))? ,* )) ;2,) 8/2 *? 822 2,0* /),*9 0* 0 2; )0* *+ +,8+<*29 2 0)+ +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,; 822 2,0* /),*9 0* 0 2; )0* *+ +,8+<*29 2 0)+ +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,; ,2,* 2 ;*,*9 0 2,) 15. ,2,* 2 ;*,*9 0 2,) 15. D,8 D,8,;,*,;,*2,0* ,* 2,0* ,* 2 0*2:2 0 2 0*2:2 0 2,2,) 15 ) 15 )80 ;*8 )88,,)80 ;*8 )88,,2,0* ;0*9 /80*8 0 2,0* ;0*9 /80*8 0 2,*92,*98 8 *+ )80*+ )80 8<2,0*8 0 80; 0 2 ;;8 0 90/ 0 )88. I *? 8 )88,,2,0* 0 8<2,0* ,8 8<2,0*8 0 80; 0 2 ;;8 0 90/ 0 )88. I *? 8 )88,,2,0* 0 8<2,0* ,8 8+ 0* 8+ 0* *? 0 *? 0 2 90*+8 2 90*+8 ;,*2,*+ ,* ;,*2,*+ ,* 2,) 151! ,.. 2,) 151! ,.. ),9,0*> > ),9,0*> > 82> 8: 82> 8: 0 /) 0 /) 0 ,2> 0 ,2> ,2,2 0)+ <,0)2,< 0 2,) 151!. F0 :;/)> 2 U.$ C02 0 W+8 A2> 1#1%> , +/,<+ 0)+ <,0)2,< 0 2,) 151!. F0 :;/)> 2 U.$ C02 0 W+8 A2> 1#1%> , +/,<+ ;) /0/,288 20 0)+ *+ *@0? /0/2? 0* 2 90*+ 0 8: 8 )+ <,0)2,< 0 2,) ;) /0/,288 20 0)+ *+ *@0? /0/2? 0* 2 90*+ 0 8: 8 )+ <,0)2,< 0 2,) 151! 151!%% .T B0;? $0), A2> /*),,*9 0)+ 0*+8 0* 028,+ G2 B0;?> 2 :;/2,*9 .T B0;? $0), A2> /*),,*9 0)+ 0*+8 0* 028,+ G2 B0;?> 2 :;/2,*9 208 0* ,*8,+ G2 B0;?> 8 )+ +,8,;,*20? 0* 2 90*+8 0 /) 0 ,2. A S82 208 0* ,*8,+ G2 B0;?> 8 )+ +,8,;,*20? 0* 2 90*+8 0 /) 0 ,2. A S82 )> , 82,2+ 2 ;0<;*2 0 2,* 0;;*,2,8> ? ,*8,82,*9 0* 2, /02,*9 20 2 $0), )> , 82,2+ 2 ;0<;*2 0 2,* 0;;*,2,8> ? ,*8,82,*9 0* 2, /02,*9 20 2 $0), <? +?> 8 )+ 20 )2-<,8> 8 ,2 ;0*2+ 20 +,8,;,*2,0* 8+ 0* . <? +?> 8 )+ 20 )2-<,8> 8 ,2 ;0*2+ 20 +,8,;,*2,0* 8+ 0* .33 L,=,8> * A2 L,=,8> * A2 , +,8,;,*2+ ,* <0 0 0* 82 0 +208 8 9,*82 028 0* 2 90*+ 0 82 8 82= , +,8,;,*2+ ,* <0 0 0* 82 0 +208 8 9,*82 028 0* 2 90*+ 0 82 8 82= +0* 8 <,0)2,< 0 2,) 151! +0* 8 <,0)2,< 0 2,) 151!..44
1 !ford "ictionar#$ 1%&&'%5$ cited in (athi Raining Ra)at *. State of Saurashtra +AIR 1 !ford "ictionar#$ 1%&&'%5$ cited in (athi Raining Ra)at *. State of Saurashtra +AIR 1%5' SC 1'3,
1%5' SC 1'3,
' Rajes)ari *. State of .P. AIR 1%5 All$ 08 ' Rajes)ari *. State of .P. AIR 1%5 All$ 08
3 Sanghar ar Ra*al *. State of Saurashtra$ AIR 1%5' Sau.1' 3 Sanghar ar Ra*al *. State of Saurashtra$ AIR 1%5' Sau.1'
2ai al *. Pada Singh$ AIR 1%5 4.P.$ '3. 2ai al *. Pada Singh$ AIR 1%5 4.P.$ '3.
