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T.V. Shustikova
INTRODUCTORY
RUSSIAN PHONETIK.GRAMMAR
COURSE
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T.V. Shustikova
Introductory Russian
phonetic
-grammar
eourse
for English speokers
PexouenÃonaHo Mnnncrepcrnou o6rqero n nporleccrona:nnom o6patoranrr Poccnücxoü OeÀepaqrur B KaqecrBe yue6uoro nocúrx
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Mocrca 1997
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@ T.B.Illycruxona, 1997r. @ Corepurexcroo, 1997 r. Peqexseulru:
Cr.s.c. HOCO PAO x.n.n. Á.A.ffaenemxeatòueea, 3aa. raQe roü PKI,I MIIïV [email protected]. JI.C.Kpm,xoea
lllycrr.rrora T.B.
IlI97 BsoÃnrrü rpouenn<o-rparr,rMarüqeKr,rü KypcpyccKoro r3brKaÃJÍr JlrÍrl roBoprrqlx no-aHrm{lïcKr{. - M.: corepurellcrno , lgg7 . _104 c. Ilqrero4 xor*luenrapus A.A. Amaíexocoú
ISBN 5-89441-013-4
Vqe6lrux o6ecneqtnagt co3Hare,r6Hoe oBnaÃeHrre ocHoBaMH Qouernseü(oü l.r fpaMMarr.rqeq(oü cr4cTeM pycct(oro r3brxa B npoqecce noHrMaHr,r, u rlpoÃyrl4poBaHrrrr pe.rr,r r nau6onee arrya:rbHrD( ,4nr Haqarbnoro sraua o6yueHr,rr crryãqúx yue6uoü, coquamuo-6rrroroü r coqua.rluo-rynrrypnoü cQep o6rqenux.
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Preface
The ímponance of the elementary stage ín leaching Russian as a foreign languoge is dfficult to overestimaíe. The forming of the articulatory grounds of the language ( here Rus-sian as a foreigt ), Jìrst accountance wiÍh the pecuüartfies of its grammar with their svstem ìdeas, the development of proper grammar form skills of talking, the ability to join talking in common siluations using elententary language material - all these tasks are tealìsed in íhe
presenÍ íntroducÍory phonetÌc-grammar course.
The teachìng material of the course is dÌvided inío I0 lessons and is organiTed in ac' cordance with the meÍhods of staging in forming speech habits and skills
The phonetic and grammar maturtal of tlte Russian language is presented in Compari-son wíth the English language thus giving the possibility of using positive transfer as wëll as
avoiding interference. Necessary commenÍs and the compositíon of the teaching mateial help
to present the language phenomena completely.
The aim of the Russian articulation, Ío teach the students corect Russian pronuncia-tìon: fluent glÍde from the articulation of front lingual sounds to back lingual, thus forming the mechanism of non-palataliTatíon / palataliption, to obtain free glíde from non-palatal to palatal and vice versa; afler leaming the articulation of wiced and voiceless consonanÍs ío pronounce the words containing these sounds fluently; to teach reading clusters of consonants
and vowels in words and word combinations accent and rhythm are solved in Íhe course. Teaching Russian ìntonation ís based on small commanicative rerts of dialogue and monologue character.
Lexico-grammar models are visually presented in tables and a great number of dritls. Besides this.there are many píctures ín the text book. This illustrative mateüal stimulates indívidual speaking of the learners.
Each lesson contains exercises for developing language guess and altention, drama
tasks whích do not shadow the main goal - to obtain grammar correclness of the speech. The
system of exercÌses in the lessons and home tasks provide íraìning of the skills and realise communicative oientation of teachíng at the elementary stage already. All the expressions common to certain sìtuations dre put together in a special sectìon <Speech etiqueííe>. The section <<Key to exercìses>> develops skills of self-conÍrol. The leamers are given the task to fill in summary dictionary with new words (task: tlite out new words alphabetically) for the cle-velopment of indívidual work skills. There are texts of popular songs with the translation in the course. Systematic classes of musical phoneücs .are sugested. All this helps solving lin-guacuhural problems, enlarges the potentìal vocabulary, provides relaxation absolutely neces-sary at the elementary stage which is considered to be the most dfficult.
The course is intended for 40-50 class lessons, The aadio casette with exercises, texts and songs is enclosed.
Ípeôucaoeae
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Kypc paccwrraH na 40-50 qacoB aylgmopubD( galrlsrnft.
' K Kypcy npr4narasrcs, ayÃvto*accëTa
X x
3 s
r4t
Ql,
h n
Q J a
K r
f r o
E õ
g l
g 6
Tu
gs
A a -/tB s
l r
à a
E e
E "
Ë e
E a
AJI@ABI{T
lal
tb1
lvl
tel
tdl
[ie]
t iol
lál
lzl
til
t'1
tkl
t11
lml
lnl
Io]
tpl
trl
ts1
trl
[u:]
tfl
thl
ttsl
ttll
rIl
lÍi:l
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Uul
[ia]
Nevada Baikal Volga Glasgow Dnieper Yerevan Yorkshire Geneva Zarnbezi Italy Troy Caucasus [,ondon Moscow Novosibink Ottava Paris Riga Siberia Toronto Vesuúus France Shanehai Tsushima Chile Sheffieldlr*t
S""ttf, Yugoslaúa Yalta Henaga5aüxa;r
Boma
Irasro
Ãuenp
Epenan
üoprcuup
Xenena
3aM6esr
Ilrwws,
Tpor
Kanxas
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0 "
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Y y
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TABLE OF THE IIARI)
CONSONATS
TAsJrr{rIA
TBEPÃbIX
COTJIACHbIX
TABLE OF THE SOFT
CONSONANTS
TABJII{IIA Mf,IKI,IX
CODIACHbIX
l4A - MO - My - M3 -'Mtr B A _ E O _ B Y - 8 3 _ Ë b I I Ì A - I I O - n y - I Ì 3 - I l b l M , q _ M E _ M Ì I ] - M E _ M I 4 E , S - B Ë _ B I O _ B E _ B I 4N,fl _ I]Ë - IÌIO _ IIE _ III4
B A - B O - B y - 8 3 - B h t . 0 A - @ o - o y - 0 3 - o b l B , q - B Ë - B I O - B E - B ' 4
o . s - o Ë - o t o - o E - o i l
, [ A - Ã O - . q y - 1 3 - . 4 b r
T A - T O - T Y _ T 3 - T I I
H A _ H O _ H Y _ H 3 _ H h i J I A - J I O _ J Ì Y _ J I g - J I T I 3 A - 3 0 - 3 y - 3 3 - 3 h rc A - C O - C y - c 3 - c b ]
, [ E - I E - Ã n - Ã E - Ã V r
T . S _ T Ë - T I O - T E - T I 4 H , S - H É _ H ] O - H E _ H I A J ] f f - J I Ë - J ] I ] - T I E _ J I W 3 . S - 3 Ë - 3 r 0 - 3 8 - 3 7 1c f l - c Ë - c Ì 0 - c E - c t |
u À - u o - u y - u 3 - u b r
r_lE _ rlr4
r l A - r t Ë - q Ì 0 - q E - i 1 7 1 iloilr - nÌË nIO - qE - ur4
nio
P A _ P O _ P Y _ P 3 _ P b Ì X A - , X O - X Y - X E - X Z
,/11È
NÌA - IÌIO - ÌIIy - IIIE - ]]II4
tll L P , S _ P Ë _ P N . P E _ P I I F A rf1 - .t \-,, - _L y - -K A _ -K O _ -K Y _ X A - X O _ X Y _ fE - rll KE - K]I X E _ X M
Table of combinations
of the consonants
TAENI4IIA COIIETAHI4I4 COIJIACHbTX BBA - BBO - BBI4 OIIA - Ono - ollt4 3KA [CKA] BBA - BBO - BBI4 OOA - OOO - OOI4 BKA [OKA] BMA - BMO - BMII OMA - OMO - OMt{ B! tB,[A]
BHA - BHO - BHII OHA - OHO - OHI4 BIA [BfA]
BJIA - BJIO - BJIil OJIA - OJIO - Onil B,4A lB.[A]
BpA - BPO - BPI4 oPA - OPO - OPil C.UA t3ÃAl
B.[A - B,qO - BIII OTA - OTO - OTII 3JlO - CJIO BIA - BIO - BIII OKA - OKO - OKI4 3MA - CMA B3A _ B3O - 8371 OCA - OCO _ OCI4 3BA _ CBA BXA - BXO - BXTI O]I1A - O]IÌO - OI]1Í4 3HA _ CHA
- CKA _ OKA - BTA
- [orA]
- BKA- toKAl
- BTA- [oTA]
_ 3TA
- icrAl
PA - TPA _ BTPA IOTPA] - CTPA - BCTPA IOCTPA]
K T O - f I A - r à E
py - .qpy - KIPy lrÃPvl - c.qPv t3lPvl
T A - X Ã A - X T Y
BA - XBAJIA - ruIA _ ruIA - 3JlA _ CJ]A _ BJIA - TJÌA - .[J]A APT _ OPT - YPT - YKP - YIP _ YIP
AEPb _ BP,S
M H O - M H E - I I H Ã - I Ì I I F , - n H V - r l { A - r H I l
n Ì i r õ r t a n r r
bbà - u-bÌ1 - ll-b.ü - lI.bru - lJbll - ÌJ.bru - JI-bIi - J.l.bÌrJ
IACK _ CKNA - OPCK _ IIOJIbCK - KYPCK, KBA _ ]IBA - 3BA - TBA - XBA _ CBA - IIIBA
SOME PRINCIPAL PECULIARITIES
OF
RUSSIAN PHONETIC SYSTEM
Phonetic is a section of science about the language which deals with the sounds of speech. while studyrrg a foreign language it is necessary to acquaint oneself with its sound system as the sound language does not coincide with the written one. we write letters and pronourÌce sounds, therefore a word which rs familiar in spelling may sound quite strange when we hear it for the first time il a lecture or in a conversation. In order to know which sounds are denoted bv these letters in different cases and how to pronounce them it is necessary to have án idea of the phonetic rules of the Russian language. In order to show the correct way to pronounce words phonetic transcription is used. For example: oro Mocrca? (is it Moscow?). [era rraacrna?].
