INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF
ARTHROPODS ON HOPS
Concise
Report on Work Completed in 2015Email [email protected]
Websites http://ipm.wsu.edu or dougwalshentomology.com
Phone: 509-786-9287
B. RESEARCH & EXTENSION INVESTIGATORS
Douglas B. Walsh, PhD Sally O’Neal
Coordinator, Integrated Pest Management Extension Outreach Specialist Dan Groenendale
Field Research Director Cooperators
Laura Lavine, WSU Entomology Tora Brooks Courtney Grula, WSU Entomology Arthropod Quantifier David Gent, USDA-ARS
Gary Grove, WSU Plant Pathology Environmental and Agricultural Fang Zhu, WSU Entomology
Entomology Laboratory Troy Peters, WSU Bio Sys Eng Washington State University Tom Marsh, WSU Econ Sci
Irrigated Agriculture Res. and Ext. Ctr. Jennifer Sherman, WSU Sociology 24106 N. Bunn Rd., Prosser, WA 99350 Adekunle Adesanya, WSU Entomology Tel. 509-786-9287 Jim Barbour, UI Entomology
Email [email protected] Website http://ipm.wsu.edu
OVERALL PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
•
The primary objective of this project is to provide
pest management recommendations for the
ever-changing hop arthropod IPM program.
THIRTEEEN RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES WERE PLANED
FOR 2015
These objectves were a
combination of research, service and Extension
Objectives
a) Field test candidate compounds for their efficacy against spider mites and aphids
We completed efficacy trials against spider mites with the candidate
acaricides 10409, GWN-10410, GWN-10285, pyridaben, abamectin, spirodiclofen,
spirotetramat, clofentezine,
acequinocyl, bifenazate, propargite, and hexythiazox,
Several of these acaricides provided effective suppression of mite
populations for up to 3 weeks
Aphid populations failed to develop in the research hopyards we had dedicated for these studies due to the hot spring.
Objective b) Field test efficacy of insecticides on other
pests if opportunities arise- Black Vine Weevils
• Our trials included applying candidate
insecticides in banded applications followed by sprinkler irrigation as well as directly
chemigating insecticides via the fixed drip irrigation systems.
• Specific interest is directed towards the candidate insecticide cyantraniliprole (Verimark™).
• Cyantraniliprole has demonstrated effective weevil control in other crops, with solid
efficacy results specifically in PNW strawberries.
• Other candidate insecticides applied included ethoprop (Mocap) and thiamethoxam
• We have completed studies on the residual toxicity of etoxazole (Zeal) to the progeny (egg hatch) of
female G. occidentalis that feed on etoxazole-treated spider mite eggs. • Zeal had no direct toxic effects
on predatory mite adults but exposure of the adult females
reduced the proportion of eggs that hatch when compared to eggs laid by female predatory mites with no history of exposure to Zeal
Objective c)
Evaluate the impact of candidate
Objective d) Develop baseline dose response curves of spider mite populations susceptible to hexythiozox and etoxazole
For etoxazole we have tested concentrations as low as 1/175 of the labeled field rate on our acaracide-naïve mite population and had close to 100% mortality on eggs that were laid within 24 hrs.
Eggs prove substantially more resilient after they have been laid and permitted to develop for 96 hrs.
Additionally we have observed greater tolerance among field-collected mite populations to the ovicidal
acaricides compared to our laboratory population of acaricide-naïve
Objective e) Develop discriminating doses of candidate ovicidal miticides that can be used to rapidly identify the prevalence of tolerance or resistance in a spider mite
population.
We have developed several bioassay approaches to expand and standardize our evaluation methodology.
1) Direct exposure of cohorts of spider mite eggs to ovicidal
avaricides at varying time intervals after the eggs have been laid and permitted to age;
2) Direct spray of gravid females with ovicidal acaricides and testing the subsequent hatch rates of the eggs laid by females exposed to varying rates of adulticides compared to hatch rates of eggs laid by gravid female spider mites that were not exposed to ovicidal acaricides; and
3) treating plant materials with ovicidal acaricids and then
introducing gravid female spider mites at varying times following treatment to see how long the acaricides prove toxic to eggs.
