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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

UCSD

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 9500 GILMAN DRIVE

CENTER FOR MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE LA JOLLA, CA 92093-0204

PHONE: (858) 534-2091

E-MAIL: GKOOYMAN@UCSD.EDU

Sinya Benyajati, Ph.D.

Chair, Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Section The American Physiological Society

sinya-benyajati@ouhsc.edu

Dear Sinya;

I would like to nominate Paul Ponganis for the August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship, 2015. His email address is pponganis@ucsd.edu. Paul is a Research Marine Physiologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

You will see from his CV that he is at the highest level in his field of diving physiology. In my view he is at the top of the field and doing the most exciting work of anyone in regard to the physiological responses of diving animals to their dives to great depth. The animals that are his specialty for elucidating how they dive for so long and deep are northern elephant seals, emperor penguins and California sea lions. He has accomplished among other things how they manage their oxygen stores. My view a few years ago was that these experiments were beyond the available technology, and would remain so. In collaboration with some of the best graduate students I have known they have accomplished the impossible. Just reading the most recent titles from his extensive bibliography tells much of the story. There is no doubt that he will give one of the most exciting Krogh lectures ever, and by 2015 it will be supplemented by a major book by Paul, soon to be published on diving physiology. Sinya, Bill Milsom, former Krogh lecturer, comment’s about Paul are perfect and I include his entire statement:

“Paul has been a leading contributor to the field of diving physiology of marine mammals and birds for decades, furthering the understanding of the exceptional physiological adaptations of numerous species of diving animals. He has contributed

extensively to our understanding of the management of oxygen stores in two of the champions of diving, the emperor penguin and the elephant seal. At the present time, I know of no other researcher conducting the sort of in depth diving physiology investigations that regularly emerge from Paul’s lab. His work is creative, original and ambitious and results in high impact findings and publications in the scientific community. More specifically, Paul employs cutting edge technologies in achieving his goals, most often in the form of innovative backpack microprocessor systems that he elaborately and cunningly manages to deploy on animals in their natural habitats. It should also be stressed that the complex and logistical challenges of conducting these sorts of studies in the field, not to mention in some of the most extreme environments on the planet (Antarctica), make these accomplishments even more impressive. There is a high level of risk inherent in these types of experiments, but Paul’s courage in undertaking these studies has certainly been rewarded with the ground-breaking data he has collected.”

And the following are perfect also, but I elected to send excerpts instead of entire statements from Bob Shadwick, Professor at UBC, Vancouver: “I wholly support the nomination of Dr. Paul Ponganis for the August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship Award. Paul is a leading authority in the field of diving physiology of air breathing vertebrates and has been a pioneer in conducting field studies in extreme environments for more than 30 years.”

Excerpts from Cassondra Williams, former graduate student and now post doc fellow at UCI, Irvine, CA:“Researching the physiology of freely diving animals has always been a daunting challenge that no one has met with such drive as Paul Ponganis. He developed some of the first instruments that continuously measure the partial pressure of oxygen and temperature……. Our understanding of how freely diving animals manage oxygen stores is based in large part on his work over the past two decades. Without his work, key mechanisms such as vascular plasticity and extreme hypoxemic tolerance that enable freely diving animals to remain submerged for long durations would remain a mystery…… encouraging former students and post-docs to continue the use of this technology in new labs, including the Milsom lab at UBC, Peter Madsen’s lab at Aarhus University, and the Hicks lab at University of California Irvine. In sum, not only has Paul made remarkable

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contributions to our knowledge of the physiology of diving animals, he has changed the way we study these animals. As a PhD student in his lab, I had the privilege to work with him on developing an instrument to measure muscle oxygen in diving animals. There was never a question that it couldn’t be done; rather it was a matter of how to do it and to keep trying when one method failed. As a mentor, he is incomparable. There is no one I know who inspires the quest for scientific discovery more than Paul. His generosity with knowledge drives innovation and research, making his impact in the field extend far beyond himself.”