Vowels and Consonants
All Russian and English sounds are divided into vowels and consonan$. some Russian sounds have English counterparts, whereas others have not. AÌl Russian vowels are shoúer than their English counterparts.
Voiced and Voiceless
Consonants
As in Engiish, the Russian consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. But unlike English consonants, Russian voiced and voiceless consonants whlch havo counterpalts change theirs articulations depending on position in the words.
Hard and Soft Consonants
Russian consonants are divided not only into voiced and voiceless, but also into hard and soft consonants. when pronouncing hard conconants the tack part of the tongue is drawn back and raised. soft consonants differ in the pronunciatron from hard ones by some additional articulation: the middle part ofìhe io"g"" ,, raised to the palate and the whore to-ngue is a bit protrudeo. ihe tip of the tãngue is lowered as in the pronunciation of the Russian vowel ,,1I". Soft consonants hàve "T"
$ hue. The opposirion of hard and soft consonants is a peculiarity of Russian phonetic system.
Word Stress
Russian words may consist of one, two, tfuee and more syllables, one of which is stressed.
In Russian the stress does not fall on some definite syllable of a word, it is free: máua (mum, mother); xafxa (science). Stress can distinguish words and granìmar forms: sarìróx - cáMox (a padlock - a castle); nncruá - núcrua (of a letter - letters).
It is necessary to write down and leam every word paying attention to the stress.
In order to pronounce a stressed vowel it is not necessary to raise the pitch, one should only to intensify this sound, pronounco it with more energy and longer than other sounds ofa word.
Intonational system
of Russian
The intonational system of Russian consists of 7 types of intonational units intonational constructions which are called IC-1, IC-2, IC-3... (VlK-t, l4K-2, I4K-3...)- These intonational constructions distinguish the meaning of the sentelìces we say and hear.
I
Haraua noër. (lIK-l) Natalie sings. 2
Kax Haraua not"r? (lIK-2) How well does Natalie sing?
J
Harana noÈh? (lIK-3) Does Natalie sing?
4
 Amon? (I{K-4) And what about Anton?
:
Kax Haraua noih! (lÍK-5) How beautifully Natalie siugsl
The sentences though identical by their lexico-syntactical structure may express different ideas depending on the intonation they are pronounced with. For example:
I
On naër aonroü. (Ee is going home.) 3
On naPr Ãouoü? (Is he going home?)
A simple question and delight may be expressed in the same words but with completely different intonation:
2
Kax ona noèn? (lIK-2) Xopouo. How does she sings? Well.
Ki* ona noër! (I{K-5) How beautifutty she sings! .{a, npexpacno!, Yes, she does.
- E.A.Epsrsrynoaa. "3nyxn r{ r4HroHauuÍ pyccxoü pewr" . M., 1972.
The centre of I4K is defined by the situation and depending on the situation can move. In some cases shifting of the I,IK centre changes the meaning of the sentence, in other cases it makes the meaning more exact.
Pay attention to the changing of the meaning of the sentence if the centre of I,IK moves:
J
- Bu 6run r rearpe? - Were you at the theatre? 1 1
- Àa, n rearpe. - Yes, at the theatre.
J
- Bu 6ruln r rearpe? - Were you at the theatre ? 1 1
-,{a, 6rur. - Yes, I was. 3
- Bu 6u.nn B Tearpe? - Were you aí the theatre? 1 1
Ypore nepooui
Lesson
1. YPOK IIEPBbIII
Vowels a [a], o [ol, y [y]o e [e], n [n], u [ul
There are only six vowels in stressed position: [al, [o], [y], [e], [n], [u]. All Russian vowels, except [u], have English counterparts:
a vase
Wí
';
"m"L"r,/\r,r@
\ \
/ l
a p o r t r a i t
fi]'r
\,Y,,/
-^-Ex. 1. Read these sounds. Don't forget that Russian vowels are shorter than their English counterparts: "park', "sort", "look", "feet". In the pronunciation of the Russian [o], [y] the lips are more rounded and tense in the pronunciation of their English counterpaÍts.
a - o - y y - o - a a - 3 - r r r | - 3 - a a - o - y - I | - 9 - â
o - o - o ' !
l l
Yowel
u [ul
In the pronunciation of the vowel [u] the bulk-of the tolrgue is retracted from the front teeth while the back of the tongus is raised. The lips are passive, motionless.
Ex 2. Read these vowels. Watch the position of the tongue and the lips.
Syllable
In the Russian every vowel taken separatery or in combination with consonants forms a syllable. Two vowels form two svllables.
_ The second syllable is to be stressed. pronounce the pre-srtess vowel on the usual pitch. rower the pitch on the stressed vower. Read the svllables.
a - h l a - I | - b l a - y - b I a - e - r r - h l y a ! ( y - a ! ) a - o - y - b t - n - 9 - a a - 9 - I | - b r - y - o - a a y ! ( a - y ! )
Consonants u_[nl, 6 [õ1, n [nl, r [r], 0 [01, ] hl,
r [rl, u [nl, r [rl, r [xl, r [al,õ 1g1
--The Russian hard consonants correspond to tho Eng1iú consonants. flowever, úe Russian consonant /n/ resombles the Engtiú 1i1 t"t m;;;;
Vporc nepewú u [ul = [ml 6 [6] = [bl r lnl = lpl n [nl = [vl
0 l Q l = lr l
sUoke bearded tobacco-pipe sailing yessel phorographEx. 3. Read. Differentiate the vowels.
M a - M e - M O - M y - M b l 6 a - - 6 s - 6 o - 6 y - 6 u t r a - t r e - | I o - t r y - t r b l a M - 9 M - O M - W a n - e t r - o l l - y I |
a 0 - e È - o ô - y 0
B A - B e - B O - B y - B t ' l0 a - ô e - $ o - S y - Q u
- Ee! - IIaQ! - My-ry!- v0!
1 3Vp"- ,"p""t
Ex. 4. Read. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors. The consonant [r] never aspirated.
fila-ftLa-n7a
Don't forget that in the articulation of the Russian /r/, /t/, /l/ the tip of the tongue is pressed against the teethridge but against the bacl'of ihe upper incisors! The combinations of vowels with cónsonant fn/ always-'are pronounced as two soundsl
r [r] = [tl
T A - T 9 - T O - T y - T b ra [a] = [d]
à a - à e - à o - à y - À b l u [x] = [n] H a - H 3 - H O - r r y - H h r a T - 3 T - O T - y r T a T - T O T - T y r Sing with us T a - T a - T a T A -TA.-TA T a - T A - T a T a -Ta Ex. 5. Read. aH - 9H. - OH H a H - H O r r - H y HEx. 6. Read and remember the pronouns.