Objective g) Establish mite colonies and, through constant and consistent exposure of the mite populations contained within these colonies, “breed” resistance into these mite populations.
Susceptible Two-spotted
spider mite colony
Following 2 years of consistent acaricide applications, the final concentrations for the selection of these three acaricide-resistant populations are:
690 mg a.i./L for abamectin (3,000 times higher than the LC50 of susceptible), 899 mg a.i./L for bifenazate (1,096 times higher than the LC50 of susceptible), 12,000 mg a.i./L for bifenthrin (670 times higher than the LC50 of susceptible). Bioassays revealed the resistance ratio (RR) of abamectin-resistant strain (AbamectinR) was 1,539-fold, the RR of the bifenazate-resistant strain
(BifenazateR) was 189-fold, and the RR of bifenthrin-resistant strain
Objective i)
Develop and validate robust
diagnostics including a quantitative sequencing
protocol and PCR to follow
insecticide/acaracide-based resistance frequencies in the field.
P262 N-TERM C-TER M D161 G126 S141 I136
Mitochondria cytochrome b (cytb)-target of bifenazate
Van Leeuwen et al. 2008; 2010
Piraneo et al. 2015
Qo site
Mutations in cytb confer
bifenazate resistance
Abamectin
Decreased target site sensitivity
Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) Cytochrome b (cytb)
Increased metabolic detoxification
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) Hydrolases Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
Not
Observed
Still Testing
** ** ** ** ** CYP392D8 (Clan 2) R el a ti v e m RN A ex p res si o n ** P< 0.01 * P<0.05
CYP392D8 likely contributes to abamectin resistance
We confirmed upregulation of mRNA in
2014-collected mites associated with abamectin field
failures
Piraneo et al. 2015 Scientific Reports
Field failures with
abamectin in 2014
Objective j) Evaluate the interactions of plant nutrition with arthropod pest abundance and disease severity.
• We had a problem occur when we accidently left a valve open and every plot in the trial was over-fertilized.
• Each plot received an additional 190# of N. oops
• To spin this in a positive light, we are now definitely
conducting research on hops that are truly over-fertilized. • We proceeded to conduct the studies we proposed.
Yields, of hop cones cv. ‘Cascade’ dried to 8% moisture from 2015 fertilizer trials.
Yield estimate dry lbs/acre±SE╪
Mean Square (df= 9) 155,808ns
error (df=70) 84,614
Dry Drip Cutoff Spray
120# 301# 6/19 Yes 1265± 67 90# 271# 6/19 Yes 1058±130 120# 301# 7/17 Yes 1058±130 90# 271# 7/17 Yes 1122± 68 120# 337# 8/21 Yes 1111±138 120# 301# 6/19 No 1467±126 90# 271# 6/19 No 1366± 84 120# 301# 7/17 No 1204± 76 90# 271# 7/17 No 1248±106 120# 337# 8/21 No 1076± 62
Alpha and beta acid content of hop cones and HSI cv. ‘Cascade’ dried to 8% moisture from 2015 fertilizer trials.
