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AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING DIESEL-RICE BRAN BIODIESEL BLENDS AT DIFFERENT INJECTION PRESSURES

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AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING

DIESEL-RICE BRAN BIODIESEL BLENDS AT

DIFFERENT INJECTION PRESSURES

Dr.G VENKATA SUBBAIAH

Mechanical Engineering Department, MVSR Engineering College, Nadergul, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

The depletion of fossil fuels, increasing demand for petroleum fuels prompted extensive research on alternative sources of energy for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel as alternative fuel has been widely studied as alternative for diesel fuel due to its merits such as lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of injection pressure on the performance characteristics of a single cylinder diesel using diesel and diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends B10 (90% diesel and 10% rice bran biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel and 20% rice bran biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel and 30% rice bran biodiesel). The diesel engine was tested at 180, 200, 220 and 240 bar injection pressure by using diesel fuel, diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends. The engine was run at its rated speed of 1500 rpm and the parameters related to performance were measured at the rated power of the engine. The brake thermal efficiency increased with B10 and B20 but reduced with B30. The brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were increasing with the percentage of rice bran biodiesel in the blends. The brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature increased but brake specific fuel consumption reduced up to 220 bar and reversed trend was observed at 240 bar injection pressure for all the fuels tested. The brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature with the blends B10, B20 and B30 was higher than that of the diesel fuel at all injection pressures. The maximum brake thermal efficiency and minimum brake specific fuel consumption were observed with the blend B20 at 220 bar.

Keywords: Diesel Engine, Injection Pressure, Performance and Rice Bran Biodiesel.

ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)

Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 20-27

© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJMET.asp

Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET

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1. INTRODUCTION

Diesel engines are greatly used in transportation sector because of their higher thermal efficiency, reliability and fuel economy. Biodiesel is gaining worldwide attention as a solution to environmental problems, energy security, rural employment and improving agricultural economy [1] Rice bran is a brown layer present between rice and the outer husk of the paddy. Rice bran oil is an important derivative of rice. Rice bran oil (RBO) has been difficult to refine because of its high content of free fatty acid (FFA), unsaponifiable matter and dark color. The studies [2-7] on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using rice bran biodiesel reported that the brake thermal efficiency increased and brake specific fuel consumption reduced up to 20% blending of rice bran biodiesel. The brake thermal efficiency was slightly improved by the use of additives. This literature reveals that the rice bran biodiesel can be used as an alternate fuel for a diesel engine.

Jindal al., [8] investigated the change of design parameters such as compression ratio (CR) and fuel injection pressure (IP) on the performance and emissions characteristics with Jatropha methyl ester as biofuel compared to the diesel. It is found that the increase of compression ratio and injection pressure increases the brake thermal efficiency and reduces BSFC and exhaust emissions. Pandian et al [9] investigated the effect of injection system parameters such as injection pressure, injection timing and nozzle tip protrusion on the performance and emission characteristics of a twin cylinder diesel engine fueled with pongamia oil, blended with diesel. The results depicted that the BSEC, CO, HC and smoke opacity were lesser, and BTE and NOx were higher at 2.5 mm nozzle tip protrusion, 225 bar of injection pressure and at 30_ BTDC of injection timing. Optimization of injection system parameters was performed using the desirability approach of the response surface methodology.

The studies [10-15] on the effect of injection pressure on performance of a diesel engine reported that the brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature increased and brake specific fuel consumption reduced with injection pressure in the range of 200-240 bar. P. Dinesha and P. Mohanan studied the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine at 180, 200 and 220 bar injection pressure using biofuel. The optimum pressure for the biofuel blend B20M10 (20% cardanol, 10% methanol, and 70% diesel) is 220 bar. They observed reduction in and brake thermal efficiency [15]. M. Bahattin CELIK and Dogan SIMSEK investigated experimentally the optimum blend rate and injection pressure for a direct injection diesel engine by using soybean biodiesel. They reported that B25 is the optimum blend with respect to the performance and emissions. They tested the blend B25 at 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 bar injection pressure. The optimum injection pressure observed for B25 is 220 bar which is above the original injection pressure of 200 bar [16].

