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1 学校编码:10384 分类号 密级 学 号:200208100 UDC

厦 门 大 学

硕 士 学 位 论 文

探究机动车第三者责任强制保险

Inquire about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

王 桂 英

指导教师姓名:何丽新 副教授 专 业 名 称:法 律 硕 士 论文提交日期:2005 年 11 月 学位授予日期:2005 年 月 答辩委员会主席: 评 阅 人: 2005 年 11 月

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厦门大学学位论文原创性声明

兹呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成

果。本人在论文写作中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果,均在文

中以明确方式标明。本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权利和

责任。

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内 容 摘 要

2004 年 5 月 1 日起施行的《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》明确规定 我国实行机动车第三者责任强制保险制度,但由国务院负责制定的《机动车第 三者责任强制保险条例》在法律实施后很长一段时间无法出台,何为机动车第 三者责任强制保险对大部分人而言只是一个新鲜的名词。本文拟通过对于机动 车第三者责任强制保险一些基本理论问题的研究,并借鉴国外的立法情况和规 定,对于我国目前机动车第三者责任保险纠纷的解决、我国机动车第三者责任 强制保险的立法提出几点拙见。全文分为前言、正文、结束语三个部分,正文 共四章: 第一章是机动车第三者责任强制保险概述。主要从机动车第三者责任强制 保险的定义、立法例、法律特征与性质、赔偿的归责原则与赔偿范围等问题进 行阐述。通过比较分析,笔者认为机动车第三者责任强制保险是具有社会保险 特征的商业保险,其所适用的归责原则和赔偿范围与民事侵权法的规定有紧密 的联系。 第二章分析了机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律关系。分别从机动车第三 者责任强制保险法律关系的主体、客体、内容三方面进行分析阐述,通过分析, 笔者认为:交通事故的受害者虽然不是保险合同的当事人,但是保险合同的受 益人之一,其可成为该法律关系中的主体之一;被保险人对于受害者应承担的 赔偿损失的责任是该法律关系的客体。在本章中,还重点对于机动车第三者责 任强制保险中的第三者和保险人的范围确定及其权利进行阐述 第三章是对目前我国机动车第三者责任保险纠纷之分析。笔者回顾了我国 机动车第三者责任保险制度的历史沿革并对现状及目前这一险种所存在的主 要纠纷进行阐述分析,提出争议焦点主要在于:保险人是否应先行垫付医疗费

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4 用、第三者可否直接向承保肇事车辆的保险公司提出索赔及保险人应承担的赔 偿标准等问题。分析争议产生的原因关键在于法律设立的机动车第三者责任强 制保险制度缺乏相配套的法规和相符合的保险品种,使社会公众无法正确区分 机动车第三者责任保险和机动车第三者责任强制保险等原因所导致,笔者针对 所列举的纠纷问题提出一些对策。 第四章是对于我国正在制定的《机动车第三者责任强制保险条例》所存在 的争议问题提出一些建议。其中就机动车第三者责任强制保险的经营原则与经 营模式的关系、保险合同的成立、保险合同变更、保险赔偿的归责原则、第三 者范围、保险受益人、第三者向保险人的直接索赔权等问题,笔者借鉴已有这 方面规定的国家和地区的规定和经验,提出自己的几点拙见。 [关键词]责任保险;强制保险;第三者责任保险

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ABSTRACT

According to The Road Traffic Safety Law on May 1, 2004, it has definitely regulated that we carried out the system of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party. As the statute of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party enacted by the state department could not come on for a long time, the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party is a fresh term for many people. Accordingly, this article tries to resolve some disputes and put forward several legislative suggestions about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party in virtue of researching some basic theories and referring to the foreign relevant legislation. There are three parts in this article: preface、text、Ending. Meanwhile, the text has the following four chapters:

Chapter one is the introduction of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party. This chapter mainly expounds the basic theories about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party, such as definition 、 legislative cases、 legal character、the principles of compensative liability 、 compensatory coverage and so on. In author’s opinion, it is a commercial insurance with social security character, and its principle of liability and compensatory coverage have been in close connection with the rules of civil tort Act.