% α acid╪ % β acid1 HSI
Mean Square (df=9) 1.70** 0.413ns 0.002710* error (df=30) 0.39 0.624 0.000019 Dry Drip Cutoff Spray
120# 301# 6/19 Yes 6.00±0.18abc 6.22±0.42 0.21±0.0016 b 90# 271# 6/19 Yes 5.37±0.47abc 5.97±0.71 0.23±0.0010a 120# 301# 7/17 Yes 5.35±0.34 bc 6.20±0.41 0.23±0.0014a 90# 271# 7/17 Yes 5.02±0.36 c 5.62±0.27 0.23±0.0010a 120# 337# 8/21 Yes 5.30±0.38 bc 6.27±0.54 0.23±0.0027a 120# 301# 6/19 No 6.50±0.15abc 6.77±0.26 0.19±0.0009 c 90# 271# 6/19 No 6.60±0.31ab 6.45±0.13 0.17±0.0019 d 120# 301# 7/17 No 6.45±0.26abc 6.57±0.22 0.17±0.0037 d 90# 271# 7/17 No 6.87±0.24a 6.25±0.40 0.17±0.0026 d 120# 337# 8/21 No 5.97±0.31abc 6.05±0.23 0.17±0.0027 d
*/ ANOVA results pass the F-test at p<0.05; **/ ANOVA results pass the F-test at p<0.01 ns/ No significant differences by failure to pass the F-test in one-way ANOVA
1/treatment means separated by an uncommon letter are significantly are significantly different by Tukey HSD at p<0.05.
One-Way Analysis of Variance for factors including sprayed with pesticides, #N applied dry pre-stringing, total #N applied, and fertilizer application cutoff date, 7/22, 8/3, and on yield estimate in pounds dry cones at 8% moisture content, percent alpha and beta acids content, and HSI.
Factor df= Yield estimate dry lbs/acre±SE╪ % α acid╪ % β acid╪ HSI
Mean square 1 449835* 11.45** 1.30 0.02333**
error 38 8846 0.41 0.56 0.00004
Pesticide spray Yes (n=20) 1113±48 5.41±0.16a 6.06±0.20 0.18±0.0016a No (n=20) 1273±45 6.48±0.12b 6.42±0.12 0.22±0.0013b Factor df= Yield estimate dry lbs/acre±SE╪ % α acid╪ % β acid╪ HSI
Mean square 1 71.5ns 0.015ns 0.726ns 0.00015ns
error 38 93912 0.701 0.571 .000060
Pre-Sting N 90# (n=16) 1199±52 5.969±0.210 6.07±0.189 0.200±0.006 120# (n=24) 1197±45 5.929± 0.178 6.35±0.154 0.200±0.005 Factor df= Yield estimate dry lbs/acre±SE╪ % α acid╪ % β acid╪ HSI
Mean square 2 128159ns 0.518ns 0.574ns 0.0002ns
error 37 91804 0.700 0.575 0.0004
Total N 361# (n=16) 1199±52 5.97±0.21 6.07±0.190 0.200±0.006 421# (n=16) 1249±56 6.07±0.21 6.44±0.190 0.200±0.006 457# (n=8) 1093±73 5.64±0.30 6.16±0.268 0.199±0.009 Factor df= Yield estimate dry lbs/acre±SE╪ % α acid╪ % β acid╪ HSI
Mean square 2 245155ns 0.622ns 0.180ns 0.0005ns error 37 88766 0.693 0.60 0.0006 Fertilizer cutoff 6/19 (n=16) 1289±53 6.12±0.20 6.36±0.19 0.200±0.006 7/17 (n=16) 1158±53 5.92±0.20 6.16±0.19 0.200±0.006 8/26 (n=8) 1093±74 5.64±0.29 6.16±0.27 0.199±0.009 a b
Nutrient levels in sampled ‘Cascade’ hops harvested from plots that received varying N fertilization treatments, fertilizer cutoff dates and were sprayed or not sprayed for pest suppression.