The above literature reveals that the injection pressure has an influence on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesels obtained from jatropha, sesame, chicken fat, mohr oil, pongamia pinnata, rubber seed oil, waste cooking oil, soybean etc. There is no literature found on the study of effect of injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using rice bran biodiesel. Hence the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine using rice bran biodiesel.

2. MATERIALS & METHODS

The diesel fuel and rice bran biodiesel are used in the present investigation. The diesel fuel was purchased from the Bharat Petroleum pump outlet, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh and the rice bran oil biodiesel (RBD) was supplied by Gaiatech Fuels Pvt Ltd; Hyderabad, India. The fuel properties

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of diesel and rice bran biodiesel such as density, viscosity, calorific value, net heating value, auto-ignition temperature, pour point, cetane number, iodine number, acid value and oxygen content are measured and shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Properties of Diesel and Rice Bran Biodiesel

The schematic diagram of the engine test rig is shown in Fig1.The set up consists of engine test bed, diesel engine, electrical alternator, fuel and air consumption metering equipments.

Fig.1. schematic diagram of experimental setup.

The specifications of the engine are given in the Table 2. The combustion chamber of the diesel engine is a direct type without any arrangement for air swirl motion. The engine was connected to electrical dynamometer for measuring brake power. The naturally aspirated engine was provided with water cooling system. The engine oil was provided with a pressure feed system.

Property parameters Diesel fuel Rice bran oil biodiesel Density at 20 0C, g/cm3 0.82 0.8742 Viscosity at 400 C, mm2/s 3.4 4.63 Flash point, 0C 71 165 Auto-ignition temperature, 0C 225 320 Pour point, 0C 1 3 Cetane number 45 56.2 Iodine number, J2 g/100 g 6 102

Acid value, mg KOH/g 0.07 0.25

Oxygen content, max wt% 0.4 11.25

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Table 2: Specifications of the Diesel Engine Make Kirloskar model AV1

No. of Strokes per cycle 4

No. of Cylinders single Combustion chamber position vertical Cooling method Water cooled Starting condition Cold start

Ignition technique Compression ignition Bore (D) 80 mm

Stroke ( L ) 110 mm Rated speed 1500 rpm Rated power 5 hp (3.72 kW) Compression ratio 16.5 : 1

Injection opening pressure 200 bar

The engine was first operated on diesel fuel with no load for about 15 minutes until the cooling water and lubricating oil temperatures reaches to 850 C at rated speed of 1500 rpm and the original injection pressure of 200 bar. The baseline parameters were obtained at rated load on the engine with the diesel fuel (Diesel). After this, the diesel fuel was replaced by diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends B10 (90% diesel and 10% rice bran biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel and 20% rice bran biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel and 30% rice bran biodiesel) one after the other and observations were noted. The injection pressure was adjusted to and calibrated to 180bar, 220 bar and 240 bar in the fuel injector and the same tests were conducted with diesel, B10, B20 and B30 at each of these injection pressures. The results obtained for diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends at different injection pressures were compared with the baseline parameters obtained during engine fuelled with diesel fuel at rated speed of 1500 rpm. The performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were determined by measuring fuel consumption, engine torque, engine speed and exhaust gas temperature. The electrical alternator was used for the measurement of brake power. The mass of fuel consumed was measured with the help of a burettee connected to the fuel tank through a three way cock and a stop watch.

3. RESULTS& DISCUSSIONS

The results obtained pertaining to the performance and emissions of the engine are demonstrated with the help of graphs.