Tbf you Bb,r you
A H - H A ü - B A H AH - TOH
ltlbl we is used in addressing is used in addressine
chìldren, friends a number of persoà as a polite form
ffiffi
Vpor nepawú Ex.7. Read. e [s] : [z] peasant c [c] : fsl artist r [r] : [gl go, grove r[xf = [c,k] cloud, colour 3 a - 3 i t - 3 ( ) - 3 y - 3 H c a - c e - c o - c y - c b r f 8 ' r 0 - r y K a - K O - K y ; A K - O K - y K
Consonants hard before: a, o, y, g, hr
ua [ua] uo [ruo] My [My] rrre [ue] ruu [uu] Consonants hard at the end of the word: aou
Consonant hard before the consonant hard: rycr
Ex. 8. Read.
,,É-'íd
cold - sleep
cw - soup
MOpOìIíEH9E
3oHT - umbrella
lraÕsl
YC - moustoche
- KaÔe
15
- rce cream
ÃoM - house, Kysr - bush Mocr - bridge
corí - juice
'tO'Í - CAt
Stressed
and unstressed
vowels.
Reduction
of unstressed
vowels
In Russian every word has the stress. One syllable of the word is stres-sed. The vowel of this syllable is stresstres-sed. Another vowels of a word are un-stressed. In ordel to pronounce a stressed vowel it is not necessary to raise the pitch, one should only ìntensify this sound, pronounce with more energy and longer than other sounds of a word. Listening to Russian speech it is possible to notice that while stressed vowels are distinct and deÍìnite unstressed vowels, besides the quality of the sounds /a/, /o/ greatly changes. Therefore their pro-nunciation differs from their spelling. For example, in the word Mocrca the frrst unstressed vowel "o" is pronounced as a short sound, /a/ - /^/. ln the other unstressed syllables a, o are pronounced as a very short sound a - u [t]: norouy /rrsr^uy/ because.
cyx - branch
d
lffiffit
/ - - ì XïiH4dE àral'.ír9l -\tt-@
S - E F € É É Éler ter A stressed vowel At the be-ginning of a word sttessed syllable
All the other unstressed syllables
In the ab-solute end of the word
Vpor nepeuú
Ex. 9. Read. Pay attention to tho stress.
sauóx - lock {auox - castle
A word may consist only of the stressed part , ÃoM (house), of, the pre-.. stressed and stressed pafts - Mocxra (Moscow), of the stÍessed and post-stressed pâÍts - KoMHara (room). The stressed part consists of only one syllable.
Hayxa (scìence)
pre-stressed part shessed part post-stressed part
The pre-stressed and post-stressed parts may consist of some syllables. The pre-stressed part of a word is usually pronounced on a middle pitch. The pitch changes in the stressed and the post-stressed parts. When you name the word, in the stressed part the pitch is lowered.
Ex. 10. Listen the words. Pay attention to the stress.
n and oHá she oro this, there Bor here oHó it for neuter uâma mum
TJn here nína dad
TaM lhere Boía waler aóua at home oH he oxxó wintlow
The Gender of Nouns
Russian nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Nouns denoting animated objects are either masculine or feminine. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are any of the three genders. The gender of ' a noun is determined by the final letter of the word: a hard consonant
corresponds to the masculine nouns; the vowels a and s correspond to the feminine nouns; the vowels o and e correspond to the neuter nouns.
Vpor nepawú
Masculine (m) Feminine (0 Neuter
OH llr,an |taI|a ÃoM oHa Arura MAMA Mocrna oHo or(Ho
The Nominative
Case
Russian nourÌs are declined, i.e. they take different endings on their function ür the sentence. There are six cases in Russian: the nominative, the genitive, the dative, the accusative, the instrumental and the prepositional.
The nominative is the first case of nouns in the article of the dictionary. The nominative denotes the subject in the sentence and answers the questions:
I4tho is this?Kro s.ro? 9ro Aflra.
Wo is at home?Kro Ãoua? Amra Ãoua.
In Russian there are sentences in which the subject and predicate are expressed by the nouns in the nominative case:
Arma - uaua. llsan - nana. Arrron - cun.
Omission in the Present Tense of the Eqúvalent 9ro 4ou. This is a house. gro I{sar. This is lvan. 0n Ãoma. Ee is at home.
. Arron
cbtH
of the English Verb "TO BE"
Arura
MAMA
llran tratra
The First Intonational Construction
(lIK-l)
IIK-I is most vividly seen when one express the completeness of the
llalIative sentences:
Vpor nepewú
9ro maua
pre-stressed part stressed part, center of IIK-I post-stressed part
Ãa. Yes. 9ro Anron. He is Antony. Kounara. Room.
The center of I{K- 1 (one syllable) is always in the new part of the utterânce. The pre-srtessed part is pronounced on the usual pitch. The specific feature of I4K-l is lowering the pitch in the stressed part. The post-stressed pârt is pronounced on a iower pitch than the usual one. (In transcription the irtonation is denoted by the numbers lIK1,2,3... above the center of l{K).
Ex. 10. Read these sentences paying attention to the intonation. l l l l t
a) Mu gonra. I,I nu 4oma.
We are at home. And you are at home too. l l
6) Manra Ãoua. lÍ trâtra ÃoMa.
OHa Ãoua.
Dro nala. Bor oH. 1 l
9ro I{nan. llnan Àoua. t l
Tau rycr. 9ro Anron. On aorua. l l
9ro Anna. Ona aoua.
B) AHHa Ãoua. I{ úInan Ãoua.
l l
r) 0H aonra. I,I ona 4oua.
Ero AHfla.
9ro Ãonr. Ox ryr. gro xycr. 0n ryr. Dro uocr. Os rau.
l l
gro uaua. Ona ryr.
Bor Ãom. Tyr nrocT .
Ex. 11. Read the texts, paying attention to the intonation.
1 1 1 1
Ex. 12. Read the text.
9ro Anna. gro I,Inan. gro Anron. Mu 3Haxouu. (We are acquaintecl.)
Jt, Cq 32, o9",
-ú*,6{97),,,%
.F4,9V*, g/2, .ffo, 3a ?o %, ffa
'y',ra)
Ha) *,K,
nty',,%., *, ógoo, M. .
9*o*á...
o9*o *r-..
9*o
-4t*.
&*t
-//"Õút.
gt".'/íaw.
"%".
Honework
l. Pronounce and write these words:
AHna, ?InaH, Mocxna, oKHo, BoÃa.
2. Where do you pronounce a short faint sound [a]?
MocIGa, oH, Bo,qa, ero, Arura, AHToH, Bor, ÃoMa, oKHo, Kor. 3. Transcribe (represent) the letten a, o by the phonetic symbol [n/r]
Mocrna, gyíuá, Orá, coK, BoÃa, Kycr, [ana. 4. Write the gender of these nouns:
ÃoM, oKHo, Mocr<na, coK, cyÍI, BoÃa, Kycr, Mocr, rIatta, Iraaua, Arnor. 5. Translate into Russian:
We are at home. And you are at home.
It is Anna. It is lvan. It is Anton. We are acquainted. Here the house. Here the room.
Anna, Ivan and Anton are at home.
6. Fill in the necessary characters to read following words:
M _ _ * _ â , o _ _ o , M _ _ T , c _ F I
7. Cross out superÍluous characters to read the latent here words: a 6 n r a o u e ë x 3 r . r K o K H o
l r B a H M J r K p c à a H H a r O y 6 n n < [ r K H M a H T o H c a M o
Vpor amopoú
Lesson
2. YPOK BTOPOü
The Hard Consonant
I [.rt]
The articulation of the Russian [r] differs from that of the English [/ ] in the following: the tip of the tongue is pressed not against the teethridge, but against the back of the upper incisors.
Pronounce the syllables. The sounds [tl' [a], [nl' [r]' [r]' [o]' [yl help you to pronounce the consonant [l] hard.
Ta - Ãa - Ea - Jra xla rKa o-no - ono
m - ,4o - EO - JIO KJIO JIXO y - iry - yJry
T y - r y
- F y - n y
K n y
n r r y
TÉI - ,UbI - TËT - JIbI trJIII JIKI T e - 1 9 - t r 9 - J I 9
Ex. 1. Read these syllables and words.
rla - rrâ - JIa lrârmra. alayy
JIE - JI9 - JT9 MOJIOTO A MUK Jro - Jro - Jro sróro a word Jry - Jty - Jry xJlacc a classroom J I E I - J I b | . J I h |
â - an - aJr sa:r a hall on - oJr - oJt cmn a table yn - yn - yn cryn a chair bIJI - b|JI - bUI
gJI - 9JI . 3JI
Ex. 2. Read the senteÍÌces paying attention to the intonation. l l l l
Oro cron. II em cmr.