Chapter two has analyzed the legal relationship about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party. By means of analyzing the subject、 object and content of the legal relationship , author thought : although the traffic accident victim is not the party of insurance contract, it is one of the beneficiaries of insurance contact and one of the subjects of this legal relationship; the object of legal relationship is that the insurer should take the compensatory responsibility to the victim. In this chapter, author also emphasized the confirmation of coverage and right of the insurer and the third party.

Chapter Three has construed the current disputes about the forced automobile

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liability insurance for the third party. Reviewing the historical evolvement and present situation about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country and analyzing some main relevant disputes, author put forward the disputed focuses of this question as below: whether the insurer should prepay medical fee and whether the third party can claim for compensation directly to the insurance company and insurance indemnity standard. The reason for causing the dispute is because of lacking other relevant statute and types of insurance which can match up to the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party, which make the public difficult to discriminate between the automobile liability insurance for the third party and the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party .Finally, author gives some measures aiming at the enumerative disputes.

Chapter four has advanced some legislative advices aiming at the problems of the current statute ofthe forced automobile liability insurance for the third party. Referring to the foreign advanced relevant legislative experiences, author puts forward several ideas about the following problems: such as the relationship between business principles and business patterns 、the formation of insurance contract 、the modification of insurance contract 、the principles of liability about insurance indemnity 、the coverage of the third party、insurance beneficiary 、 the right for the third party to claim for compensation to insurance company directly and so on.

[Key words] liability insurance; mandatory insurance; the third-party liability insurance

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目 录

前 言

第一章 机动车第三者责任强制保险概述

第一节 机动车第三者责任强制保险的定义与立法例 一、责任保险 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险的定义 三、各国关于机动车第三者责任强制保险的立法例 第二节 机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律特征与性质 一、机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律特征 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险的性质 第三节 机动车第三者责任强制保险的归责原则与赔偿范围 一、机动车第三者责任强制保险赔偿的归责原则 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险的赔偿范围

第二章 机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律关系

第一节机动车第三者责任强制保险法律关系概述

一、机动车第三者责任强制保险法律关系的主体 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险法律关系的客体 三、机动车第三者责任强制保险法律关系的内容

第二节 机动车第三者责任强制保险中的第三者

一、机动车第三者责任强制保险中第三者的范围界定 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险中第三者的索赔权利 三、第三者行使向保险人的索赔权与其自行投保的其他保险合同的关系

第三节 机动车第三者责任强制保险中的保险人

一、机动车第三者责任强制保险中保险人的界定

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8 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险中保险人的权利

第三章 目前我国机动车第三者责任保险纠纷之分析

第一节 我国机动车第三者责任保险制度的历史沿革与现状 一、我国机动车第三者责任保险制度的历史沿革 二、我国机动车第三者责任保险制度的现状 第二节 目前我国机动车第三者责任保险纠纷的主要争议问题 一、保险人是否应先行垫付医疗费用问题 二、第三者可否直接向承保肇事车辆的保险公司提出索赔问题 三、赔偿标准的争议问题 第三节 解决目前我国机动车第三者责任保险主要纠纷的对策 一、目前我国机动车第三者责任保险纠纷的原因及其法律问题之分析 二、解决目前我国机动车第三者责任保险纠纷的对策

第四章 我国《机动车第三者责任强制保险条例》的立法建议

一、机动车第三者责任强制保险的经营原则与经营模式的关系问题 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险合同的成立问题 三、保险合同的变更问题 四、机动车第三者责任强制保险的归责原则问题 五、机动车第三者责任强制保险的第三者范围问题 六、机动车第三者责任强制保险的受益人问题 七、第三者向保险人的直接索赔权问题

结 束 语

参考文献

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CONTENTS

Preface

Chapter 1 The introduction of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Subchapter 1 The definition and legislative cases about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 Liability insurance

Section 2 The definition of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 3 The legislative cases about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party in different countries

