Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (PDFs)

(1)

MOHI UD DIN ISLAMIC

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE

FORMS

By

DR. MUSSADIQ LATIF

(2)

PHARMACEUTICS

“Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design.”

Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with all facets of the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) into a medication able to be safely and effectively used by patients in the community.

PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

A dosage form (DF) is the physical form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption

Table 1.0 Classification of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

PHARMACEUTIC AL DOSAGE

FORMS

PARANTERAL ORAL SUPPOSITOR

Y _NASAL Solid Liquid Tablets Capsul es Solutions Suspensi ons Emulsion s Injectables Implant s Injections Infusion s Intravenous IV Intramuscular IM Syrups Elixirs Tinctures TOPICAL Subcutaneous Rectal Vagin al Creams Gel Liniment Ointment

(3)

O R A L

R O U T E (S O L I D) D O S A G E F O R M

S

1- Tablets

The solid dosage form consisting of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and the excepients in Compressed fixed shape is called the Tablet. The tablets may be Coated (film coated or Enteric Coated) or uncoated. Some examples of tablets

• Panadol (Paracetamol) • Novidat (Ciprofloxacin HCL) • Flagyl (Metronidazol) • Gravinate (Dimenhydrinate) • Disprin (Aspirin) 2- Capsules

The dosage form in which the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and Excepients in the form of powder or granules are enclosed in a water soluble Gelatin covering (body+cap).

Some examples of tablets • Nexium

• Zidovudine

O R A L R O U T E (L I Q U I D) D O S A G E F O R M

S

1- SOLUTIONS

The solutions may be aqueous or oily in nature. The common dosage forms of solutions are;

(i) Syrups

The formulation containing sugar (or sugar substitute’s) aqueous solution as a vehicle with or without flavouring agent is called a syrup. Examples of syrups are

• Cold Plus Syrup (Paracetamol, BP 125mg,

PhenylephrineHydrochloride, BP 2.5mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, BP 2.5mg)

(4)

(ii) Elixirs

These are the sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions containing the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and usually accommodate less amount of water are termed as Elixirs.

Examples of Elixirs are • Cough Syrups

(iii) Tinctures

The alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions containing the herbal extracts are called the Tinctures.

Examples of Tinctures are

• Pyodine (Iodine Tincture)

2- SUSPENSIONS

A Pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion in which internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase.

The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a specific range of size which is maintained uniformly through out the suspending vehicle with aid of single or combination of suspending agent.

The external phase (suspending medium) is generally aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily liquid for non oral use

Examples of Suspensions are • Brufen (Iboprufen) • Panadol (Paracetamol)

3- EMULSIONS

Biphasic system of two immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed in the continuous phase in the form of globules is called the emulsion. The third component of a typical emulsion is the emulsifying agent which is

intended for the stability of an emulsion. Emulsions commonly are of Examples of Emulsions are

• Fluocinolone Acetonide Cream

(5)

1- RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES

The solid dosage form which is introduced into the rectum and melt at body temperature is called a suppository. The liquid preparations introduced into the rectum are Enemas. This route of administration is suitable for the patients suffering from Vomiting.

Examples of rectal suppositories are

• Glycerine (Lexative)

• Bisacodyl (Lexative)

• Antiematic (Thiethylperazine) 2- VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES

Vaginal suppositories are commonly used to treat gynecological ailments, including vaginal infections such as Candidiasis. This usually refers to vaginal irrigation, the rinsing of the vagina, but it can also refer to the rinsing of any body cavity. A douche bag is a piece of equipment for douching—a bag for holding the fluid used in douching.

Examples of vaginal suppositories are • Miconazole • Clotrimazole • Tioconazole • Butoconazole

P A R A N T E R A L R O U T E D O S A G E F O R M S

1- INJECTABLES

The dosage forms which are intended to for administration using a hypodermic (hollow pointed) needle (1853 by Dr. A wood). Can be formulated as liquids or powders/lyophilisate for preparation of the solution

Injectables are classified as belows (i) Injections

These are the Injectables contained in the ampoules, vials closed with the rubber cap. The following types of injections are the most common

a- Intravenous Injections (IV)

These are the injections directly introduced into the Venous Blood in the form of bolus or slow IV.