9ro san. lI sm san.
1 1
1 1
Oro cryr. II ero cryl.
9m lanma. II ero lalma'
The Plural of Nouns
The plural form of the masculine and feminine nouns is formed by the ending -u
uocr - uosú rówarX+ u:rónnaru
---___\ _/-\\
./-final consonant of the stem is hard
Ex. 3. Read the words paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound
Iul.
caa - caaír . garden (s.,pl.) craxáx - craxânu 3oHT - 3onTbr xôuxara - xôuuaru uocr - mocr:ú 6jxra - 6!xnu croJr - croJrbr .námna - .rárunu
glass (s., pl.) room (s., pl.) letÍer (s., pl.)
I4K-2 is
sentences with (when):The Second
Intonational Construction
(llK-Z)
vividly seen while expressing a question in the interrogative an interrogative word (for example: "KTO,, (who), ,,KOI./{/r',
Who is Íhis?
Center Post-stressed part
u
Kro TJ"r? Who is here? Kro 4orua? Wo is at home?
2 l
Kro ero? gro A;ura.
Kto ryr? Tyr Á,rua.
2 l
Kro Àonra?
Alla aorua.
tr
Kroof l4K-2
Pay attention to the intonational scheme of the sentence with an interrogative word. The pre-stressed part is pronounced on the usual pit"h. i; corÌtrast to zK- l the stressed part is pronounced with a stronge*oìd .tr.r, which is marked in the súeme by a small square. The post-itressea pãrt is pronounced on the lower pitch than the usual one as in ?IK_2.
. Ex' 4' Pay attention to the intonational schemes. The center of trre intonational construction is defrned by the situation and dependirrg on tÀ; situation can move. The changing of rhe center of krK-r, úr-z úrcì ir.'. mearung of the sentence more exact: Kro Àorua? and Kro aonra? In the rnterrogative sentence the word KTO is predicate of a question, i.". ìt exspresses the queúon designing what is being asked about. The answér to the question can be short or full. If the full answer is glen the center will be always on the word A.n.rra. The intonational center of an answer depends on the mtenogative word of a question ,,<ro',:
Ex. 6. Read the dialogues. Pay attention to the intonational center of
uK-2.
2
- Kax Bac soryr?
r 2
- Á..rura. A xax Bac soryr? I
What is your name?
- Marc.
The center of klK-2 is the question was changed but the predicate of the question (what is being asked about) remained: this is the word KAK. If you address different people with this question you will change the center of I4K-2 in every new question. You can ask:
1) - Kax Bac eoryr? - fuua. 2
2) - Kax Bac ronyr? - Á'.rua. 2
3) - Kax Bac eonyr? - A.ma.
The answer to all thÕse düïèrent questions wiÌl be the same "A,T.,ïa". Remember
Names: Anna, A,r.ra, (f)
I,[nal, Arffon, Maxc (m) Towns: Mocxra, Ãy6uá, TÍ.na Rivers: Mocxra, Bóara, Oxá, flox
-í/níaztur a,n&, a,fcer cnn,t, ryo,âu,
rtu'l,uíanz.,
,ra-íí4fln6,t
Jo
*
-* -íâ, -46t A' 0.43á4 6,ú,'
-día-,í(a-
9*o
-,fl.-e.
9*ogo-*.
&* **.
n9*o .1or-.
"9;
.Lr*.
Ifomework l. Write in plural form:
MOCT, CTOJI, IAMIIa, 3AJI.
2. Write the gender of nouns: .
cJIoBo, croJr, Bolra, rama, rutacc, Mocxna, Marc, MoJIoKo. 3. Write the Russian names.
4. Transcribe:
9TO, KlIaCc, clloBo, oKHO.
5. Translate into Russian:
Who is this? This is Alla. She is at home. Who is this? This is Max. He is at home.
6. Look at the picture (ex. 6) and write the sentences.
7. Cross out superfluous characters to read the latent here words: 6 a : r s r o M H a r a À H
y B o n f a a n t r à M b l a à M o n o K o 3 c r r r r 6
Irsson 3. YPOK TPETIIII
The Hard Consonants
rn [ul, xr [x]
The consonants [m], [x] are invariably hard.The consonant [m] is resemble the English consonant represented by the letters sh in shop, shell. T\e consonsnt [x] resembles the English consonant in the word pleasure. The Russian [n], lxl are harder than their English counterparts. The consonant [x] is voiced and [m] is voiceÌess.
Ex. l. Read the syllables, words and sentences.
N
N
a - ma [ma] a - ue [ms] a - më [mol a - mo [mo] a - my [Ey] a - mu [urH] a - xa [xa] a - xe [xe] a - xë [xo] â - xo [xol a - )Ky [xyl a - xü [xotluúto
J(CIL3'o CL..
Ero M"t..
üKarp
book case
(m, fl pet name of "Alexander" (fl pet name of "Mary"
MAÀbIIII
baby
Names: Canra Maua
Possesive Pronouns EMIII our(s), BNII your(s)
S Plural
masculine feminine
neuter
HAM. BA CTOJI HAIIIA, BAIIA JIAMÍA
HAI|II{ CTOJIbI JIAMIIbI BAIUI| OmA Baüe or(Ho
Yporc mpemuü
Ex. 2. Read, paying attention to the intonation. 9ro Ham cHH. Oro Haua MaMa.
9ro rama KoMHara. Ero raunr üKaOu. gro naru cry.n.
ã.---(4iEJr40È-é
&
2 9ro sro? 1 ero uamrna, carEx. 3. Read the dialogue, paying attention to the intonation.
vrÍ ,y'l
Ty n *.çr1.
cupboards Kro aro?ero,{xyu.
Who is it? Kro sro? Oro Canra. What is it? vro (uro) {ro ero?* K'ro aro? Dro {xoH. 2 rfro arol I 3ro uaurnxnr-cars ' ( _-t7
2 Irro raml ,Tr I I a oxno-window b-, -} IVporc mpemuú
2 l l
1
- Kax Bac soryr?
- Om naur cbrn,
Cartra.
9ro Maua.
1 1 2
1 1
- Arsa. Ilran. A KaK
Bac aoByr?
- A ero saav vxvrrm, Amox.
1 2 1- ,{xox. Ã:rytr. A f,ro 9ro? - Mu gsaxourr.
Voiced and Yoiceless Consonants
Russian consonants mav be voiced and voiceless. You know some of these consonants already.
Voiced
6 n r n x r
M H J I Dvoiceless n Ò r r I I r c
As you can see the voiced consonants r, M, E, p have no pairs. In speech the paired sounds may pass from one to another "losing", or "gaining" voice. These changes depend on the position of a sound in a word and on neighbouring consonants.
1. Voiced consonants are pronounced as voiceless at the end of the word:
câà [car] a garden Hox lnourl a kntfe rury6 [rc.nynl a club
2. Voiced consonants become voiceless before voiceless consonants: .nóxrca [.nóurrctl a spoon
3. Voiceless consonants become voiced before all voiced consonants except .r, M, n, p, B:
norsán [rnrrá.nl a railway station KaK Bac soqír [xar rar rnnfr] what k your name ? 9To aam ÃoM [9rl nax,qonr] this is our house
4. Before Jr, M, E, p and r the voiceless consonants are pronounced as voiceless:
c.nóno [urósrl a word
5. The consonant r, M, H, p are pronounced as voiced before the voiceless consonants; they don't have voiceless counterparts:
6írxa [6Í.rrrcrl round bread
6. It is important not to confuse the voiced consonants with the voiceless consonants because they often diÍïerentiate the meaning of the words: 6opr - nopr aside-aport Èasa - Oasa avase - aphase xap - trap hit - aglobe mà - Kor ayear - a cat
Ex. 4. Read. 1 t
9ro nam Ãou. Oro sam cror. 9ro nau c44. gto rama lo:m<a. Oro nam nrry6. Bor sa uox.
Ex. 5. tnok at the picture. What is Sasha and Antony saying, when showing their room to John and Jane.
Ex. 6. Look at the picture. What is Masha saying, when showing her school and class room to John and Jane?
tnxó;ra ,qocú
Ypox mpemuü
úlhu, Qú,k, or*, a.ugt,
(r^q
frtu, ozce,
,,tw; Jy'ürc,
cÍtn,
wy,
??cu; .Jurrmú,
uÍf,,t(tr, 0{a,4(t0, 0{6l,trra,
o{a/uL(t, fra*t, 6q*ra, /ra,orrn, 6onuw. 9or* *oo
tro..4L.
