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AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY
PAPER SLUDGE ASH
Dr. P Krishnakumar, Clement M and Sellakkannu NAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Rathinam Technical Campus, Coimbatore, Taminadu, India
ABSTRACT
Concrete is strength and tough material but it is porous material also which interacts with the surrounding environment. The durability of concrete depends largely on the movement of water and gas enters and moves through it. To produce low cost concrete by blending various ratios of cement with paper sludge. It least to reduce the disposal and pollution problems because to paper sludge it is most essential to develop profitable building materials. The innovative use of paper sludge in concrete formulations as a supplementary cementations material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. This research work is concerned with experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 5%, 10% and 15% of paper sludge. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties like compressive strength and split tensile test up to 28 days. As a result, both compressive and split tensile test shows that strength increased up to 5% and further increased in paper sludge reduces the strengths gradually. While testing more than 5% strength of concrete is decreasing because of cement bonding capacity is slightly more than paper sludge ash. So we can adopt 5%. The mix design was carried out for M25 grade concrete as per IS: 10262-2009.
Key words: Cement; paper sludge; OPC
Cite this Article: P Krishnakumar, Clement M and Sellakkannu N, An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Paper Sludge Ash, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 10 (1), 2019, pp 281-285.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial wastes are being produced chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials possess problems of disposal, health hazards and aesthetic problem.
Paper fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become waste sludge. Paper sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium properties which improve the setting of the concrete.
The quantity of sludge varies from mill to mill. The amount of sludge generated by a recycled paper mill is greatly dependent on the type of furnish being used and end product being manufactured. Paper mill sludge can be used as an alternative material applied as partial replacement of fine aggregates in manufacturing fresh concrete intended to be used for low cost housing projects. About 300 kg of sludge is produced for each tone of recycled paper. This is a relatively large volume of sludge produced each day that makes making landfill uneconomical as paper mill sludge is bulky.
By adjusting the mixture to an equivalent density, concrete mixtures containing the residuals can be produced that are equal in slump and strength to a reference concrete without residuals.
Where, this paper sludge contains, low calcium and maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of silica. Paper sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium properties. This silica and magnesium improve the setting of the concrete.
Figure 1 Paper Sludge Waste
2. NEED FOR PAPER SLUDGE UTILIZATION
While producing paper the various wastes are comes out from the different types of processes like in paper industries. From the preliminary waste named as hypo sludge, due to its low calcium is taken out for our project to replace the cement utilization in concrete. During the cement production greenhouse gases are emitted in the atmosphere. For producing 4 million tons of cement, 1 million tons of greenhouse gases are emitted.
In this situation we should minimize the cement usage. One of the best alternate resources of concrete making in paper sludge. Also, to reduce the environmental degradation, this sludge has been avoided in mass level disposal in land. To eliminate the ozone layer depletion, production of cement becomes reduced. For this, the hypo sludge is used as partial replacement in the concrete as high performance concrete. By utilizing this waste the strength will be increased and also cost reduction in the concrete is achieved
3. MATERIALS USED
3.1 Cement
The most common cement used is an ordinary Portland cement. The type 1 is preferred according to IS269-1976, which is used for general concrete structures. Out of the total production, ordinary Portland cement accounts for about 80-90%. Many tests were conducted
3.2 Paper Sludge
Where, this paper sludge contains, low calcium and maximum calcium chloride and minimum amount of silica. Paper sludge behaves like cement because of silica and magnesium properties. This silica and magnesium improve the setting of the concrete. As the result of testing, it shows that WPSA is similar to the chemical properties of OPC and the water absorption of the mortar is 27.05%. However the total percentage of the three combinations of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3
was 45% and expected to possess low pozzolanic reactivity (50%).
3.3 Fine aggregate
In the present study the sand conforms to zone II as per the Indian standards.The specific gravity of sand is 2.68. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate, and the bulk density of fine aggregate (loose state) is 1393.16kg/m3 and rodded state is 1606.84kg/m3.
3.4 Coarse aggregate
The crushed aggregates used were 20mm nominal maximum size and are tested as per Indian standards and results are within the permissible limit.
3.5 Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water available in the testing laboratory conforming to the requirements of water for concreting and curing as per IS: 456-2009.
Table 1 Properties Of Raw Paper Sludge
S.NO CONSTITUENT PRESENT IN
PAPER SLUDGE, [%] 1 Moisture 56.8 2. Magnesium Oxide(MgO) 3.3
3. Calcium oxide (CaO) 46.2 4 Loss on ignescent 27.00
5 Acid insoluble 11.1
6 Silica (SiO2) 9.0
Table 2 Comparisons of Cement and Paper Sludge S.No CONSTITUENT CEMENT (in
%)
PAPER SLUDGE (In %) 1 Lime (CaO) 62 37.97 2. Silica (SiO2) 22 11.92 3. Alumina (Al2O3) 5 0.671 4 Magnesium (MgO) 1 1.899 5 Calcium sulphate 4 0.565
4. MIX DESIGN AND PROPORTION
Concrete mix designs (M25) were prepared. They were prepared with paper sludge ash replacements by 5%, 10% and 15% of the waste paper sludge ash. A control mix with no waste paper sludge ash replacement was produced to make a comparative analysis. W/C=0.45.
Table 3 Mix Proportion Paper sludge ash Cement (kg/m3) Fine (kg/m3)
Paper sludge ash (kg/m3) Coarse (kg/m3) Slump (mm) 0 425.80 543.5 0 1199.36 25 5 404.55 543.5 21.29 1199.36 24 10 383.22 543.5 42.58 1199.36 20 15 361.93 543.5 63.87 1199.36 16
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and 150mm x 300mm cylinders have been casted for the determination of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS 516-1959 and were tested at 7 days and 28days for determining compressive strength as per IS 516-1959 and splitting tensile strength as per IS 5816-1999.
Table 4 Compressive strength @28 days
Sl.No Paper Sludge Ash % Load (KN) Compressive strength N/mm2
1 0 633 28.07
2 5 657 32.34
3 10 593 26.29
4 15 557 24.74
6. CONCLUSION
Finally conclude our project with full satisfaction of completing the project casting of conventional cement concrete cubes has been done.
• Casting of concrete cube added with paper sludge ash has also been done. Comparison of results normal concrete and added by the paper sludge ash concrete test has been done.
• Testing of concrete cubes with various methods like compression and split tensile test has been done for cube and cylinder.
• Up to 5% of paper sludge concrete, the compression strength has been increased and also the split tensile strength has been increased. By replacement of paper sludge the cost of construction should be minimized.
• By effective utilization of waste product into concrete to also reduce the environmental effects.
• If silica is added means the strength will be considerably increased because of lack of silica in paper sludge.
• Considerably this type of concrete will be used for road works effectively with less consumption of cement.
REFERENCES
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[3] Sajad Ahmad, Iqbal malik, M., Muzaffar bashirwani, Rafiq Ahmad Study of concrete involving use of waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement, IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) Vol. 3, Issue 11 (November. 2013), Vol.3 pp 06-15.
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[7] Ganesan, K., Rajagopal, K., & Thangavel, K., 2007, evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material, Cement and concrete composites, Volume 5 issue 29, pp 515-524.
[8] IS 516 -1959 methods of tests for strength of concrete, bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi
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[11] IS 4031(part-5) – 1988 using this code book by determination of initial and final setting times.