)n th
)n the ground
e ground )L3
)L3 of
of
I* A2 I* A2,) 151!> 2 ;/8,8 8;8 20 > ,) 151!> 2 ;/8,8 8;8 20 > 0* 2 0* 2 0+ 0*)? **,*9 ,2 2 /0,,20+ 0*)? **,*9 ,2 2 /0,,2+ 90*+8. I2+ 90*+8. I2 ,*+,28 22 ,2 ,8 0*)? ,*+,28 22 ,2 ,8 0*)? 2 +,8,;,*2,0* 828 80))? 0* 2 90*+ 0 2 +,8,;,*2,0* 828 80))? 0* 2 90*+ 0 ),9,0*> > 8:> 0 /)),9,0*> > 8:> 0 /) 0 ,2> 22 A2,) 15 0;8 ,*20 /)?. T 8,9*,,* 0 2 0+ 0*)? ,* A2,) 15 ,8 22 02 0 ,2> 22 A2,) 15 0;8 ,*20 /)?. T 8,9*,,* 0 2 0+ 0*)? ,* A2,) 15 ,8 22 02 ),,2,0*8 ,*9 )> ),9,0*> 82> 8:> 0 /) 0 ,2> 80)+ *02 90*+ 0 ),,2,0*8 ,*9 )> ),9,0*> 82> 8:> 0 /) 0 ,2> 80)+ *02 90*+ 0 /* 0 +,8,),2? /* 0 +,8,),2?.. I*
I* D.P. 4oshi v. State of adhya Bharat,D.P. 4oshi v. State of adhya Bharat,00 /0/))? =*0* 8 ,82 /,22,0* 8> ) ;+ /0/))? =*0* 8 ,82 /,22,0* 8> ) ;+
0 +;,88,0* 20 S22 M+,) C0))98> ,+ 2 /?;*2 0 /,22,0* 0; *0*- M+? 0 +;,88,0* 20 S22 M+,) C0))98> ,+ 2 /?;*2 0 /,22,0* 0; *0*- M+? B2 82+*28. T M+? B2 82+*28 :;/2+ 0; 2 /?;*2. T S/; C02 B2 82+*28. T M+? B2 82+*28 :;/2+ 0; 2 /?;*2. T S/; C02 *92,<+ 2 /) 0 +,8,;,*2,0* ? 2 *0*-8,+*28 *+ A2,) 151! 8 2 90*+ 0 *92,<+ 2 /) 0 +,8,;,*2,0* ? 2 *0*-8,+*28 *+ A2,) 151! 8 2 90*+ 0 :;/2,0* 8 8,+* *+ *02 /) 0 ,2. R8,+* *+ /) 0 ,2 20 +,82,*2 :;/2,0* 8 8,+* *+ *02 /) 0 ,2. R8,+* *+ /) 0 ,2 20 +,82,*2 0*/28 ,2 +,*2 0**022,0*8. A2,) 151! /0,,28 +,8,;,*2,0* 0* 2 8,8 0 /) 0 ,2 0*/28 ,2 +,*2 0**022,0*8. A2,) 151! /0,,28 +,8,;,*2,0* 0* 2 8,8 0 /) 0 ,2 *02 8,+*. *02 8,+*. I*
I* -. Pari&ela5hagan v. State of 'a&il adu-. Pari&ela5hagan v. State of 'a&il adu>>66 2 M+8 H,9 C02 /)+ 8<2,0* / 20 #& 2 M+8 H,9 C02 /)+ 8<2,0* / 20 #&
0* <0 0 0;* 0 +;,88,0* 20 D9 C08 ,* N8,*9 8 *02 <,0)2,< 0 A2,) 14 *+ 15. T 0* <0 0 0;* 0 +;,88,0* 20 D9 C08 ,* N8,*9 8 *02 <,0)2,< 0 A2,) 14 *+ 15. T 02 200= ,*20 0*8,+2,0* 2 28 22 ;)8 )0* 8=,*9 +;,88,0* 0 *8,*9 08 02 200= ,*20 0*8,+2,0* 2 28 22 ;)8 )0* 8=,*9 +;,88,0* 0 *8,*9 08 22 ,2 8 ;) +0;,*2+ ,)+> 22 2 8<, 0 ;) *88 0*,*+ 20 O20/+, +8> 22 ,2 8 ;) +0;,*2+ ,)+> 22 2 8<, 0 ;) *88 0*,*+ 20 O20/+, +8> /8?,2? +8 *+ ;+,0 )9) 88 *+ ,* )) 02 *8> 8<, 0 ;) *88 2,),+ . /8?,2? +8 *+ ;+,0 )9) 88 *+ ,* )) 02 *8> 8<, 0 ;) *88 2,),+ .
) DISCRI
) DISCRIIA'
IA'I) AS ') US( )R ACC(SS ')
I) AS ') US( )R ACC(SS ') PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PLAC(S AR'."0 162
PLAC(S AR'."0 162
C)8 %! 0 A2,) 15 /0<,+8( N0 ,2,* 8))> 0* 90*+8 0*)? 0 ),9,0*> > 82> 8:> /) C)8 %! 0 A2,) 15 /0<,+8( N0 ,2,* 8))> 0* 90*+8 0*)? 0 ),9,0*> > 82> 8:> /) 0 ,2 0 * 0 ,2 0 *? 0 2;> ? 0 2;> 8@2 20 *? 8@2 20 *? +,8,),2?> )+,8,),2?> ),,),2?> ,,),2?> 82,2,0* 0 0*+,2,0* ,2 9+ 82,2,0* 0 0*+,2,0* ,2 9+ 20J 20J aa! 88 20 80/8> /), 82*28> 02)8 *+ /)8 ! 88 20 80/8> /), 82*28> 02)8 *+ /)8 0 /), *22,*;*2 0 0 /), *22,*;*2 0 5 AIR 1%55 SC 33. 5 AIR 1%55 SC 33. AIR '00% 4ad. 5. AIR '00% 4ad. 5.bb! 2 8 0 ))8> 2*=8> 2,*9 928> 0+8 *+ /)8 0 /), 802 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)?! 2 8 0 ))8> 2*=8> 2,*9 928> 0+8 *+ /)8 0 /), 802 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)? 02 0 S22 *+8 0 ++,2+ 20 2 8 0 2 9*) /),. 02 0 S22 *+8 0 ++,2+ 20 2 8 0 2 9*) /),. C)8 %! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 /2,) //),2,0* 0 9*) /,*,/) 9,*82 +,8,;,*2,0* ;0+,+ C)8 %! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 /2,) //),2,0* 0 9*) /,*,/) 9,*82 +,8,;,*2,0* ;0+,+ ,* )8 1!. W,) )8 1! 