ANOVA (df= 9, 30) p< N% P% K% Ca% Mg% S% Zn Mn Cu Fe B Na Dry Drip Cutoff Spray ns 0.01** ns ns 0.01** 0.01** ns ns ns ns ns ns
120# 301# 6/19 Yes 3.93 0.59a 2.82 1.59 0.57a 0.29a 31.3 50.3 7.14 502 30.5 65.6 120# 301# 7/17 Yes 3.83 0.54ab 2.67 1.53 0.56ab 0.26ab 33.6 50.7 7.33 877 27.8 69.2 90# 271 6/19 Yes 3.93 0.53ab 2.77 1.65 0.53ab 0.26ab 31.3 53.5 6.86 808 26.6 74.2 90# 271# 7/17 Yes 3.96 0.53ab 2.74 1.54 0.51ab 0.24ab 29.0 44.3 5.88 788 28.3 66.0 120# 337# 8/21 Yes 3.90 0.51ab 2.63 1.70 0.55ab 0.27ab 34.9 75.4 8.72 887 33.7 92.6 120# 301# 6/19 No 3.73 0.57ab 2.80 1.54 0.49ab 0.23 b 29.0 48.2 6.54 699 29.1 71.4 90# 271# 6/19 No 3.77 0.50ab 2.55 1.56 0.50ab 0.24ab 26.3 45.2 6.45 781 25.6 69.4 120# 301# 7/17 No 3.90 0.49ab 2.44 1.52 0.49ab 0.23 b 29.0 42.6 6.24 632 26.0 58.6 90# 271# 7/17 No 3.70 0.48 b 2.46 1.47 0.47 b 0.23 b 24.6 38.1 6.11 628 22.5 59.2 120# 337# 8/21 No 3.96 0.47 b 2.51 1.40 0.46 b 0.23 b 27.1 40.4 6.49 582 25.9 65.3 N, P, K, CA, Mg, and S are measured in percent dry matter. All other micronutrients are detailed in parts per million. **/ treatment mean separated by uncommon letters are significantly different in pair wise t-test at p<0.01
Family: Halictidae
Average capture of bees per trap/ week
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 B lueber ri es C onc or ds H ops R ipar ian W ine gr ape
Objective k) Complete and publish the results from the 2014 and 2015 qualitative and quantitative survey of the honeybees, bumblebees, bees in the family
Halictidae, and other pollinators present in hop yards.
Halictids were by far the most abundant bee in all sampled crops
Organic
The MS student completing tis project will be done by summer 2016
Objective l) Create an assessment of the impacts of
various cultural and pest management practices deployed among our study sites and relate this to the data generated within Objective k.
• Will be part of the MS students Thesis
Family: Halictidae: Primitive & solitary, ground nesting, native bee.
Objective 0) Collaborate with Jim Barbour in a California prionus mating disruption study.
• We did not do anything associated with this objective in 2015 • We are still awaiting some regulatory decisions at EPA
PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS NOT IN ORIGINAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL (August 2014) BUT
CONDUCTED IN 2015 - IN BRIEF
• Objective n) Complete 3rd
Edition of the Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Hops.
• This IPM field guide was
completed by WSU Sr. Outreach Coordinator Specialist Sally
O’Neal in November.
• The new version will soon be available online and 6,500 copies will be printed and
distributed to interested parties at various hop and affiliated
o) Compare ovicidal efficacy of clofentezine against
spider mites resistant to abamectin and bifenthrin.
• We screened our abamectin- and
bifenthrin-resistant spider mite populations for their
susceptibility to having their eggs die compared
to our susceptible, acaricide-naïve population.
• There appears to be no cross-resistance
between clofentezine and abamectin and
bifenthrin.
PUBLICATIONS 2015
• Piraneo, T. G., F. Zhu, J. Bull, M. D. Morales, L. C.
Lavine, D. B. Walsh. 2015. Mechanisms of Tetranychus
urticae chemical adaptation in Pacific Northwest hops
field. Scientific Reports 5:17090 doi:10.1038/srep17090
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep17090
• Walsh, D.B., S.D. O’Neal, A.E. George, D.P.
Groenendale, R.E. Henderson, G.M. Groenendale, & M.J. Hengel. In press. Evaluation of Pesticide Residues from Conventional, Organic, and Non-treated Hops on Conventionally Hopped, Late-Hopped and Wet-Hopped Beers. Journal of the American Society of Brewing