Excerpts from Jessica Meir, former graduate student and now NASA astronaut candidate, Houston, TX: “…….. I was fortunate enough to be one of Dr. Ponganis' graduate students, working closely with him for 6 years on projects which were built upon the solid foundation he had in place from decades of research. These years include some of the most memorable and formative experiences of my life, enabled by the support and efforts of Dr. Ponganis. Despite his dual, intense career as an anesthesiologist and academic, he always ensures that he is available to his students, ready to make time for us after hours, on weekends, or anytime required……. I am still in awe of how Dr. Ponganis manages to consistently produce cutting edge research and publications at such a pace, more prolific than a vast majority of academics, all performed outside of his full-time position in medicine. The experiences and knowledge I gained in the lab, in the field, and even just in casual conversation with Dr. Ponganis were absolutely invaluable not only to my PhD thesis but also to my development as a young scientist, and perhaps most importantly, to me on a personal level. Dr. Ponganis is truly an exceptional scientist, advisor, and above all, human being. He has been a source of inspiration and support for me since I first met his acquaintance, and I know will remain so throughout my life.”

I know these statements are longer than requested in the nomination, and I asked for short comments, but who could edit much in such wonderful statements. I have known all these attributes of Paul ever since I met him so long ago, but to see them in writing from others makes this effort for me, rewarding enough, even if the committee decides to elect someone else for the lectureship.

Sincerely, Jerry

Former Krogh Lecturer 2011

Sincerely,

Research Professor Scholander Hall, 0204

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9500 Gilman Drive

La Jolla, CA 92903 858 534 2091

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PAUL J. PONGANIS

Biographical Sketch

Degrees: A.B., University of California, Santa Cruz, Stevenson College, 1972 Ph.D., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976

M.D., Stanford University, 1979

Member: American Society of Anesthesiologists Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology American Zoological Society

American Physiological Society Society for Marine Mammalogy

Diplomate, American Board of Anesthesiology

Honors: California State Fellow California State Scholar

Honors in Biology, College Honors, University of California, Stevenson College, 1972

Robert D. Dripps, M.D., Memorial Award for Outstanding Graduate Resident in Anesthesiology, Stanford, June, 1982

Physician of Excellence Award, San Diego County Medical Society, 2005, 2007, 2010 Ponganis Icefall, Coulman Island, Antarctica, USGS Site Designation, 2005

Professional Employment:

1982-1983 Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford Medical Center,

Stanford, California

1991-1993 Specialist III, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

1993-1995 Specialist IV, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

1983-Present Anesthesiologist, Anesthesia Service Medical Group, San Diego, California

1985-1997 Research Associate, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of

California, San Diego

1997-1999 Associate Research Marine Biologist and Marine Physiologist, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego

1999-Present Research Marine Biologist and Marine Physiologist, Scripps

Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego

2008-Present Voluntary Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

Publications:

McDonald, B.I., and Ponganis, P.J. In press. Deep-diving sea lions exhibit extreme bradycardia during long-duration dives. Journal of Experimental Biology.

Wright, A.K., Ponganis, K.V., McDonald, B.I., and Ponganis P.J. 2014. Heart rates of emperor penguins diving at sea: implications for oxygen store management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 496: 85-98.

Meir, J. U., Robinson, P. W., Vilchis, L. I., Kooyman, G. L., Costa, D. P. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Blood Oxygen Depletion Is Independent of Dive Function in a Deep Diving Vertebrate, the Northern Elephant Seal. PloS ONE 8, e83248.

McDonald, B. I. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions. Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 3332-3341.

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Williams, C. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Diving Birds and Mammals Using NIRS. In Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Biomedicine. Handbook of Biophysics, eds. T. Jue and K. Masuda). New York: Springer Science.

McDonald, B.I. and Ponganis, P.J. 2012. Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen.

Biology Letters 8: 1047-1049.

Watanabe, S., Sato, K. and Ponganis, P.J. 2012. Activity time budget during emepror penguin foraging trips. PLoS ONE

7, e50357.

Williams, C. L., Sato, K., Shiomi, K., and Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Muscle Energy Stores and Stroke Rates of Emperor Penguins: Implications for Muscle Metabolism and Dive Performance. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

85, 120-133.