0,+8 +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,2,*8 ,* )) ;228> )8 %! +)8 0*)? ,* )8 1!. W,) )8 1! 0,+8 +,8,;,*2,0* 9,*82 ,2,*8 ,* )) ;228> )8 %! +)8 0*)? ,2 88 0 +,8,;,*2,0* 8 9+ 20 2 8 0 ,2 88 0 +,8,;,*2,0* 8 9+ 20 2 8 0 88 20 /), /)8 ;*2,0*+ 2,*.88 20 /), /)8 ;*2,0*+ 2,*. T 0@2 ,*+ C)8%! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 20 9+ 9,*82 2 ;* 0 +,8,;,*2,0* , * T 0@2 ,*+ C)8%! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 20 9+ 9,*82 2 ;* 0 +,8,;,*2,0* , * /088,)? /)82,,+> ,* /088,)? /)82,,+> ,* 0*2? ),= I*+,> 00*2? ),= I*+,> 0* <82 8) * <82 8) *+ ,* *+ ,* )*2)88 ;**. T //08 ,8 20)*2)88 ;**. T //08 ,8 20 +,2 H,*+ C82 S?82;> *+ , 82,0* 0 H,*+8> 2 +/88+ )88 0*8,++ +,2 H,*+ C82 S?82;> *+ , 82,0* 0 H,*+8> 2 +/88+ )88 0*8,++ *20)8 *+ /0,,2+ *2? 20 /), /)8. *20)8 *+ /0,,2+ *2? 20 /), /)8. T 0+ 80/ 8 * 8+ ,* 9*, 8*8 *+ 0)+ ;* *? /) 2 0* ,8 T 0+ 80/ 8 * 8+ ,* 9*, 8*8 *+ 0)+ ;* *? /) 2 0* ,8 //+ //+ 20 20 0 0 ,8 ,8 8<, 8<, 20 20 *?0+? *?0+? 0 0 ,8 ,8 //+ //+ 20 20 90 90 2 2 8=,*9 8=,*9 ,8 ,8 8<,. 8<,. ,2 ,2 0)+0)+ 20 ,*)+ )*+? 8<,*9 8)00* *+ * 0, 0 +020 *+ 0 )?> 8,+8 *? 20 ,*)+ )*+? 8<,*9 8)00* *+ * 0, 0 +020 *+ 0 )?> 8,+8 *? /;,88 900+8 80)+ ,2 ? 2,) 0 ? 0)8) 0 02. /;,88 900+8 80)+ ,2 ? 2,) 0 ? 0)8) 0 02. T /8 /) 0 /), 802 0)+ ;*8 2 /) 20 , ;;8 0 /), ))0+ T /8 /) 0 /), 802 0)+ ;*8 2 /) 20 , ;;8 0 /), ))0+ 88 *+ 88 *+ 2? 2? ,2))? ,2))? 802 2802 20. T0. T8 0)+ 8 0)+ ,*)+ ,*)+ /), /=> /), /=> /), /), 0+> 0+> /),/), 8> ?> ,)? /)20;8 *+ 8> ?> ,)? /)20;8 *+ 08/,2)8. I2 0)+ 08/,2)8. I2 0)+ )80 ,*)+ )80 ,*)+ ,) ,) 90*+ 0 90*+ 0 ;2,0* 90*+ ;2,0* 90*+ , , ,2 ,8 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)? 02 0 822 *+8. ,2 ,8 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)? 02 0 822 *+8. T /0,,2,0* 0*2,*+ ,* )8%! 0 2,) 15 0)+ 222+ 0*)? , 2 /)8 0 /), T /0,,2,0* 0*2,*+ ,* )8%! 0 2,) 15 0)+ 222+ 0*)? , 2 /)8 0 /), 802 ,2 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)? 02 0 822 *+8 0 ++,2+ 20 2 8 0 9*) /),. 802 ,2 ;,*2,*+ 0))? 0 /2)? 02 0 822 *+8 0 ++,2+ 20 2 8 0 9*) /),. D+,2,0* ;? 80)2 0 /2,) ,2 D+,2,0* ;? 80)2 0 /2,) ,2 )08 22 /,<2 2*=> ))> 0 )08 22 /,<2 2*=> ))> 0 2,*9 92 +08 *02 02,*9 92 +08 *02 0;; ,2,* 2 /<, 0 2,) 15%! !. ,2,* 2 /<, 0 2,) 15%! !. I2 ;? *02+ 22 )8 %! ,8 ,+ 0/2,0* *+ ;0 9*) ,* *2 2* )8 1! 0 2,) I2 ;? *02+ 22 )8 %! ,8 ,+ 0/2,0* *+ ;0 9*) ,* *2 2* )8 1! 0 2,) 15. F0> ,) 2 /0,,2,0* *+ 15. F0> ,) 2 /0,,2,0* *+ )8 1! ,8 9,*82 822 0*))8 1! ,8 9,*82 822 0*)?> )8 %! /0,,28 *02 0*)? 2 822?> )8 %! /0,,28 *02 0*)? 2 822 2 )80 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 0; <,0)2,*9 2 +,2,0* 0*2,*+ 2,*. 2 )80 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 0; <,0)2,*9 2 +,2,0* 0*2,*+ 2,*. I*
I* Peo7le Union for De&o8rati8 Rights v. Union of IndiaPeo7le Union for De&o8rati8 Rights v. Union of India99 T S/; C02 )+ 22 *< T S/; C02 )+ 22 *<
*? *+;*2) *? *+;*2) R,928 , 8 *0) 9,*82 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 8 ,*9 <,0)2,<> ,2 0)+R,928 , 8 *0) 9,*82 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 8 ,*9 <,0)2,<> ,2 0)+ 0*82,22,0*) 0),92,0* 0*82,22,0*) 0),92,0* 0 0 2 2 822 20 822 20 2= 2= 82/8> 0 82/8> 0 2 2 //08 //08 0 0 ,*2+,2,*9 8 ,*2+,2,*9 8 <,0)2,0* <,0)2,0* *+*+ *8,*9 08<* 0 2 *+;*2) *8,*9 08<* 0 2 *+;*2) ,92 ? 2 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 0 8 2*8988,*9.,92 ? 2 /,<2 ,*+,<,+) 0 8 2*8988,*9.