The variation of brake thermal efficiency with injection pressure for diesel and diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends is shown in the Fig.2. The brake thermal efficiency of all the fuels is minimum at lower injection pressure of 180 bar. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is increasing with increase in injection pressure. The maximum efficiency for all fuels tested is obtained at 220 bar injection pressure. The reduced BTE is observed at 240 bar.

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24 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 160 180 200 220 240 260 B rak e T h er m al E ff ic ie n cy (% )

Injection Pressure (bar)

Diesel B10 B20 B30 0.255 0.26 0.265 0.27 0.275 0.28 0.285 0.29 0.295 160 180 200 220 240 260 B ra k e s p e c if ic f u e l c o n s u m p ti o n (k g /k W -h r)

Injection Pressure (bar)

Diesel B10 B20 B30

Fig. 2. Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Injection Pressure

It may be due to reduced fuel droplet size and injection of high fine fuel spray which reduces the penetration of fuel spray and momentum of fuel droplets at higher injection pressures [17]. The maximum brake thermal efficiency of 27.64% is observed with B 20 at an injection pressure of 220 bar which is1.61% higher than that of diesel fuel at original injection pressure of 200 bar.

Fig 3. Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with injection pressure

The variation of brake specific fuel consumption for diesel, B10, B20 and B30 with injection pressure is shown in the Fig.3. BSFC for all diesel-biodiesel blends B10, B20 and B30 is higher than diesel fuel at all injection pressures. It is found that the BSFC is decreased with increase in injection

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25 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 160 180 200 220 240 260 E x h a u s t G a s T e m p e ra tu re ( d e g C )

Injection Pressure (bar)

Diesel B10 B20 B30

pressure up to 220 bar but increased at 240 bar. This may be due to that, as injection pressure increases the penetration length and spray cone angle increases, so that at optimum pressure, fuel air mixing and spray atomization will be improved. The optimum injection pressure observed is 220 bar instead of original injection pressure of 200 bar for all the fuels tested. At 220 bar the BSFC of B10, B20 and B30 is 1.89%, 2.8% and 3.56% respectively higher than that of diesel fuel.

The exhaust gas temperature variation with injection pressure for diesel fuel, B10, B20 and B30 is shown in the Fig.4.

Fig. 4. variation of exhaust gas temperature with injection pressure

The exhaust temperature is increasing with injection pressure up to 220 bar and then decreasing for all the fuels tested. The exhaust gas temperature is increasing with the percentage of rice bran biodiesel in the blends. The exhaust gas temperature of B10, B20 and B30 is 2.56%, 3.98% and 9.1% respectively higher than that of diesel fuel at rated injection pressure of 200 bar. The maximum exhaust gas temperature of 3600C, 3690C, 3810C and 3900C is observed respectively for diesel fuel, B10, B20 and B30 at 220 bar. It is due to the better atomization, mixing and combustion of the fuel.

4. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions are drawn from the above test on a diesel engine by using diesel and diesel-rice bran biodiesel blends at different injection pressures.

The rice bran biodiesel can be used as a substitute for the diesel fuel in diesel engines.

The brake thermal efficiency with the blends B10 and B20 was higher than that of diesel fuel at all injection pressure.

The brake thermal efficiency was increasing up to 220 bar injection pressure for all the fuels tested.

The exhaust gas temperature was increasing with the percentage of rice bran biodiesel in the blends and also with injection pressure.

The better performance is observed with the blend B20 at 220 bar which is higher than the original injection pressure of 200 bar

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REFERENCES

1. G. Venkata Subbaiah, Dr. K. Raja Gopal and Dr. B. Durga Prasad, Experimental investigation on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using rice bran oil and ethanol blends, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 3(1), 2010, 19-30.

2. Ch. Narasimha and M. Rajesh, Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with rice bran oil, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology., 4(10), October 2013, 4574-4578.

3. Syed Altaf Hussain, G. Venkata Subbaiah and V. Pandurangadu, I-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 4(4), May-July 2009, 48-53.