Shiomi, K., Sato, K., and Ponganis, P.J. 2012. Point of no return in diving emperor penguins: is the timing of the decision to return limited by the number of strokes? Journal of Experimental Biology. 215:135-140

Zenteno-Savin, T., Vasquez-Medina, J. P., Cantu-Medellin, N., Ponganis, P. J. & Elsner, R. 2011.

Ischemia/reperfusion in diving birds and mammals: how they avoid oxidative damage. In: Zenteno-Savin, T., Vasquez-Medina, J. P. & Abele, D. (eds.) Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Williams, C.L., Meir, J.U., and Ponganis, P.J. 2011. What triggers the aerobic dive limit? Patterns of muscle oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 1801-1812.

Ponganis, P. J., Meir, J. U. and Williams, C. L. (2011). In pursuit of Irving and Scholander: a review of oxygen store management in seals and penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology214, 3325-3339.

Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Marshall, G., Kooyman, G. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (2011). Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance. Journal of Experimental Biology214, 2854-2863.

Ponganis, P.J. 2011. Diving Mammals. In Terjung, R. (ed.) Comprehensive Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Ponganis, P.J., Welch, T.J., Welch. L.S., and Stockard, T.K. 2010. Myoglobin production in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 1902-1906.

Ponganis, P.J., Meir, J.U., and Williams, C.L. 2010. Oxygen store depletion and the aerobic dive limit in emperor penguins. Aquatic Biology 8: 237-245.

Meir, J.U. and Ponganis, P.J. 2010. Body temperature profiles of diving elephant seals. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83: 531-540.

Zenteno-Savin, T., St. Leger, J., and Ponganis, P.J. 2010. Hyoxemic and ischemic tolerance in emperor penguins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 152: 18-23.

Shiomi, K., Narazaki, T., Sato, K., Shimatani, K., Arais, N., Ponganis, P.J., and Miyazaki, N. 2010. Data processing artefacts in three-dimensional dive path reconstruction from geomagnetic and acceleration data. Aquatic Biology8: 299-304.

Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Watanabe, Y., Watanuki,Y., Takahashi, A., and Ponganis, P.J. 2010. Scaling of swim speed and stroke frequency in geometrically similar penguins: they swim optimally to minimize cost of transport.

Proceedings Royal Society B 277: 707-714.

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for vascular bubble formation in a repetitively diving dolphin. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 52-62.

Meir, J. U. and Ponganis, P. J. (2009). Hemoglobin oxygen affinity and saturation in diving emperor penguins.

Journal of Experimental Biology212: 3330-3338.

Meir, J. U., Champagne, C., Costa, D. P., Williams, C. L. and Ponganis, P. J. 2009. Extreme hypoxemic tolerance and blood oxygen depletion in diving elephant seals. American Journal of Physiology 297: R927-R939.

Ponganis, P.J.., Stockard, T.K., Meir, J.U., Williams, C.L.., Ponganis, K.V., and Howard, R. 2009. O2 store

management in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 212: 217-224.

Shiomi, K., Sato, K., Mitamura, H., Arai, N., Naito, Y., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Effect of ocean current on the dead reckoning estimation of 3-D dive paths of emperor penguins. Aquatic Biology 3: 265-270.

Ponganis, P.J., Kreutzer, U., Stockard, T.K., Lin, P-C., Sailasuta, N., Tran, T-K., Hurd, R., and Jue, T. 2008. Blood flow and metabolic regulation in seal muscle during apnea. Journal of Experimental Biology 22: 3323-3332.

Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. The initial journey of juvenile emperor penguins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17: 537-543.

Meir, J.U., Stockard, T.K., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 1169-1179.

Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Trends in western Ross Sea emperor penguin chick abundances and their relationship to climate. Antarctic Science 20: 3-11.

Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T.K., Meir, J.U., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., van Dam, R.P., and Howard, R. 2007. Returning on empty: extreme blood O2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins. Journal of

Experimental Biology, 210:4279-4285.

Ponganis, P.J. and Stockard, T. K. 2007. The Antarctic toothfish: how common a prey for Weddell seals? Antarctic Science 19: 441-442.

Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery. Polar Biology 30: 1565-1570.

Stockard, T.K., Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., Fransioli, J.R., Baranov, E.A., and Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Blood oxygen depletion during rest-associated apneas of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2607-2617.

Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Bio-logging of physiological parameters in higher marine vertebrates. Deep-Sea Reseearch II

54: 183-192.

Kooyman, G.L., Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., and Ponganis, P.J. 2007 Effects of giant icebergs on two emperor penguin colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 19: 31-38.

Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T. Knower, Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., and Baranov, E.A. 2006. Intravascular pressure profiles in elephant seals: hypotheses on the vena caval sphincter, extradural vein, and venous return to the heart. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 145: 123-130.

Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T. Knower, Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., and Baranov, E.A. 2006. Cardiac output and muscle blood flow during rest-associated apneas of elephant seals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 144: 105-111.

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Levenson, D.H., Ponganis, P.J., Crognale, M.A., Deegan II, J.F., Dizon, A., and Jacobs, G.H. 2006. Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 192:833-843.

Stockard, T. Knower, Heil, J., Meir, J.U., Sato, K., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J. 2005. Air sac PO2 and oxygen

depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 2973- 2980.

Sato, K., Ponganis, P.J., Habara, Y., and Naito, Y. 2005. Emperor penguins adjust swim speed according to the above-water height of ice holes through which they exit. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 2549-2554.

Spragg, R.G., Ponganis, P.J., Marsh, J. J., Rau, G.A., and Bernhard, W. 2004. Surfactant from diving aquatic mammals. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 1626-1632.

Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2004. The icing of external recorders during the polar winter. In Naito, Y. Bio-Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: 183-187. National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo.

Ponganis, P.J., van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., Levenson, D.H., and Ponganis, K.V. 2004. Deep dives and aortic temperatures of emperor penguins: new directions for bio-logging at the isolated dive hole. In Naito, Y. Bio-Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: 155-161. National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo.

Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Levenson, D.H., Knower, T., Ponganis, K.V., and Marshall, G. (2003). Regional heterothermy and conservation of core temperature in emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 135: 477-487.

Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., and Ridgway, S.H. (2003). Comparative Diving Physiology. In (Brubakk, A.O., and Neuman, T.S.). Physiology and Medicine of Diving. Saunders. Edinburgh. 779pp.

Van Dam, R.P., Ponganis, P.J., Ponganis, K.V., Levenson, D.H., and Marshall, G. 2002. Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 3769-3774.

Ponganis, P.J. (2002). Circulatory System. In (Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B, and Thewissen, J.G.M.) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. San Diego. 1414pp.

Ponganis, P.J., Kreutzer, U., Sailasuta, N., Knower, T., Hurd, R., and Jue, T. (2002). Detection of myoglobin desaturation in Mirounga angustirostris during apnea. American Journal of Physiology 282: R267-R272.

Jobsis, P.D., Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (2001). Effects of training on forced submersion responses in harbor seals. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 3877-3885.

Nagy, K.A., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (2001). Energetic cost of foraging in free-diving emperor penguins.

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74: 541-547.

Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2001). Temperature regulation in emperor penguins foraging under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 129: 811-820.

Ancel, A., Starke, L.N., Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R., and Kooyman, G.L. (2000). Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus Brandt). Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 3727-3731.

Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Marshall, G., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2000). Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3275-3278.

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Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (2000). Diving physiology of birds: the influence of studies on polar species. Comparative Biochemistry and PhysiologyA 126: 143-151.

Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Van Dam, R., and Le Maho, Y. (1999). Physiological responses of king penguins during simulated diving to 136m depth. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2819-2822.

Ponganis, P.J. and Kooyman, G.L. (1999). Heart rate and electrocardiogram characteristics of a young California gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Marine Mammal Science 15: 1198-1207.

Ponganis, P. J., Starke, L. N., Horning, M., and Kooyman, G. L. (1999). Development of diving capacity in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 781-786.

Dolar, M.L.L., Suarez, P., Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (1999). Myoglobin in pelagic small cetaceans.

Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 227-236.