9^,
,*rr*
Íto"0ttuanL(2.
97(o,^, omrL urgr.
9**
r*orro annú,.,tít.
g)"r, ouríu.,r'Lrarc. 9ío,*
Homework
L Put the pronouns [artr, xaüa, Ba[r, BaIua, traue, Ba[e, Hatm, Balrrrl before these words:
MocKBa, caÃ, oKHo, Hox, Borra, naüa, Anna, urxa$u, JroxKa,
ÃoM, KoMHara, MaIITI{Ha, cbIH, oKHa, uxon (school)
2. Make these plural:
BAIII CTOJI, HaUI CaÃ, HAIUa MatUIIHa, BaIUa KOMHaTa, BaÌIIe OKÌiO.
3. Write the gender of these nouns:
c;roro, uxaQ, IIrKoJIa, Icracc, cbIH, JroxKa, KoMHara, oKHo,
MAITI,IHA, MÍÌJIbIII.
4. Transcribe:
JroxKa, BoK3aJI, MaIrIIiHa, caÃ, IIrKoJIa, r<.,ry6, clono, nox.
5. Translate into Russian:
Who is this? This is our son, small child Antony. What is your name? (My name is) Alla. We are acquainted. What is this? This is our school. Here is our garden. There is our hôuse. This is our room.
6. Write Russian and English names.
7. Cross out superÍluous characters to read the latent here words: K _ _ _ c c _ _ _ o K _ _ _ _ _ a u _ _ $ r u _a
8. You want to describe a house or a room. What known Russian words would you use? Write them.
9. Translate the words and write them down in the picture under the numbers.
room (1) windows (2) house (3) garden (4)
Ypox uemeeomuú
I.esson
4. YPOK qETBEPTbIIï
The Hard Consonant
p [p]
The Russian hard consonant ipl is produced by the vibration of the tongue which gives series of taps against the front of palate. The tip of the tongue is not toumed backwards unlike the English sound rendered by the letter "r" in the words "reit", "right,'.
Ex. l. Read: wpo mornmg
6ptr brother
Ãpyr,
troÃpíra fumd (Í)
friend
xypìáÍ
cropr
mpí caviar
sport maga1ine
I gro naur 4pyr.
' l 9m sa gpyr Maxc. Ex. 2. Read the sentences. Make these sentences interrogative.
I Ero nam 6par.
I Oro nanr õpar Anron.
I 9ro nama rroÃpyra.
1 Om saua lo,qpyra Ái.rna.
Vporc uemeepnani
The Hard Consonant
q [q]
The sound [u] is a compiex sound, an affricate. At the beginning of the articulation the front part of the back of the tongue is pressed against the upper teeth. At the next moment the tongue is removed from the teeth forming a narrowing. These elements of the articulation immediately follow each other producing one complex sound [q]. The consonant [q] resembles the English sound in "boots". The consonant [q] is voiceless and hard in all positions.
Ex. 3. Read. u a - q a - q a q o - q o - u o q y - u y - { y qü - qr - ün [q51] t l b r - q h l - u b r q e ' q e - qe [u3] rre [u3] a | l - a u - a q o q - o { - o q y [ - y u - y q I r q - r | q - m l 9 q - 3 q - e q
Ex. 4. Read the syllables, prononciation of [r], [c] and [a]. c a - T a - q a € - T 3 - q 9 c b r - T b | - q b l TaHqbl cqeHa qnpK KOEqepT qelrrp dances stage circus concert centre
* ; * t
words and the sentences. Differentiate the
M
9ro ui6. Bm cuéxa. T!"r xoruépr. A rau rânuu.
Ex. 5. Pay attention to the intonation.
2
9ro bro?
1
Oro poea.
Vpox vemeepmotú
2 Kro ero?
I Oro pu6a.
The Third Intonational Construction
tIK-3
LIK-3 is most vividly seen while expressing the question in the interrogative senteflces without an interrogative word.
^
The pre-stressed part is pronounced on the normal pitch. We begin to pronounco the stressed part on a higher pitch than tlìe unstressed one. This specific feature of IIK-3 presents gre at diffrculty for foreignen. Within the centre of IIK the pitch begins to fall. The post-stressed part is pronounced on a lower pitch. The answer can be short or full. As we see in the full answer tho centre of.llK-l changes depending on the centre of IIK-3 in the question.
gro no4pyna?,{a, sro troÀpyrtr.,{a, no4pyra. [a.
The shifting of the cenrre of IIK-3 changes the meaning of the question and the centre of IIK-I in the answer:
3
- Oro nag 6par?
I
-,{a, ero nam 6par. -.{a, ero nam 6par.
(Or: No, this is ourfriend) (Or: No, this ís myfriend's brouther) Ex. 6. Read:
3 r 1 l
a) 9ro 6par? .{,a,.ero 6par. .{a, 6par. gro apyr?.{a, ero Ãpyr. Àa, Ãpyr. Oro cux?.{a, ero cHx. [a, cun.
3 t l
6) 9ro ram 6par?.{a, 6par. 9ro sanr orn? .{a, cun.
3
Vpox uemeepmuú
3
B) Á'.IUIA ÃOMa? ,la, A;lra gonra. ,{a, ona 4oua. ,{a,4oua.
l l
Oua Ãarno ÃoMa? Ã4, pa;r;Ão. (long ago, long since)
3 1 1
r) Brl 3traKolrbr? Ãa, Mbr sxaKouhr.
3
- 9ro ltrypa?
1 1
- Ãa, IIIypa.
3
- Ero llpa?
1 1
- !2, VIpt.
1 gro IIIypa. Names: IIIypavpa
(m) pet name of Alexander (f) pet name of Irina
I 9m I,Ipa.
Towns: Eparcr, Canrapxan4 Riven: Arrapa, Arrryp
Ex. 7. Read the words and the dialogue, paying attention to the intonation: pasnoBop
ôpvrtu
convenation
fruít
Ão6poe yrpo! Good morning
2
-,{o6poe yrpo! 2 2
-,,[o6poe yrpo! ,{xyn, Bu yxe 3
snarolìõr? l l
- ,[a, urr yxe gnaxouu. 1 1
Dro IIIypa. 9ro IIpa. 1 2 2
- A rm naü BaBïpar. ,{xyn, rro gro?
Topr cake cbrp cheese yrKe already motrcro milk
3aarpatr breakfast Paororop
I pú[6a. - 9ro I - Ãa.
2 2
- .{xon, a ero qro?
1 1 2
- 9ro rxpa. A em cup. A sro sm?
l 1
- gro ropr. A ero Qpyrrrr.
2
- Eparo, flxyr!
1
- A ero roQe?
1 1
- ,[a, ero rorfe. A Bor MoJroKo.
IIK-2 is used while expressing
the address
exclamation.
The rise of the
pitch in the stressed
part is vividly expressed
here.
Homework l. Write the Russian names.
2. Divide these nouns into masculine, feminine, neuter genders: 6par, cup,.rroÃplra, rtrt,rpK, r{Kpa, ueuTp, crlena, paeronop, I4p-rytcr, pu6a, Aurapa.
3. Transcribe:
rIeHTp, cbru, MoJroKo, ur4pK, arponoM (agronomist), yrpo, Hox, rroÃpyra, Ãpyr, caÃ, uauto (butter\.
%% *,(4oWtri*(4e
gF gpp/U
p"4t4*
%Vo
r^,ilW,
ct MfuM, /^rt, (4eH/nF,
(4t45n.
9^, G,,M.
%nL tbiln. 97ú:
5. Translate into Russian: - What is your name? - Max. And your?
- John. Is this your friend? - Yes, this is my friend Ivan.
6. Write known to you Russian words, meaning food. 7. Fill in the necessaÍy characters to read following words:
M O . C D . M O . K E . T T
8. Translate the words and write them down in the oicture under the numbers:
1) magazin 2) knife 3) fish 4) breakfast
9. Write new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.
Iesson 5. yPOK ILflTbIIi
The Hard Consonant
x [x]
If you pronounce the sound [rl and then slightly rower the back of the tongue keeping it rounded, the sound [x] will be produced. The Russian sound
[x] is voiceless. Ex. l. Read: 3 K a - x a - x a - â x r O - X O : X O - O X K y - x y - x y - y x K e - x e - x e - 3 x Ex. 2. Read:
- TYr xo;roÃno?
r 1
- Ãa, ryr xonoÃtro.
3
- 9ro xoporno?
