Shared Cultural Symbols
A Pre-Visit Lesson to Asian Gardens: Science and Culture
Objectives: To discuss the reasons why certain ideas become cultural symbols.
To compare and contrast the cultural symbols of countries which are geographically related.
Curricular Area: Social Studies
Time: One class period
Materials: Images of the following: The Seal of the United States, the Seal of Mexico, the
Flag of the United States, the Flag of Mexico
Background: The term ‘cultural symbol’ describes anything that serves as a representative of
an idea concerning a given culture. Cultural symbols may have internal
significance, like a religious icon, or may serve as an outward representation of that culture, like a recognizable building or a style of dress. Identifying cultural symbols and investigating their origins can often provide insight into that culture’s history and values.
Cultural symbols are drawn from a variety of sources. Historical figures, buildings and artifacts often become cultural icons, especially if they are associated with heroic deeds or events of which the people of the culture are particularly proud. Cultural symbols may also be derived from local wildlife, plants, natural features, heavenly bodies or natural phenomenon. Colors and shapes are often associated with different ideas in different cultures, and even music styles and sounds may take on cultural significance.
Many cultures share cultural symbols. This may happen because one culture descended from another and kept the symbols of its parent culture as it developed. It may also be that one culture was influenced by another and adopted its symbols as its own.
In this lesson, you will examine examples of shared cultural symbols and
discuss how the symbols became important to the two cultures that claim them.
Procedure: Discuss with students how they would define a ‘cultural symbol’. As a group,
make a list of symbols of American culture, what you feel each ‘says’ about America, and (where possible) how it came to be a symbol.
Display the seals of the United States and of Mexico. Have students identify ways in which the two seals are similar. Note, in particular, that each features an eagle.
Invite the students to discuss why they think these similarities exist. You might point out the following:
• Eagles have been used in European heraldry since the Holy Roman Empire.
They have long been regarded them as ‘the lion of the skies’ and symbolize bravery and dignity.
• The present populations of both the U.S. and Mexico are largely descended
from European settlers.
• Bald and golden eagles are both native to the United States and Mexico.
However, the bald eagle appears in Mexico only rarely (usually in winter). The golden eagle, on the other hand, can be found in Mexico year-round. Golden eagles also appear in the United States, but they are predominantly seen in the west, which had not yet been made a part of the U.S. when the decision to make the bald eagle the national symbol was made.
The choice of an eagle as a symbol for both countries is therefore the result of similar ancestry and common wildlife.
At the Missouri Botanical Garden, our Chinese Garden and our Japanese Garden are fashioned after traditional gardens in each country. Look at the images and maps of the two gardens and make a list of the similarities you notice. In particular, note that both gardens:
• Contain a body of water.
• Contain rock formations.
• Have cranes depicted or represented in some way.
• Have lotus beds.
The presence of water and stone is a fundamental aspect of any Chinese or Japanese garden. Water and stone are viewed as interconnected opposites; stones represent mountains and strength, while water represents oceans and
passivity. This practice began in China and traveled withearly migrants to the
Japanese islands from the mainland. In this way, shared ancestry has led to
shared cultural symbols.
Cranes and lotus flowers are native to both China and Japan, and have come to hold symbolic meaning in both cultures as well. As in the case of the eagles of
North America, the countries’ shared wildlife and flora has led to shared
cultural symbols.
Extension: Can you think of other cultural symbols we share with other countries? Why do
Figure 1: The Seal of the United States of America (Obverse)
Figure 2: The Seal of Mexico
Seiwa
‐
En
(Japanese
Garden)
Missouri
Botanical
Garden,
2011
Sacred Boat
Launch
Lotus Beds
Plum Wind Arbor Crane Island Tortoise Island Koi Bridge Teahouse Island Dry Ga rde n s Taikobashi Bri d ge Dry Ga rde n s Dry Ga rde n s Moss Garden Yatsuhashi Bridge Blue Boulder Ca sc ad e Entrance Garden Pebble Bea c h
Waterfall of Tidal Sound
Stone Boat Basin Cherry Tree Allée Pa radi se Island (Stones)
Map
of
Seiwa
‐
En
(Japanese
Garden)
Missouri
Botanical
Garden,
2011
Nanjing
Friendship
Garden
(Chinese
Garden)
Missouri
Botanical
Garden,
2011
Moon Gate Lotus Bridge Scholar’s Pa vi lion Dragon Wall Lotu s Bed Tai Hu Stones Yin Yang Mosaic
Phoenix Mosaic Crane Mosaic Plum and Lo tus Blos so m Mo saics Exit Gate Crane Mosaic
Map
of
the
Nanjing
Friendship
Garden
(Chinese
Garden)
Missouri
Botanical
Garden,
2011