(6)

Examples of IV injections are

• Zinacef

• Grasil

b- Intramuscular Injections (IM)

These are the injections directly introduced into the deep muscular part intended for the slow absorption. These usually contain a oily vehicle.

Examples of IV injections are

• Dicloran (Diclofenac Sodium 75mg) c- Subcutaneous Injections (sub cut)

A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the

subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines.

Examples of Subcutaneous Injections are:

• Insulin

• Morphine

• Diacetylmorphine

• Goserlin

d- Other Types

Other types of the injections include the following i- Intradermal (ID)

Intradermal injections are injections given to a patient in which the goal is to empty the contents of the syringe between the layers of the skin.

ii- Intrasseous (IS)

Intraosseous infusion (IO) is the process of injection directly into the marrow of a bone. This technique is used in emergency situations to provide fluids and medication when an IV line cannot be

useIntraperitoneal (IP)\ iii- Intraperitoneal (IP)

(7)

Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the peritoneum (body cavity). IP injection is more often applied to animals than humans

(ii) Infusions

These are the Injectables contained in the plastic bags. Intravenous therapy may be used to correct electrolyte imbalances, to deliver medications, for blood transfusion or as fluid replacement to correct, for example, dehydration.

Examples of infusions are

• Dextrose Solution (5% or 10%)

• Normal Saline Solution (0.9% NaCl Aq. Sol)

T O P I C A L R O U T E D O S A G E F O R M S

1- CREAMS

A cream is a topical preparation usually for application to the skin. Creams are semi-solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water. They are

divided into two types: oil-in-water (O/W) creams which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous phase, and water-in-oil (W/O) creams which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase

Examples of creams are • Cold Cream

• Fluocinolone Acetonide Cream

2- GELS (BALMS)

Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinks within the fluid that give a gel its structure (hardness) and contribute to stickiness (tack). In this way gels are a dispersion of molecules or particles within a liquid in which the solid is the discontinuous phase and the liquid is the continuous phase.

Examples of gels are • Androfil Gel

• Chlorben Gel (Benzocaine)

(8)

Liniments (also called as Balm) are the pharmaceutical topical

preparations typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from sore muscles or from arthritis. These liniments typically are formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents, and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds such as methyl salicilate, benzoin resin or capsaicin.

Examples of liniments are • Opodeldoc

• Absorbine

4- OINTMENTS

An ointment is a homogeneous, viscous, semi-solid preparation, most commonly a greasy, thick oil (oil 80% - water 20%) with a high viscosity, that is intended for external application to the skin or mucous

membranes. They are used as emollients or for the application of active ingredients to the skin for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic

purposes and where a degree of occlusion is desired. Examples of Ointments are

• Fusidic Acid Ointment

• Clindamycin Phosphate Ointment

5- OTHER FORMS

The other types of the topical route dosage forms for specified part or organ include the following

a- Ottic Solutions (Ear Drops)

Ear drops are a form of medicine used to treat or prevent ear

infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal (Otitis externa)

Examples of Ottic Solutions are:

• Ciprodex ear drops (Ciprofloxacin & dexamethasone)

• Sofradex ear drops (Framycetin Sulphate, Gramicidin, Dexamethasone)

b- Opthalmic Solutions (Eye Drops)

Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a route to administer medication in the eye.

(9)

• Betnesol (Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate) c- Transdermal Preparations (Skin Patches) Intended for slow release of drugs e.g:

Examples of Nasal Sprays are

• Ventolin (Fluticasone Propionate)

• Zanamivir (Relenza)

N A S A L R O U T E D O S A G E F O R M S

6- AEROSOLS

Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles Examples of Nasal Sprays are

• Flixonase (Fluticasone Propionate)

7- INHALERS

An inhaler or puffer is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. It is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Zanamivir (Relenza)

8- INHALERS

An inhaler or puffer is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. It is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

(10)

References: http://www.pharmatutor.org http://www.nlm.nih.gov http://www.medind.nic.in http://www.livestrong.com http://www.pravinpharma.com http://www.thepharmaguide.com/ http://www.medicinenet.com/