1
- 9m nroxo.
xonoÃHo cold xopomó IIJIOXO well badThe Soft Consonant
ü [ü]
The Russian consonant- [ü] resembles the English consonant rendered by the letter Y in the words 'yes', *yout, ,,youÌr.
tüI
Y
Vpox nnnotú
Ãafi
a r - a Á
- gro uoü Àpyr MaKc. - 9ro. uoü 6par Arron.
t"1
Mofi - Moít"l.
TBOü . TBOII ny (síng., pl.) your (sing., pl.)3
- Dto rroü 6par?
1 1
- Ãa, ero noü 6par Arrox.
The letter ü at lhe end of the syllable denotes the feeble sound [z]. Exercises
l. Give the questions KIO OTO? and 9TO 9TO?
a) ero Mocroa. Oro qenrp. Oro qupr. Oro 6par. 9ro rcyr. 9ro a {norar. 6) 3ro uaur .uou. 9ro Harra KoMHara. Oro uorï 6par Caura. A gro Maura. 2. Give the plural of the words:
KOMHaTA, CTOJT, CTAKaH, àrypHaJI, JIAMITa, BA3A, pO3A, 3OHT, MÍUIIIIHA, CIIeHA, arpOHOM, TOpT, IIIKOJIa, A rISOKAT, KOHrIepT.
3. Pur MOIï - MOÍI. TBOü - TBOII before the words: ... 6par, ... x(ypH.urbr, ... po3br, ... Ãpl.T, ... ÃoM,
... cTaKaH, ... 3aBTpaK, .., gxaKaHbr, ... Hox, .,. HoxI4, ... MÍuIÉIru, ... MallblunÍ,... MarÌrlr{Hbr,... urxa(!, ... ror. 4. Put OH, OIIA or OHO:
Oro nana. ... ÃoMa.
9ro rvrorï Àplr IIIypa. ... aÃBoKar. 9ro naura [oÃpyra l'Ipa. ... 4orr.la. Bo:r naur Hox. ... T5.r.
Bor raura Jro)KKa. ... Tvr.
ÃoMóü home
L,etters Ã, e, ro, e
The vowel letters s, ë, rc, e are pronounced in two ways:
l. As the names of these letters, in the separate position, at the beginning of a word, after a vowel and after the letters:
", " th" letters l, ë, ro, e denote two sounds: [ü] and the corresponding vowel [üa], [üo], tftyl, Iüel. '
2. The stressed fl, ë, tro, e following a consonaÍrt are pronouncád ãs [a1, [o], [y], [e] respectively, but the preceding soft consonant lãnds them u ,p""ioí soft quality. Don't pronounce the consonant [ü] in these syllables!
Ex. 3. Read:
a) 4 é, to, e [üa], [fio], [üyì, [ügl n) nror [unüa] my (mine) _ feminine n - I (me) nroë [unüo] - neuter 6) r6.roxo apple TBofl your - feminine
r eM I eat rr;oë (yours) _ neuter ëlxa New Tear tree
IOpa Yura
The letter ë denotes always the stressed syllable.
2
r) - {aü nãxr, noxaryücra! a) - Ãaü,,noxaryücra,
lbno*ot
- Iloxanyücra !Give me the knife, please! - Iloxalyicm!Give me the apple, please! Possessive Pronouns t anll 2 persons Singular Personal
Pronounce Possessive Pronouns
Masculine Feminine
TBoü cron TBO-Í JIAMtrA TBOE OKHO Neuter Singular à Tbt fl Tbl Plural MOI| NAMII T TBOI| JIAMtrbI MOrr cToJtbl TBOII CTOJIbI MOI| Ot(Ita TBOII OIüIA
- . - Th" possessive pronouns take the gender and number of the nouns which they quality. The pronouns Morr, Tlor are used for prurar of all genders
Ex. 4. Read these words:
Ex. 5. Read the sentences, payind attention to IlK-l and IIK-2: 2 2
- Km sro? I - Om Moü cuu.
a) - 9ro rnoü cun? 1 1 1 1
-,{a, ero uoü cnn.,[a, cull. 3
- gro rrofi,upyr?
1 r
-,{a, eto uoü 4pyr. 2
- Km rBoü Ãpyr? I
- 0u arponou. (agronomist)
2
n) - A;ua, KTo
ero?
1
- 9ro lror troÃpyra.
2
- Kar eë zonyr?
Wat is her name?
I- Eë soryr VIpa. Her name is lra. 3
- llpa acrpoxonr? (astronomer) l l
- Ãa, IIpa acr?onoM.
Ex. 7. Read the dialogue.
r cJry|llaro I am listening q rrgy Ãoruoü I am going home
rx(ry
I am waitingName:
Iopa
Towns:
6yxapa, Êary, Ítna
Rivers:
,{ynaü (Dunabe)
- I[m sm? I - 9ro moü soET. Ex. 6. Read, paying attention to the intonation.
3 2 2
6) - [Ipa, xro em? I - 9ro uoü 6par.
2 - Kax ero soryr?
What is his name ? I
- Ero roryr IOpa. His name is Yura.
3
r) - K)pa arpouonr?
1 1
- Ãa, trOpa
ârpoxoM.
z )
4) - Marc, Bu arpoxou?
t
- .f, arpouou.
3
e) - IIIypa, Bu aruoxar?
1 l
- Àa, aÃroxar. (advocate)
Paseoaop. Maua u Mawa. - Arr'rro! t l - Ãa, s cJryrüalo. 2 l - Marra, sto x. I
-
Ea, Ãa.
1 1- Marr,ra, s lrÃy Ãotuoü.
1 1
- Xoporuo,
Maua, r >r,4y.
The Hard Stem Adjectives. (What kind of... xaxoü, xaxar, xaxoe) Singular masculine xaxoü? feminine xaxar? neutef Kaxoe? xoshrü -rrü 6o.mnroü -oü HOEaÍ -aà 6orlnraq -àfl. HOBOE -oe urJrbmoe -oe . noruü ypox 6olrnroü aou HOBAÍ OYI(BA OOJIb|ÍAÍ KOMHATA HOBOe C,IOBO ooJlbtt|oe o|(Iro
1. Kaxoü oro xrypnan? 9ro nonuü xypflan. Kaxaq ero nauna? 9ro nogax rauna. Karoe ero cloro? gto noroe groro. 2. Kaxoü TaM Mosr?
Talr nonnü uocr. Kaxax rau naMna? Talr noras rauna. Kaxoe rau oxxo? Tam 6olrmoe oxno.
a) 9ro 6ommar KoMEara. It is a large room.
Question
and Answers
llhat kind of magafine is this? This is a new magaline.
Wat kind of lamp is this? This is a new lamp.
Wat kind of word is this? This is a new word.
Wat bridge is there ? There is a new bidge.
What lamp is there ? There is a new lamp. What window is there ? There is a large window.
6) Koruxara õo.trmar. The room is large.
An adjective answers the question xaroü, xaxal, xaxoe ,,what?,,. ,,what kind of ...?", which agree with the noun that it quaiifies in gender, number arrd case. In the nominative singular masculine adjectives have an unst;essed endins -uü or a stressed ending -oü:
nonuü Àom _ 6ollmoü ÃoM HoBêg yn[qa - 6omüaq yr[{a HoBOq oxrro - 6onrntoe oxno
In the masculine adjectives after the hard consonants E, x the stressed ending -oü and unstressed ending -nü are written as: 6o*moü - xopo'ruü. The neuter adjectives take the endings -oe and -ee: 6oannoe - *opo,ua.. Feminine adjectives have the ending -ar: 6ommac - xopolrrafl.
Functions
ofAdjectives
in a Sentence
In the sentence the adjective may be used as an attribute (a) or a predicate (6). An adjective used as an attribute usually stands before the noun it qualifies:
Pay attention to the omission of the equivalent of the English verb "to be" in the present tense.
Ex. 8. Read the sentences, paying attention to the gender of the adjectives.
9ro 6orruras crpana (counlry). 9ro 6o.ururoü ropo4. (town) 9ro nonrrfi ropog. Ero craprú ropoÃ. Oro HoBas InKoJra. Oto crapa,r ruKoJra. 9ro 6omruoü 4oIra. 9ro craprrü Ãou' Oro nonrrü Ãolr. 9ro 6omrua,s KoMHara. Dro 6olruróe orcro. 9ro 6olluroü crol. 9ro HoBaJI JraMna. 9ro nosrrü xlpnan. Ero 6olsuroü craKau.
Ex. 9. Answer the questions.
Karas gro crparla? Kaxorï sro ropol? Karax 3ro ülKgra? Karoü sro Ãoilr? Karas sro roMnara? Kaxoe ero orno? Karoü sro ctor? KaxaÍ 9To raMna? Karoü ero )KypHan? Kaxoü gro craKau?