Kooyman, G.L., Ponganis, P.J., and Howard, R. S. (1999). Diving Animals. In Lundgren, C.E.G. and Miller, J.N. (eds). The Lung at Depth. Marcel Dekker. N.Y. 686pp.

Crognale, M.A., Levenson, D.H., Ponganis, P.J., Deegan, II, J.F., and Jacobs, G.H. (1998). Cone spectral sensitivity in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and implications for color vision. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 2114-2118.

Kooyman, G.L. and Ponganis, P.J. (1998). The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals. Annual Review of Physiology 60: 19-32.

Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (1997). The challenges of diving to depth. American Scientist 85: 530-539.

Ponganis, P.J., Costello,M.A., Starke, L.N., Mathieu-Costello, O., and Kooyman, G.L. (1997) Structural and biochemical characteristics of locomotory muscle of emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Respiration Physiology 9: 73-80.

Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Starke, L.N., Kooyman, C., and Kooyman, T. (1997) Post-dive lactate concentrations in emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 1623-1626.

Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Baranov, E.A., Thorson, P.H., and Stewart, B.S. (1997). The aerobic submersion limit of Baikal seals, Phoca sibirica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: 11323-1327.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Winter L.M., Starke L.N. (1997) Heart rate and plasma lactate responses during submerged swimming and trained diving in Californiasea lions, Zalophus californianus. Journal of Comparative Physiology 167: 9-16

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Castellini M.A. (1995) Multiple sightings of Arnoux's beaked whales along the Victoria Land Coast. Marine Mammal Science. 11: 247-250.

Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1994) Emperor penguin oxygen consumption, heart rate, and plasma lactate levels during graded swimming exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 195: 199-209

.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Castellini M.A. (1993) Determinants of the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seals: Analysis of diving metabolic rates, post-dive and tidal pO2's and blood and muscle oxygen stores.

Physiological Zoology 66: 732-749.

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swim velocity profiles during diving in a Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii. Journal of Experimental Biology 183: 341-348.

Ancel A., Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J., Gendner J.-P., Lignon J., Mestre X., Huin N., Thorson P.H., Robisson P., Le Maho Y. (1992) Foraging behavior of emperor penguins as a resource detector in winter and summer.

Nature 360: 336-339.

Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J., Castellini M.A., Ponganis E.P., Ponganis K.V., Thorson P.H., Eckert S.A., Le Maho Y. (1992) Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of

Experimental Biology 165: 161-180.

Castellini, M.A., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (1992) Metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals: correlations with oxygen stores, swim velocity and diving duration. Journal of experimental Biology 165: 181-194.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Sartoris D.J., Jobsis P. (1992) Pinniped splenic volumes. American Journal of Physiology 262: R322-R325.

Ponganis P.J., Gentry R.L., Ponganis E.P., Ponganis K.V. (1992) Analysis of swim velocities during deep and shallow dives of two northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus. Marine Mammal Science 8: 69-75.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L. (1991) Diving physiology of penguins. Proceedings of Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Christchurch, New Zealand, December, 1990, P.J. Butler and D.R. Jones (eds.), Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ornithological Trust Board; pp. 1887-1892.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Zornow M.H. (1991) Cardiac output in swimming California sea lions, Zalophus californianus. Physiological Zoology 64: 1296-1306.

Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Zornow M.H., Castellini M.A., Croll D.A. (1990) Cardiac output and stroke volume in swimming harbor seals. Journal of Comparative Physiology 160: 473-482.

Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1990) Behavior and physiology of diving in emperor and king penguins. In: Penguin Biology. New York: Academic Press; pp. 229-242.

Ponganis P.J., Ponganis E., Ponganis K., Kooyman G.L., Gentry R.L., Trillmich F. (1990) Swimming velocities in otariids. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 2105-2112.

Newsome L., Reichman R., Ponganis P.J. et al. (1990) Portable percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass: Prophylactic and therapeutic uses. Anesthesia and Analgesia 70: 5281.

Eckert S., Eckert K., Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L. (1989) Diving and foraging behavior in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys corriacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 2834-2840.

Ponganis, P.J., Pierce, R.W. (1978) Muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals.

References

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