& AIR 1%8' SC 1&3 & AIR 1%8' SC 1&3
SP(CIAL PR)%ISI)
SP(CIAL PR)%ISI) *)R :)( AD CILDR( AR'
*)R :)( AD CILDR( AR'. "01$2
. "01$2
A2. 153! *+ 154! 0*82,22 :/2,0*8 0 A28. 151! *+ 15%!. A0+,*9 20 A2. 153!> 2 822 ,8 A2. 153! *+ 154! 0*82,22 :/2,0*8 0 A28. 151! *+ 15%!. A0+,*9 20 A2. 153!> 2 822 ,8 *02 /<*2+ 0; ;=,*9 *? 8/,) /0<,8,0* 0 0;* *+ ,)+*. *02 /<*2+ 0; ;=,*9 *? 8/,) /0<,8,0* 0 0;* *+ ,)+*. A2. 153! 09*,8 2 2 22 2 0;* ,* I*+, < * 80,))? *+ 0*0;,))? *+,//+ A2. 153! 09*,8 2 2 22 2 0;* ,* I*+, < * 80,))? *+ 0*0;,))? *+,//+ 0 *2,8 *+> 8 8)2 20> 2? **02 ))? /2,,/2 ,* 2 80,0- 0*0;, 2,<,2,8 0 2 0 *2,8 *+> 8 8)2 20> 2? **02 ))? /2,,/2 ,* 2 80,0- 0*0;, 2,<,2,8 0 2 *2 *2,0* ,0* 0* 0* 2 2 00002,*2,*9 9 0 0 ),2),2??. . T T ///08/08 0 0 AA2. 2. 15153! 3! ,8 ,8 20 20 ),),;,*;,*2 2 2,2,8 8 8080,0-,0-0*0*0;,0;, =+*88 =+*88 0 0 0;* 0;* *+ *+ 20 20 ;/0 ;/0 2; 2; ,* ,* 8 8 ;** ;** 8 8 20 20 ,*9 ,*9 02 02 2,< 2,< ),2?),2? 2* ;* *+ 0;*. A2.15 3! 28 ),<8 2 822 0; 2 0*+9 0 A2. 151! *+ *)8 ,2 2* ;* *+ 0;*. A2.15 3! 28 ),<8 2 822 0; 2 0*+9 0 A2. 151! *+ *)8 ,2 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 20 0+ 80,0- 0 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 20 0+ 80,0- 0*0;, ),2? 20 0;*.*0;, ),2? 20 0;*. T 0+ T 0+ forfor ,* C)8 3! 8,9*,,8 22 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 * ;+ ,* <0 0 0;* *+ ,* C)8 3! 8,9*,,8 22 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 * ;+ ,* <0 0 0;* *+ *02 9,*82 2;. T0> C)88>1! 20 3!0 A2,) 15> + 2092 0)+ ,;/)? 22 822 * *02 9,*82 2;. T0> C)88>1! 20 3!0 A2,) 15> + 2092 0)+ ,;/)? 22 822 * +,8,;,*2 ,* <0 0 0;* 9,*82 ;*> 2 **02 +,8,;,*2 ,* <0 0 ;* 9,*82 0;*. +,8,;,*2 ,* <0 0 0;* 9,*82 ;*> 2 **02 +,8,;,*2 ,* <0 0 ;* 9,*82 0;*."" F0 ,*82*> 2 /) 22 0;* )0*9,*9 20 S.C. 290?> **02 0*282 0 2 /082 0 F0 ,*82*> 2 /) 22 0;* )0*9,*9 20 S.C. 290?> **02 0*282 0 2 /082 0 Sarpanch,Sarpanch, 8 8<<+ + 0 *+0 *+,+,+28 )028 )0*9,*9,*9 20 *9 20 S.C. 2S.C. 29090? ? *+ *02 *+ *02 88<<+ 0 + 0 0;0;* )0*9* )0*9,*9 20 ,*9 20 2222 290?> 0)+ *02 2*). 290?> 0)+ *02 2*).## S2,0 S2,0* * 14 0 14 0 H,*+ S88H,*+ S88,0* A2> 1#56> 80)2)? <82,,0* A2> 1#56> 80)2)? <82,*9 2 *9 2 ,*,,*,2+ /0/2? ,* 2+ /0/2? ,* 0;*> ,0;*> , 8 ), )+ ? 2; 8 ),;,2+ 8228> 8 * )+ 20 /022+ 0; 22= *+ A2,) 8 ), )+ ? 2; 8 ),;,2+ 8228> 8 * )+ 20 /022+ 0; 22= *+ A2,) 153!. 153!.1&1& 'he Constitution 19$
'he Constitution 19$rdrd A&end&ent2 A8t, ";;6A&end&ent2 A8t, ";;6 *+ *+ the Constitution 19<the Constitution 19<thth A&end&ent2 A8t, ";;6 A&end&ent2 A8t, ";;6
+++ 2,) +++ 2,)6<$=D and 6<$='6<$=D and 6<$=' 20 2 0*82,22,0* ;=,*9 /0<,8,0*8 0 8<2,0* 0 *02 )88 2* 0* 20 2 0*82,22,0* ;=,*9 /0<,8,0*8 0 8<2,0* 0 *02 )88 2* 0* 2, 2,+ + 0 0 2 2 202202) ) 8828 28 0 0;* 0 0;* ,* ,* 2 0*82,2 0*82,2222,0* ,0* 0 0 2 $*?2 $*?28 *+ 28 *+ 2 2 M*M*,,,,/),/),2,2,8>8> 8/2,<)?. T /0/08+ C0*82,22,0* "4 8/2,<)?. T /0/08+ C0*82,22,0* "422 A;*+;*2! B,))> 1##" 0*2,*8 /0<,8,0* 0 8<2,0* A;*+;*2! B,))> 1##" 0*2,*8 /0<,8,0* 0 8<2,0* 8 "ennision Paulraj *. nion of India$ AIR '00%+NC, '50 +4A".,
8 "ennision Paulraj *. nion of India$ AIR '00%+NC, '50 +4A".,
% Parajit Singh *. State of Punja$ AIR '00% P. 6 7. &. % Parajit Singh *. State of Punja$ AIR '00% P. 6 7. &.