Subchapter2 The legal character and nature of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The legal character of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The nature of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party Subchapter3 The principle of liability and compensatory coverage about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The principle of liability about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The compensatory coverage of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Chapter 2 The legal relationship of the forced automobile liability

insurance for the third party

Subchapter 1 The introduction of the legal relationship about the forced

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10 automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The subject of legal relationship about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The object of legal relationship about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 3 The content of legal relationship about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Subchapter 2 The third party in the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The identification of the third party in the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The third-party right of claiming for compensatory in the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 3 The relationship between the third-party right of claiming for compensatory to the insurance company and other insurance contract insured by themselves

Subchapter 3 The insurer of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The identification of the insurer in the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The insurer’s right in the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Chapter 3

The analysis of current insurance disputes about the

automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Subchapter 1 The historical evolvement and current situation about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Section 1 The historical evolvement of the automobile liability insurance for the

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11 third party in our country

Section 2 The present situation of the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Subchapter 2 Main disputed problems about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country presently

Section 1 Whether the insurer should prepay medical fee

Section 2 Whether the third party could claim for compensation directly to the insurance company.

Section 3 The disputed problem about compensatory standard

Subchapter 3 The ways to solve the main disputes about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Section 1 The analysis of the reasons and the legal problems about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Section 2 The ways to solve the present disputes about the automobile liability insurance for the third party in our country

Chapter 4 The legislative advices about the statute of

the forced

automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 1 The relationship between business principles and patterns about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 2 The formation of insurance contract of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 3 The modification of insurance contract of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 4 The principle of liability about the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 5 The third-party coverage of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third party

Section 6 The beneficiary of the forced automobile liability insurance for the third

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12 party

Section 7 The third-party directly claims for compensation to the insurer.

Ending

Bibliography

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13 前 言 2004 年 5 月 1 日起施行的《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》(下称《道 路交通安全法》)第 17 条明确规定:“国家实行机动车第三者责任强制保险制 度,设立道路交通事故社会救助基金。具体办法由国务院规定。”然而,由国 务院负责制定的有关机动车第三者责任强制保险制度的“具体办法”在很长一 段时间没有出台,直到 2005 年 1 月,国务院才将《机动车第三者责任强制保 险条例(草案)》(下称《条例(草案)》)向社会公布广泛征求意见。有关各方 对《条例(草案)》中的规定颇有争议而难以达成一致,《条例》迟迟无法制定 实施。什么是机动车第三者责任强制保险对社会公众而言仅是一个“新名词”, 而对其真正的法律内涵知者甚少,甚至因为全国各地的车管部门普遍要求新车 上牌照前必须要投保各财产保险公司一直都在经营的机动车辆第三者责任险, 很多人都以此认为所投保的就是机动车第三者责任强制保险,进而在发生交通 事故后纷纷要求保险公司按《道路交通安全法》的规定承担赔偿责任。而保险 公司基本上都以所承保的第三者责任险并非《道路交通安全法》所规定的第三 者责任强制保险等为由拒绝先行承担赔偿责任。因此,自 2004 年 5 月 1 日起 至今就上述矛盾产生的纠纷不胜枚举,而各地法院基于各自的不同理解对交通 事故损害赔偿案件中保险人是否直接向第三者承担赔偿责任及赔偿范围等所 作的判决也是五花八门,因法律法规的不健全、不完善导致的司法混乱由此显 现出来。有鉴于此,笔者认为很有必要疏理一下机动车第三者责任强制保险的 一些基本的理论问题,通过分析找出我国目前机动车第三者责任保险纠纷的原 因和对策,并对于我国正在制定的《机动车第三者责任强制保险条例》中一些 有争议的法律问题提出几点立法建议。