4. Krishna Murthy Sairam, Anantharaman Gopinath, and Ramalingam Velraj, A comparative study on environmental emissions and performance of a stationary type diesel engine fuelled with biodiesels derived from two different feed stocks, Environmental Protection Engineering, 39(4), 2013, 113-124.

5. Jasanpreet Singh, Narinder Kumar, and S.K. Mahla, Rice bran oil biodiesel as an alternative in single cylinder CI engine with di ethyl ether blends, International journal of Emerging Science and Engineering, 1(12), October 2013, 31-34.

6. Anand kumar S Malapati, and Manjunah Bandi, Experimental study on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using rice bran oil as fuel. International journal of Research in aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 2(9), September 2014, 23-33.

7. G. Venkata Subbaiah, Study of effect of an antioxidant on the performance of a diesel engine using diesel and rice bran biodiesel blends, International Journal of Engineering research& Technology, 3(12), December 2014, 491-494.

8. S Jindal S, Experimental investigation on the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Jatropha methyl ester, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, 2010, 422-448.

9. M Pandian, S. P. Sivapirakasam, and M. Udayakumar, Investigation on the effect of injection system parameters on performance and emission characteristics of a twin cylinder compression ignition direct injection engine fuelled with Pongamia, bio-diesel-diesel blend using response surface methodology, Applied Energy, 88, 2011, .2663-2676.

10. Sanjay Patil and Dr, M.M. Akarte, Effect of Injection Pressure on CI engine performance fuelled with biodiesel and its blends, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 3(3), March 2012, 1-4.

11. C.V. Mahesh, Dr.E.T. Puttaiah and S. Swetha, Effect of injection pressure on the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using Jatropha curcus as bio-diesel with SC5D additive, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(3),May-June 2012, 2282-2287.

12. Metin Gumus, Cenk Sayin, and Mustafa Canakci, The impact of fuel injection pressure on the exhaust emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–diesel fuel blends” Fuel, 95, May 2012, 486-494.

13. G.R. kanan, and R. Anand, Effect of injection pressure on DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from waste cooking oil, Biomass and Bioenergy, 46, November 2012, 343-352. 14. K Srinivasa Rao, A Ramakrishna and P V Rao, Effect of fuel injection pressure on

performance and emission characteristics of DI-CI engine fueled with chicken fat biodiesel, International Journal of Thermal Technologies, 3(2), 2013, 53-59.

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15. P. Dinesha and P. Mohanan, A study of the effect of injection pressure on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of cardanol biofuel blend fuelled compression ignition engine, Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, Article first published online: 4 SEP 2014, DOI: 10.1002/apj.1845.

16. M. Bahattin CELEK and Dogan SIMSEK, The determination of optimum injection pressure in an engine fuelled with soybean biodiesel/diesel blend, Thermal Science, 18(1), 2014, 229-238.

17. Mohd. Yousuf Ali, S. N. Mehdi and P. R. Reddy, Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with cottonseed oil plus diesel oil blend, International Journal of Engineering, 18(1), 2005, 344-351.

18. R. Senthil Kumar and M. Prabu, “Experimental Investigation of A Di Diesel Engine Using Tyre Pyrolysis Oil-Diesel Blends as A Biodiesel” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 5, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 74 - 90, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.

19. N. Janardhan, M.V.S. Murali Krishna and P. Ushasri, “Influence of Injector Opening Pressure on Exhaust Emissions In Di Diesel Engine with Three Levels of Insulation With Diesel Operation” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 5, Issue 5, 2014, pp. 54 - 61, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. 20. Mohd Muqeem and Dr. Manoj Kumar, “Design of An Intercooler of A Turbocharger Unit To

Enhance The Volumetric Efficiency of Diesel Engine” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 1 - 10, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.

Figure

Table 1: Properties of Diesel and Rice Bran Biodiesel
Table 2:  Specifications of the Diesel Engine
Fig 3. Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with injection pressure
Fig. 4. variation of exhaust gas temperature with injection pressure

References

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