10 hota
0 33 / *2 0 828 0 0;* ,* 2 0;/08,2,0* 0 L0= S *+ 2 )9,8)2,< A88;),8 0 2 0 33 / *2 0 828 0 0;* ,* 2 0;/08,2,0* 0 L0= S *+ 2 )9,8)2,< A88;),8 0 2 S228. T 0@2 0 28 /0<,8,0*8 ,8 20 ,8 2 /0),2,) 8228 0 0 0;*0)= *+ 2 ;0<) 0 S228. T 0@2 0 28 /0<,8,0*8 ,8 20 ,8 2 /0),2,) 8228 0 0 0;*0)= *+ 2 ;0<) 0 ,;)*8 ,* 2 /2,,/2,0* 0 ;* *+ 0;* ,* /0),2,) ),. T8 /0<,8,0*8 0)+ /022+ ,;)*8 ,* 2 /2,,/2,0* 0 ;* *+ 0;* ,* /0),2,) ),. T8 /0<,8,0*8 0)+ /022+ *+ A2,) 153!. *+ A2,) 153!. T ;082 8,9*,,**2 /0*0*;*2 0* A2 .153! ,8 2 *2 S/; C02 8
T ;082 8,9*,,**2 /0*0*;*2 0* A2 .153! ,8 2 *2 S/; C02 8 -overn&ent of -overn&ent of Andhra Pra
Andhra Pradesh %. %desh %. %ijay >u&arijay >u&ar..""""
T S/; C02 8 )+ ,* 2 ,*82*2 8 22 *+ A2.15 3!> 2 S22 ;? ,: 02 0 T S/; C02 8 )+ ,* 2 ,*82*2 8 22 *+ A2.15 3!> 2 S22 ;? ,: 02 0 //0,*2;*2 0 0;* ,* 90<*;*2 8<,8. A)80> ) 8?,*9 22 )) 02 2,*98 ,*9 )> //0,*2;*2 0 0;* ,* 90<*;*2 8<,8. A)80> ) 8?,*9 22 )) 02 2,*98 ,*9 )> /* /* 0)+ 0)+ 9,<* 20 9,<* 20 0;* 0;* 20 20 2 2 :2*2 0:2*2 0 3& 3& 0 2 0 2 /082 8 /082 8 )+ )+ <),+ <),+ ,2 * ,2 * 2020 A2.153!. A2.153!. T C02 8 ;/8,+ 22 * ,;/02*2 ),; 0 2 0*/2 0 9*+ ),2? ,8 2,*9 @0 T C02 8 ;/8,+ 22 * ,;/02*2 ),; 0 2 0*/2 0 9*+ ),2? ,8 2,*9 @0 0//02*,2,8 0 0;*. M=,*9 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 0 0;* ,* 8/2 0 ;/)0?;*2 0 /082 *+ 0//02*,2,8 0 0;*. M=,*9 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 0 0;* ,* 8/2 0 ;/)0?;*2 0 /082 *+ 2 822 ,8 * 2 822 ,8 * ,*29) /2 0 A2. 153!.,*29) /2 0 A2. 153!. 'he?S7e8ial Provision? 'he?S7e8ial Provision? T S/,) $0<,8,0* , 2 822 ;? ;= 20 ,;/0< 0;*8 /2,,/2,0* ,* )) 2,<,2,8 T S/,) $0<,8,0* , 2 822 ;? ;= 20 ,;/0< 0;*8 /2,,/2,0* ,* )) 2,<,2,8 *+ 2 8/<,8,0* *+ 0*20) 0 2 822 * ,* 2 0; 0 ,2 ,;2,< 2,0* 0 *+ 2 8/<,8,0* *+ 0*20) 0 2 822 * ,* 2 0; 0 ,2 ,;2,< 2,0* 0 8<2,0*. T8> A2,) 153! ,*)+8 2 /0 20 ;= 8<2,0*8 0 0;*. T)=,*9 02 2 8<2,0*. T8> A2,) 153! ,*)+8 2 /0 20 ;= 8<2,0*8 0 0;*. T)=,*9 02 2 /0<,8,0* /0<,8,0* 9,<,*9 9,<,*9 /* /* 20 20 0;*> 0;*> 2 2 C02 C02 + + 8,+ 8,+ 22 22 2,8 2,8 /0<,8,0* /0<,8,0* +08 +08 *02 *02 ;= ;= *?*? 8 8<2,0* 0 0;*. <2,0* 0 0;*. I2 ;0*28 20 I2 ;0*28 20 ,,;2,;2,< < 2,02,0*. *. I2 0/28 2 I2 0/28 2 2 ,*,2,) 829 0 2 ,*,2,) 829 0 //0,*2//0,*2;*2;*2 *+ * ;* *+ 0;* *+,+28 ))? ;,20,08. U*+ A2,) 153!> 02 8<2,0* *+ *+ * ;* *+ 0;* *+,+28 ))? ;,20,08. U*+ A2,) 153!> 02 8<2,0* *+ ,;2,< 2,0* /;,88,) ,* 0**2,0* ,2 ;/)0?;*2 0 /0828 *+ 2 822. A2,) 15 ,8 ,;2,< 2,0* /;,88,) ,* 0**2,0* ,2 ;/)0?;*2 0 /0828 *+ 2 822. A2,) 15 ,8 +8,9*+ 20 2 * 9),2,* 80,2?. +8,9*+ 20 2 * 9),2,* 80,2?. I*
I* 3usuf Abdul A5i5 v. State of Bo&bay3usuf Abdul A5i5 v. State of Bo&bay>>1%1% 2 B0;? H,9 C02 /)+ 2 <),+,2? 0 S2,0* 4#72 B0;? H,9 C02 /)+ 2 <),+,2? 0 S2,0* 4#7
0 I.$
0 I.$.C.> .C.> 1"6& 1"6& *+ 8,+ 22 *+ 8,+ 22 2 2 ,;/9**2 82,0* 8 ,;/9**2 82,0* 8 @82,,+ 0* 2@82,,+ 0* 2 0*+ 22 0*+ 22 2 +,8,;,*2,2 +,8,;,*2,0*0* *02 8+ 0* 2 90*+ 8 0* S: )0*> 2 0 02 80*8 )80. T C02 :/),*+ 22 2 *02 8+ 0* 2 90*+ 8 0* S: )0*> 2 0 02 80*8 )80. T C02 :/),*+ 22 2 11 AIR 1%%5 SC 18. 11 AIR 1%%5 SC 18. 1' AIR 1%5 SC 3'1. 1' AIR 1%5 SC 3'1.