Ex. 10. Make the sentences interrogative using these words. Model ex.9: caÃ, Mocr, cJroBo, Topr, 16:roro, MaIITI'IHa, urxa$, urxola.
Ex. 11. Read the sentences. Put the questions and answer by model. Model: - Kro ero? - 9ro uoüt HoBbIü Ãpyr.
- Kar ero 3oByr? - Ero sonYr IOPa. - 9ro Iraoü Ãpyr IIIypa. Oro uos no,qpyra I4pa.
Homework l. Define the gender of nouns:
16roro, apyr, ënra, MoJroKo, ropr, cnoBo, lOpa,6par, Hox' BoÃa' 2. Replace the words HAIII, BAItr by the words NfOü, fSOü:
Balua KoMHaTa, HaIII ÃOM, Ha[ra Ma[I]IHa' BaÌII Ãpyr, BalIIe cnoBo.
3. Put the questions corresponding to these answers:
i, fl,n, f*, 6ë, ,ffi*, Nqrxr@,
rt^//a&o,
çon*, i1.,úfla,.
'fl "* "t"r*. 'fl
ugg ga"rcü.
9*o -ilnü{/*r* 8* N'y*
9ro Dros floÃpyra. Eë eonyr Ma:ua. gro rr.roü .{pyr. Ero :onyr IOpa.
4. Make plural:
HaIIr caÃ, Moü xypnar, Barrra KoMlrara, Ttsoë olcro, BaIIre cJroBo. 5. Transcribe:
XoJIO.$IO, XOpOIIIo, KoMrIATa, fiOÃpyra, JIoXKâ, CaÃ, MonoKo, Ãp]h.
6. Translate into Russian:
a) This is Moscow. This is a centre . I am going home. Tnis is my house . These are my windows. This is my room.
6) This is our school. This is our classroom. Ìwhat is this? This is our table. who is this? This is my friend. what is his name? His name is sastra. Who is this? This is my friend. What is her name? Her name is Ira.
7. Fill in the necessary characters to read following words: X * - - - - o , x - _ _ . o , M _ -__a, c___o.
8' Translate the words and write them down in the picture under the numbers: 1) friend (f)
2) friend (m) 3) agronomist 4) advocate
Lesson
6. YPOK IIIECTOIï
The Soft Consonants
[6'], [n'1, [n'1, [Ô'1, [nr'], [n'1, [r'], h'l
In the syllables Ha, Tar Àar 64, na, na, $a, ua the consonalÌts are hard. In the syllable s wÃ, TÃ, M, 6fl, 1Ã, niÃ, Sr, rux the consonants are soft.
When pronouncing hard consonants the back part of the tongue is drawn back and raise as for the vowel [u]. That is why we can say that Russian hard consonants have "H" - like hue. Soft consonants differ from hard consonants in pronunciation by some additional articulation: the middle part of the tongue is raised to the palate and the whole tongue is a bit protruded. After soft consonants we write letters r, ë, rc, e, n, and r. The tip of the tongue is lowered. In transcription the softness is denoted by ['].
na [ua] rur [u'a] rrro [mo] - uë [u'o] My [Ì'íy] - uro [u'y] ue [me] - ue [u'e] ruu [nru] - ntr [nr'u]
hard consonants u 6 n n 0ar H 3 c n p l< rx x ( | n q
soft consonants M'6'[tBtQtÃtT'H'3'c',ï'p'K'f'x' - - - ü q ' l l '
Ex. 1. ListenJ compare the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonants.
a) xa - nr, Ta - Ty', Ãa. - M, 6a - 6s, Irâ - trr, Ba - BÍ, 0a - ôs, Ma - Mr, 3a - 3r, ca - cr, pa - pÍ, Jra - Jrr. 6) rur - fin, Tbr - Tn, Ãu - Àn, 6u - 6n, nu - trn, Bbr - Bn,
0n - Õn, Mbr - Mn, 3br - 3n, cbr - crl, pbr - prl, Jrbr - JrH.
Ex. 2. Read. Watch the position of the tongue, when pronouncing the soft consonants. I I ' - H E - H r c - H E - H I I r r - ' r ë - T n - T e - T r l l n - r ; é - Ã r o - Ã e - Ã n HET NO He not KHITA Tearp ÃeTrl cTyÃerff cïyÀelrrKa book theatre children student (m) student (fl they 43
Ex. 3. Read these dialogues, paying attention to the intonatron.
3 a) - 9ro xnnna?
l 1
- Hel, sto He r<Hrrra.
l l
9ro rrypnal. A ror xrura.
3
- gro Baua xlrura?
1 t
- [,a, uor.
6) - IIIypa, Bu mylenr? l 1 - Ãt, s cryÃenr. 3 - Ílpa cryaenrxa? 1 1- [a, oxa roxe cryÃeHTK a. (r6xe _ atso)
The Negative
Answers
to the euestion with I{K_3
The
. negative partic]e "HE' ìs unstressed and is attached in pronunciation to the word which follows it.
a) - 9ro rotua?
- Het, ero He xnura. õ) - On cryÃerÍr?'
- H9r, on He cryÃenT. Ox yxe a,lr3oxar.
a) - gro rre Barua xmtra, a Mos. r) - 9ro ne Àpyr, a 6par.
Is this a book?
No, this is noí a book. (No, it is not). Is he a sÍudent ?
No, he is not a síudent. He is an advocate
alreatlv-This is not your book. It-is mine. This is not a friend, but a brother. _.2 No, it is not ...
HET
'
\
yes, ...
- 9ro xypnalr? - Her. - Hm, ero He xryprraJt. Is it a magazine ? No, ü isnl.Vpox u.ecmoú
Ihe Letter "r"
The ietter r (soft sign) indicates the softness of the preceding consonant. In the transcription the softness of the consonant is denoted by ['].
6par a brother 6parr Ío take MacJro a butter trrcbMo a letler, After the consonants before the letters Í, ë, ro, e, rl the soft signs shows that the preceding coirsonant is soft and these vowel letters are pronounced as two sounds: [üa], [üo], [ry], [fte] and [üu].
MbÍ [m'üa] rurë [m'fio] urro [m'fty] nte [nr"üe]
urn [u'ür]
Pay attention to Ex. 4. Differentiate the consonants in these syllables.
the oronunciation of the svllables rc - Tbr.
ar - arb [ar'l or - orb [or'l yr - yÌb [yr'] gr - grb [er'] lr - nrb [nr'] Ta - Tt - TIit - TbÍ
[ra] ['r'a] [r'nüa] [r'üa] To - rë - rrrë - rrë
[ro] [r'o] [r'uüo] [r'üo]
Ty - Tto - Tnrc - Tbro
tryl
[r'y] [r'dy]
[r'üy]
T 3 - T e - T I | e - T b e
lrsl
[r's] [r'nüs]
[r'üe]
Tbr - Tlt - THn - Tbtl
[rn] ['r'xì [r'nu] [r'ün]
In pre-stressed syllables the lettea I, e &Íe pronounced as the sound resembling both [n] and [e], In transcription it is denoted ['n].
re.re$ón [r'n",r'rSoí] cecrpá [c'xcr:pál ceurí [c'un'üá] a telephone a sister a family ,qpcqrb [À'óc'nr'] ten
In the post-stress syllables "s" is read as [rl, a very short sound resembling the sounds [a] and [u].
r ë r r
a r ' . ' n l
MM [a'ú'rì
Ex. 5. Read these words. Nouns which ending is "b" may be euther mascuüne or feminine. Their gender must be memoúe d.
an aunt ' an uncle masculine feminine a day Ãenr! Good a copy-book a mother TerpaÃb ÀeHb MATb 45
cBaÃb6a (wedding)
cBaÃb0a (wedding) mars (mother), Terra (children), oreg (father), cenw (family) Ex. 6. Read the sentences paying attention to the intonation.
2 l
- Kax Bac sonyr?
- Menr ronyr Tarrsxa.
2 t l
Kro ero? - 9ro uox marn.
9ro moü
oreq.
3 1 1 3 r
- Oro Bamu lenr? -,{a, ero Mon Ãern. Hnxo.laü u Baanu.
3 1 1
- Oro Bam 6par? - Her, 9ro Moü cllH.
2 -.4 rro ero?
3 1
- 9ro uor rêlx (aunt) t uoít nnls funcle). 3
- 9ro rama cegma? l l l
- .{a, cecrpa. Eê ooryr Huna.