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第一章 机动车第三者责任强制保险概述

第一节 机动车第三者责任强制保险的定义与立法例

一、责任保险 责任保险产生于 19 世纪的欧美国家,20 世纪 70 年代以后在西方发达国 家获得迅速发展,20 世纪 90 年代以后,越来越多的发展中国家也日益重视发 展责任保险业务。责任保险(liability insurance)是指以被保险人依法向第三 者应负的民事损害赔偿责任或经过特别约定的合同责任作为承保责任的一种 保险。① 我国《保险法》第 50 条第 2 款规定:“责任保险是指以被保险人对第 三者依法应负的赔偿责任为保险标的的保险”。由此可见,责任保险的保险标 的包括侵权之债和合同之债,责任保险合同相当程度上是为第三者的利益而订 立的保险合同。 以责任保险的效力基础为划分标准,责任保险可分为自愿责任保险和强制 责任保险。自愿责任保险是指投保人和保险人在自愿、平等、互利的基础上, 经协商一致而订立保险合同的保险。强制责任保险是指依照国家的法律规定投 保人必须向保险人投保、保险人必须承保而订立保险合同的保险。 二、机动车第三者责任强制保险的定义 机动车第三者责任保险始于 19 世纪末,并与工业保险一起成为近代保险 与现代保险分界的重要标志。机动车第三者责任保险是指以机动车所有人或使 ① 张洪涛、郑功成主编·保险法(修订版)[M]·北京:中国人民大学出版社出版,2003·164·

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15 用人对机动车造成的交通事故的受害人应承担人身和财产的损害赔偿责任为 保险标的的责任保险。 根据保险合同成立的效力基础,机动车第三者责任保险区分自愿责任保险 和强制责任保险两种。二者的主要区别在于: 其一,前者的投保人对于是否投保、保险人对于是否承保均有自主的选择 权,任何第三方都无权干涉;后者的投保人则依法必须投保,保险人也必须承 保,由保险监管部门监管。 其二,前者的投保人和保险人可以自行协商确定保险合同的内容;后者保 险合同的内容是由相关法律、法规所规定或由保险监管部门统一制定的格式文 本。 其三,前者的保险合同由双方协商一致后成立,任何一方依法或依约享有 终止合同的权利;后者的保险合同一经订立,除了法定的情形出现,任何一方 均不得变更或终止。 因此,机动车第三者责任强制保险是指依法强制机动车所有人或使用人投 保的,以被保险人对机动车造成的交通事故的受害人应承担人身和财产的损害 赔偿责任为保险标的,保险人依法承担向受害人支付保险赔偿金义务的法定保 险。 三、各国关于机动车第三者责任强制保险的立法例 各国关于机动车第三者责任强制保险的立法形式主要有以下三种: 其一,以道路交通法规规范机动车第三者责任强制保险,以英国为代表。 其二,以道路交通法规和保险法规综合规范机动车第三者责任强制保险, 以美国加利福尼亚州为代表。 其三,以单行法规规范机动车第三者责任强制保险,以德、法、意、日等

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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16 国为代表。 目前绝大多数有立法规定机动车第三者责任强制保险的国家大多采用单 行法规规定机动车第三者责任强制保险。 各国实施的机动车第三者强制责任保险制度根据法规的规定,又可区分为 相对强制责任保险制度和绝对强制责任保险制度。 相对强制责任保险制度指机动车所有人可以自愿选择投保机动车责任保 险,但是,若机动车所有人因使用或者允许他人使用机动车发生交通事故致人 损害或者严重违反交通规则,经法院判决确定机动车所有人应当投保责任险或 提供保证金,否则,机动车所有人业已经取得汽车行驶牌照即予以吊销,机动 车所有人才必须投保汽车责任保险。美国大部分州和加拿大的主要省份实行相 对强制保险。 绝对强制责任保险制度指机动车所有人必须在取得汽车行驶牌照前,投保 法定最低限额的责任保险,在任何情况下均无例外。英国、新西兰、德国、法 国和美国部分州实行绝对强制保险。我国台湾地区的《强制汽车责任保险法》 第 15 条规定:“汽车所有人于申请发给牌照或换发行车执照前,应以每一个别 汽车为单位,向保险人投保本保险。”我国将要实施的机动车第三者责任强制 保险也属于绝对强制责任保险制度。 第二节 机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律特征与性质 一、机动车第三者责任强制保险的法律特征 机动车第三者责任强制保险与其他责任保险一样可以适用保险法关于保 险和责任保险的一般规定。但是,自美国马萨诸塞州 1927 年制定的《强制汽 车保险法》(Compulsory Automobile Insurance Law)以来,其逐步发展起独有

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1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library.

2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details.

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