W0;* ,* 2,8 *2? ;,+ 2 <? ?0*9 9 *+ 22 2, 8*+ 0)+ < /)),2? 0 W0;* ,* 2,8 *2? ;,+ 2 <? ?0*9 9 *+ 22 2, 8*+ 0)+ < /)),2? 0 ,<8. T L9,8)2 20> 200= )*,*2 ,2) <, 0 2 =*88 0 2 0;* ,* 22 ,<8. T L9,8)2 20> 200= )*,*2 ,2) <, 0 2 =*88 0 2 0;* ,* 22 /2,) /2,) 8,22,0*. T 8,22,0*. T C02 C02 28 28 )+ )+ 22 +22 +,8,;,*2,0* *+ ,8,;,*2,0* *+ 82,0* 82,0* 4#7> 4#7> I.$.I.$.C. C. 8 8 *02 *02 8+ 8+ 0*0* 8: )0*. T S/; C02> 0* //)> )+ +0* 22 ,2 8 0<+ ? 2 :/2,0* 0 )8 3! 8: )0*. T S/; C02> 0* //)> )+ +0* 22 ,2 8 0<+ ? 2 :/2,0* 0 )8 3! 0 A2,) 15. 0 A2,) 15.
SP(CIAL PR)%ISI)S
SP(CIAL PR)%ISI)S *)R B
*)R BAC>:
AC>:A
ARD CLASS
RD CLASS(S AR'
(S AR'. "01<2
. "01<2
A2,) 151! 0)+ < 0; ,* 2 ? 0 ;=,*9 <0) /0<,8,0*8 0 =+ 82,0*8 0 A2,) 151! 0)+ < 0; ,* 2 ? 0 ;=,*9 <0) /0<,8,0*8 0 =+ 82,0*8 0 80,2?. T
80,2?. T,8 * ,8 * ,))822+ ? ,*9 20 2 ,))822+ ? ,*9 20 2 88State of adrass v. Cha&7a@a& DorairajanState of adrass v. Cha&7a@a& Dorairajan"$"$
I* 2,8 /2,) 8 2 M+8 G0<*;*2 ,88+ * 0+ /0/))? =*0* 8 2 C0;;*) G. I* 2,8 /2,) 8 2 M+8 G0<*;*2 ,88+ * 0+ /0/))? =*0* 8 2 C0;;*) G. O.! ))022,*9 2 828 ,* 2 ;+,) 0))98 0;;*,2? ,8 8 0))08 ( N0*-B;,*H,*+8! 6 O.! ))022,*9 2 828 ,* 2 ;+,) 0))98 0;;*,2? ,8 8 0))08 ( N0*-B;,*H,*+8! 6 B=+ H,*+8> % B;,*8> % H,*8> % A*9)0-I*+,*8 *+ I*+,* C,82,*8> 1 M8),;8> 1. B=+ H,*+8> % B;,*8> % H,*8> % A*9)0-I*+,*8 *+ I*+,* C,82,*8> 1 M8),;8> 1. T,8 G.O. 8 +)+ ,*<),+ 8 ,2 )88,,+ 82+*2 ;)? 0* 2 8,8 0 82 *+ ),9,0* T,8 G.O. 8 +)+ ,*<),+ 8 ,2 )88,,+ 82+*2 ;)? 0* 2 8,8 0 82 *+ ),9,0* ,8/2,< 0 2, ;,2. A S<* +9 * 0 2 S/; C02 82= +0* 2 )88,,2,0* 8 ,8/2,< 0 2, ;,2. A S<* +9 * 0 2 S/; C02 82= +0* 2 )88,,2,0* 8 ,*9 ,*9 8+ 8+ 0* 0* *+ *+ ),9,0* ),9,0* 0 0 2 2 //08 //08 0 0 +;,88,0* +;,88,0* 20 20 +2,0* +2,0* ,*82,22,0*8 ,*82,22,0*8 0* 0* 2 2 90*+90*+ 22 A2. 15 +,+ *02 0*2,* C)8 8 8 2. 164!. 22 A2. 15 +,+ *02 0*2,* C)8 8 8 2. 164!. T C02 28 9< ),2) ,*2/22,0* 20 2 0*82,22,0*) /0<,8,0*8 , )+ 20 2 ,*82,0* 0 T C02 28 9< ),2) ,*2/22,0* 20 2 0*82,22,0*) /0<,8,0*8 , )+ 20 2 ,*82,0* 0 C)8 4! ,* A2,) 15. T,8 C)8 8 +++ ? 2 C0*82,22,0* F,82 A;*+;*2! A2> 1#51 8 C)8 4! ,* A2,) 15. T,8 C)8 8 +++ ? 2 C0*82,22,0* F,82 A;*+;*2! A2> 1#51 8 8) 20 2 +,8,0* 0 2 S/; C02 ,* 0< ;*2,0* 8.
8) 20 2 +,8,0* 0 2 S/; C02 ,* 0< ;*2,0* 8.
Arti8le "01<2 ===
Arti8le "01<2 === (nabling Provision
(nabling Provision
C)8 4! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 * *),*9 /0<,8,0*. I2 ;)? 0*8 +,82,0* 0* 2 822 20 ;= C)8 4! 0 A2,) 15 ,8 * *),*9 /0<,8,0*. I2 ;)? 0*8 +,82,0* 0* 2 822 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*. I2 ;)? 0*8 +,82,0* 0* 2 8/,) /0<,8,0*. I2 ;)? 0*8 +,82,0* 0* 2 822 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8. I2 +08 *0822 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8. I2 +08 *02 ,;/082 ,;/08 *? 0),92,0* 0* 822 20 2= *? 2,0* *+ 2,0* *+ ,2 *? 0),92,0* 0* 822 20 2= *? 2,0* *+ 2,0* *+ ,2..1414 13 AIR 1%55 SC '' 13 AIR 1%55 SC '' 1 N.