Y nac Ãr 6par? Have you gor a brother? 1 l
.{a, y nrexr ecrl õpar. yes, I have. I
Ero roryr Baarru. IIis name is Vadim.
3
V re6r esrb cecrpa?
Have you got a sister?
l l
.{a, y nenr ecrb cecrpa. yes, I have. I
q sHaro [üa 3Hary] Tbr gnaeüb [rn snarnru'] O H \ ) snaer [snanrr ] olz / oHo Vpox u'recmoü
The Verbs. The Tenses ofYerbs
Russian verbs have the pressnt tense, the past tense and the future tense. Russian verbs belong to one of two principal conjugations: the first conjugation and the second "tt"-conjugation. The veús of first "e"-conjugation take on the letter "e" in the present tense endings -y (-ro), -erul, -er, -eM, -ere, -yr(-ror:). The verbs of second "u"-conjugation take on the Ietter "n" in the present tense endings: -y(-rc), -[rrlb, -nr, -nM, - Te, -ar(-ar). Many Russian lst conjugation verbs are conjugated on the pattern of 3HATb (to know); for ex. IEIIATb (to do), PAEOTATb (to work). Many Russian 2nd conjugation verts are conjugated on the pattem of IOBOPIITb. It is neceSsary to remember the pattem of the every verb, because the 1st and 2nd conjugations have many pattems: 3HATb, IIIICATb (to write), EPATb (to take), TAHIIEBATb (to dance), ÃABATb (to give) are the verLrs of lst conjugation, but they have many features.
The present tense of the Russian verb cortesponds to the English Presont Indefnite, Present Continuos and Present Perfect.
The Conjugation of the Verb SHATb (to know'1. The Present Tense Mbr BHaeM [nrtr snalunr]
Bbr 3naere [mr snalnrn] ourr gHarcT [oH'n ruanyr]
In the unstressed syÌlables after vouwel the letters ro and e are [uy] and
[{nl
Ex. 7. Read
tlÌese
sentences.
3
1) - Bu snaere,
l 1
- Ãa, q 3rraro, xro ero, 9r:o Bla4lunp. l l l
(fla, snarc. 9ro Blaanrunp.)
3 2 3 2
2) - Bu He 3naere, rro sro? (Tu xe eiraem, xro ero?) 1 1
- 3uan, ero B.la4nunp. 3 2 3 2
3) - Bu glaere, rro on? (Tu rHaenrn, rro oH?) 1 1
- 3Haro, B,nagunrup - )t(ypxanncr. 3 2 3 2
4) - Bu He 3uaere, rro oN? (Tu ne snaeml, xro ox?) 1 1
- 3xaro. 0n xypna,rucr.
KTo gro? (Tu rnaeun, xro eto?) I
Ex. 8. Read and compare these sentences. l 1
l) .fl uraro, KTo ero. 9ro Bnaanrunp llnanon. 3 1
Í rnaro, / rro sm Bna4nnrup IIsaHor.
1 t
Í tnaro, Kro oH. Ou rrypnamrcr.
3 t
.fl snaro, ,/ vro Baagunnrp )xïpn:urncr.
1 t
2) fl, waro, Kro ero. gro umenep.
3 1
.fl snarc, / rm ero ffixenep.
l 1
.Í suarc, KaK ero ronyr. Ero soryr Hrxolaü. 3 1
Í snarc, / vro ero soryr Hnxo;raü. l 1
Í snalo, KaK em Sarun.nnr. Ero eaunnnr llsanon. 3 1
.fl Buaro, / uro ero eanmnnx llrauon. Imperative of the verbs
Singular plural
Ãaü! give! 4aüre! swe!
sgpancrnyü! how do you do! qgpaBcrlyine! how do you do! usrusrl! excuse! ngrunure! excuse!
cxaxcr.! Íell! say! cxarxnre! tull! say! soir'Ãri! came in! noüame! come in! Ex. 9. Read these sentences, paylng attention to the intonation.
3 2 1
a) - .{aüre _rrme, noxa;ryücra, rrJDHar ,,MocKBa"! - Iloxanyücm! I
- Cnacu6o. (Thanlcs) 2 2 1 1
6) - Cxaxnre, noxa.tyücra, rÀe Meryo? - Merpo rau. - Cnacn6o. 3 3 1 1
- Ilsnmnre, noxalryficra, sro Baura r<rnra? -.{a, uor. Names:
Tamrna (D
flerp (m)
Vpon uecmoú
Homework
l. Transcribe:lralra, rëu, Tarraua, flërp, cnopr,4aüre, noü1ure.
2. Select the nouns according their masculine, feminine or neutre gender:
xypHÍur, cTaTbr, ÃqÃq, MeTpo, KHI,Ira, ceMbt, rloÃpyra.
3. Give the plural of the words:
rërR, xouuara, cror, Maut4Ha, Kapra, Tearp. 4. Put MOü or MO.ÍI before the words:
KoMHara, ceMÉr, ÃoM, Kuura, crarbq (article), Marb, TerpaÃb, oreu. 5. Here is the dialogue of the two persons. Put their replics in order:
- Ãa, s 3Haro, Kro gro. - Ero sonyr IOpa. - Oro cry4enr. - Trr ne 3HaeÌIIr,, rro ero? - Ero cry4eur? - Kar ero sonyr? 6. Cross out superfuouse characters to read the latent here words:
r à I o t M a r b à o . ã
B o r e r r c e v r s ë 6 p a r e b r à e r I r I o
B H M C e C T p a y C
7. Fill in the necessary characters to read following words:
T _ . . - 9 , C ___fl, O _ _ q , c _ _ _ _ _ T , T _ _ _ _ _ b .
8. Write new words in alphabetical order in the special notebook.
Vporc ceòuaoú
Lesson
7. YPOK CEÃbMOIï
The Soft Consonant
[ir,]
In order to prorÌounce [.t'] one should raise the middle part of the tongu€ very high to the palate as..for sounds [ü] or [u]. Wfren fistening; tlú sound you find it more soft than ,,European', l/1.
Ex. l. Read the syllables and compare the sounds [.1] and [,r,]: Jra - JIr, .no - lë, ny _ Jrrc, Jr9 _ Jte, rbt _ Jrtr, Íur - aJrb, oJt _ oJIb, yn _ ynb, ruI _ [Jrb, 3Jt _ gjrb Ex. 2. Read the syllables and words.
a - Jrfl - Jrà Jta _ JrÍ _ Jtb, ; r e -le - l ë l o _ . n ë _ lnë Jrm - JI|O - JI|O JIy _ nrc _ nbro JIe - J|e - JIe Jt9 _ Jte _ Jrbe JIII - JIII . JIII TbI - JITI
aJrb _ oJIb _ ynb _ enb - l|nb crolíqa capÌÍal
y n I a SÚCCT
Ilerep6ypn petersburg
2
.rfrooxTr, to like, to love r .mo6.r6 I hke, I love
The Conjugation
of the verbs JIIOEI,ITb.
The present Tense
n no6ttÁ nru .nó6rnr t"r oó6um" nu .ró6nre
Accusative
;ffÈ'ou"'
o'n ,ró6qr
Inanimate masculine and neuter nouns take the same endrngs in the accusative as in the nomiDative.
The Accusative
Denoting the Direct Object of Nouns Inanimate
Masculine and Neuter
9ro Bu .rrc6ure?
Í ,nro6.nro rearp Ir KnHo.
Ex. 3. Read these sentences, paying attention to the intonation.
2
a) - 9ro Bu .nro6nre Ãe.narn? I
- Í nro6,rro nerr. (sins) I
- Í ,rn6aro rarüegaïb. (dance) I
- Í .uo6rno rynrrb. (watk) 3 õ) - Bu no6nre rearp? 1 - Jln6.nn. 3 - Bu .nro6n're cnopr? I - Jlrc6.mo.
n) - .fl suarc, qro BH .mo6rre treTb, Tealp, TaHUeBâTb, KIlHo,
IyJlÍTl,r CtrOpT.
The Soft Consonant
1p'1
Ex. 4. Read these syllables, words and dialogs.
repeat! repeat! Paris
rpro - pn - prl 6.namgapro rac thank you rfpb - spb anepr (f.) a door
clronápn (m.) a dictionary 3
- V Bac ecrl c,lorapr? 1 1
- .{a, ecrn. 3
- .{aüre une, noxa4yücra, clorapr! I
- lloxaryücm! I
- Eraro4apro Bac!
Il'hat do you like?
I like theatre and cinema.
rpn - pr - pr nonropí! trorropíT e! IIapíx