I*
I* -ulshan Par@ash v. State of aryana,-ulshan Par@ash v. State of aryana,"0"0 2 //))*28 ? ,2 /2,2,0* + 8092 2 C02 20 2 //))*28 ? ,2 /2,2,0* + 8092 2 C02 20
+,
+,2 2 22 S2S222 G0G0<<**;;**2 2 220 0 //0<0<,+,+ 88<<22,,0* 0* 0 0 8828 28 ,* ,* $0$0882 2 GG++2 2 C0C08888 MDMSMDSD,/)0;! $G
MDMSMDSD,/)0;! $GIMS> ,* 0+* ,2 2 G,+),IMS> ,* 0+* ,2 2 G,+),*8 ,88+ *8 ,88+ ? 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+,? 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+, ,* 8/2 0 A)) I*+, E*2* E:;,*2,0* 0 8,+ 088.
,* 8/2 0 A)) I*+, E*2* E:;,*2,0* 0 8,+ 088. D,8;,88,*9 2 //)> 2-+9 B* 0 2 D,8;,88,*9 2 //)> 2-+9 B* 0 2 S/; C02 08<+( S/; C02 08<+( A2,) 154! ,8 0*)? * *),*9 /0<,8,0*. A2,) 15 ,8 *02 * :/2,0* 2 0*)? ;=8 8/,) A2,) 154! ,8 0*)? * *),*9 /0<,8,0*. A2,) 15 ,8 *02 * :/2,0* 2 0*)? ;=8 8/,) //),2,0* 0 2 /,*,/) 0 80*) )88,,2,0*. A2,) 154! +08 *02 ;= *? ;*+20? //),2,0* 0 2 /,*,/) 0 80*) )88,,2,0*. A2,) 154! +08 *02 ;= *? ;*+20? /0<,8,0* 0 /0<,8,0* 0 8<2,0* *+ 8<2,0* *+ 2 /0 2 /0 20 ;= 20 ;= 8<2,0* *+ 8<2,0* *+ A2,) 154! ,8 A2,) 154! ,8 +,82,0*? *+ +,82,0*? *+ *0*0 ,2 * ,88+ 20 2 8<2,0*. ,2 * ,88+ 20 2 8<2,0*. R,22,*9 *+ )?,*9 0* 2 ) ),+ +0* ? N,*- +9 B* 0 2 C02 ,*
R,22,*9 *+ )?,*9 0* 2 ) ),+ +0* ? N,*- +9 B* 0 2 C02 ,* Indira Sahney v.Indira Sahney v. Union of India, Union of India,"" 2 C02 :/),*+ 22 2 S22 G0<*;*2 8 2 0;/2*2 20,2? 20 +,+ 2 C02 :/),*+ 22 2 S22 G0<*;*2 8 2 0;/2*2 20,2? 20 +,+ 2 /0),? 0 8<2,0* ,* $. G. M+,) C088 ,* 2 S22. M)? 8 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+, 2 /0),? 0 8<2,0* ,* $. G. M+,) C088 ,* 2 S22. M)? 8 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+, + ;+ /0<,8,0* 0 8<2,0* 0 SCST *+,+28> ,2 0)+ *02 8,+ 22 2 S22 8 0*+ + ;+ /0<,8,0* 0 8<2,0* 0 SCST *+,+28> ,2 0)+ *02 8,+ 22 2 S22 8 0*+ 20 0))0 2 8;. T +,8,0* 0 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+, ,* 2,8 8/2 2 C02 )+> 0)+ *02 20 0))0 2 8;. T +,8,0* 0 2 G0<*;*2 0 I*+, ,* 2,8 8/2 2 C02 )+> 0)+ *02 20;2,))? //),+ ,* 8)2,0*8 2 S22 G0<*;*2 + /0 20 9)2. E<? S22> 20;2,))? //),+ ,* 8)2,0*8 2 S22 G0<*;*2 + /0 20 9)2. E<? S22> 2 C02 0/,*+> 0)+ 2= 2 C02 0/,*+> 0)+ 2= ,28 0* +,8,0* ,2 9+ 20 8<2,0* +/*+,*9 ,28 0* +,8,0* ,2 9+ 20 8<2,0* +/*+,*9 0* <,08 208.0* <,08 208. T :/88,0* =+ )888 ,8 *02 +,*+ ,* 2 C0*82,22,0* A2,) 34& 0 2 C0*82,22,0*> T :/88,0* =+ )888 ,8 *02 +,*+ ,* 2 C0*82,22,0* A2,) 34& 0 2 C0*82,22,0*> 0<> ;/08 2 $8,+*2 20 //0,*2 C0;;,88,0* 20 ,*<82,92 2 0*+,2,0*8 0 80,))? *+ 0<> ;/08 2 $8,+*2 20 //0,*2 C0;;,88,0* 20 ,*<82,92 2 0*+,2,0*8 0 80,))? *+ +2,0*))? =+ )888 ,2,* 2 2,20? 0 I*+,. O* ,<,*9 2 R/02 0 2 C0;;,88,0*> +2,0*))? =+ )888 ,2,* 2 2,20? 0 I*+,. O* ,<,*9 2 R/02 0 2 C0;;,88,0*> 2 $8,+*2 ;? 8/,? 2 )888 20 2 $8,+*2 ;? 8/,? 2 )888 20 0*8,++ =+.0*8,++ =+. T :/88,0*8 S+)+ C828 *+ S+)+ T,8 < * +,*+ *+ C)88 %4! *+ T :/88,0*8 S+)+ C828 *+ S+)+ T,8 < * +,*+ *+ C)88 %4! *+ %5!> 8/2,<)? 0 A2,) 366. A2,) 366 ,8 20 +
%5!> 8/2,<)? 0 A2,) 366. A2,) 366 ,8 20 + ,2 A2,),2 A2,) 341 341 *+ 34%> 0 *+ 34%> 0 2,8 //08.2,8 //08.
S8o7e of Arti8le "01<2
S8o7e of Arti8le "01<2
15 AIR '010 SC '88. 15 AIR '010 SC '88. 1 AIR 1%%3 SC &&. 1 AIR 1%%3 SC &&.C)8 4! 0 2,) 15 *)8 2 822 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 8/,) /0<,8,0* 0 +<*;*2 C)8 4! 0 2,) 15 *)8 2 822 20 ;= 8/,) /0<,8,0*8 8/,) /0<,8,0* 0 +<*;*2 ,8 ,+ :/88,0* *+ 80)+ *02 0*82+ ,* 82,2+ 8*8 8 ;*,*9 0*)? 80,) *+ ,8 ,+ :/88,0* *+ 80)+ *02 0*82+ ,* 82,2+ 8*8 8 ;*,*9 0*)? 80,) *+ +2,0*) +<*;*2. T :/88,0* ;? ,*)+ ;*? ;0 2,*98 8,+8 ; 8<2,0* 0 +2,0*) +<*;*2. T :/88,0* ;? ,*)+ ;*? ;0 2,*98 8,+8 ; 8<2,0* 0 828 ,* 0))98. I2 ;? ? ? 0 ,**,) 88,82*> ;+,)> +2,0*) *+ 082) ,),2?> 828 ,* 0))98. I2 ;? ? ? 0 ,**,) 88,82*> ;+,)> +2,0*) *+ 082) ,),2?> 80)8,/> 2*8/02> 0*88,0*) 0 08,*9> :;/2,0* 0; ,;*28 ,*8,82+ /0* ,* 80)8,/> 2*8/02> 0*88,0*) 0 08,*9> :;/2,0* 0; ,;*28 ,*8,82+ /0* ,* 2 8 0 02 88. 2 8 0 02 88. S 8/,) /0<,8,0* 8 )) /;,88,) *+ )8 4! 0 2,) 15 ;82> 0<> 0 2 S 8/,) /0<,8,0* 8 )) /;,88,) *+ )8 4! 0 2,) 15 ;82> 0<> 0 2 +<*;*2 0 /80*8 )0*9,*9 20 208 290,8 *+ 20> 8/,) /0<,8,0*8> , ,8 *02 0 +<*;*2 0 /80*8 )0*9,*9 20 208 290,8 *+ 20> 8/,) /0<,8,0*8> , ,8 *02 0 2 2 +<+<**;*;*2 2 0 0 20208 8 //80*80*8> 8> 00)+ )+ *02 *02 /0/0222+ 2+ *+*+ AA2,2,) ) 15154!. 4!. $$),), /,/,*,*,/)/) <0)<+ 0 ,;/);*2,*9 0*82,22,0*) 8<2,0*8 *+ A2,)8 154! *+ 164! **02 <0)<+ 0 ,;/);*2,*9 0*82,22,0*) 8<2,0*8 *+ A2,)8 154! *+ 164! **02 //),+ 20//),+ 20 )) 8<2,0*8> *;,*+) 0 2 //08 0 8<2,0*. )) 8<2,0*8> *;,*+) 0 2 //08 0 8<2,0*. T S/; C02 ,*
T S/; C02 ,*State of .P. v. ohan SinghState of .P. v. ohan Singh>>1717 8 )+ 22 2 8 *0 @82,,2,0*> ,* )> 8 )+ 22 2 8 *0 @82,,2,0*> ,* )>
0 9,<,*9 ;,88, 0 9,<,*9 ;,88,0* 0* 20 /,80*8 )0*9,20 /,80*8 )0*9,*9 *9 20 2 20 2 S+)S+)+ C82T+ C82T,8. I* ,8. I* 80 80 8 28 8 28 /,80/,80*8*8 + 0=* 2 + 0=* 2 )> 2? 8200+ 0* 2 8; 002,*9 8 )) 02 )> 2? 8200+ 0* 2 8; 002,*9 8 )) 02 /,80*8. T ,*<02,0* 0 A2,) 154!/,80*8. T ,*<02,0* 0 A2,) 154! 8 8> > 228> 8> ))+ + 00))? ))? *@*@8282,,,+. T ,+. T 002 2 8,8,+ + 222 2 99*2 *2 0 0 ;;,88,88,0* ,0* 20 20 0*0*<,2<,2+ + /,/,80*80*88 )0*9,*9 TO TE SC8ST )0*9,*9 TO TE SC8ST8> 0)+ +)? 8,+ 20 ;8 0 2 +<*;*2 0 2 SC8 ST8> 0)+ +)? 8,+ 20 ;8 0 2 +<*;*2 0 2 SC8 ST8.8. I* 2 ,*2/22,0* 0 2 80/ 0 C)8 4! 0 A2,) 15> 2 0))0,*9 20 ,888 < ,8* 0 I* 2 ,*2/22,0* 0 2 80/ 0 C)8 4! 0 A2,) 15> 2 0))0,*9 20 ,888 < ,8* 0 2 C028J 2 C028J ,! ,! WW2 82 8))) ) 2 2 88,8 ,8 20 +20 +22;,;,*2*2 )8)88 28 20 0 8080,),))? )? *+ *+ ++2,2,0*)0*))? )? ==++ * *++ ,, ,,!! WW2 2 * 2* 2 :2:2*2 0 *2 0 **2; 2; 0 20 2 8/ 8/,,) /) /0<0<,8,,8,0* 0* 2020,8,8+ ? + ? 2,2,8 C)8 C)88..
a2
a2 So8ia
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A ;@0 +,,)2? ,8+ ? A2,) 154! ,8 9+,*9 2 +2;,*2,0* 0 0 80,))? *+ A ;@0 +,,)2? ,8+ ? A2,) 154! ,8 9+,*9 2 +2;,*2,0* 0 0 80,))? *+ +2,0*))? =+ )888. T,8 ,8 *02 8,;/) ;22 8 80,0)09,) *+ 0*0;, 0*8,+2,0* +2,0*))? =+ )888. T,8 ,8 *02 8,;/) ;22 8 80,0)09,) *+ 0*0;, 0*8,+2,0* 0; ,*20 /)? ,* <0)<,*9 /0/ ,2, 0 ,28 +2;,*2,0*. A2,) 154! )?8 +0* *0 ,2, 20 0; ,*20 /)? ,* <0)<,*9 /0/ ,2, 0 ,28 +2;,*2,0*. A2,) 154! )?8 +0* *0 ,2, 20 1& AIR 1%% SC '10. 1& AIR 1%% SC '10.