A NEW LEARNER’S SECURITY BEHAVIOR MODEL FOR
M-LEARNING IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
SHEILA MAHALINGAM
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
A NEW LEARNER’S SECURITY BEHAVIOR MODEL FOR
M-LEARNING IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
Sheila Mahalingam
Doctor of Philosophy
A NEW LEARNER’S SECURITY BEHAVIOR MODELFOR M-LEARNING IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
SHEILA MAHALINGAM
A thesis submitted
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “A New Learner’s Security Behaviour Model for M-Learning in Malaysian Higher Education Institution” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ………..
Name : ………..
APPROVAL
I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in term of scope and quality for the award of Doctor of Philosophy.
Signature : ………..
Supervisor Name : ………..
DEDICATION
Dear God
I devoted my life and death to You, God. May my life is within your guidance.
Dear Parent
Thank you for your sacrifice and love. No such compensate except from God.
Dear Beloved Husband and Children
Thank you for your love, support, patience and encouragement that give me strength to finish this study. May God bless us, guide us and protect us to be good person.
Dear Teachers and Supervisors
Thank you for all the knowledge. May your knowledge are beneficial and useful for all humanity.
Dear Siblings
Thank you for your motivation and love.
Dear Friends
Thank you for all the knowledge, guide, encouragement and love. May our friendships blessed by God.
ABSTRACT
The motivation to conduct this research came from the awareness that the mobile device exposes m-Learning to security threats and vulnerabilities. The most unfocused issues were the mobile security behavior on learners itself; despite statistically determined that the risks are developing each day on mobile application and devices. Literature has pointed out that learners’ security behavior required to be addressed to control the mobile security threats. This research proposes a learner’s security behavioral model for mobile learning in Malaysia Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). With the security behavior reflection, this model aimed to improve the implementation and management of mobile security in m-Learning taking consideration of the learners’ perspective. This research consisted of four phases, Planning phase, Data Collection Phase, Analysis Phase and Model Development Phase. Four mix-method studies were conducted to generate the dimensions for the model development. Review from the experts and risk based analysis approach confirmed the research findings and validated the practicality of addressing the learners’ behaviors in mobile security. This research contributed to better understanding of the learners’ complexity in mobile security. The research suggested that learners’ security behavior view is significant in preparing mobile security model. This model found to be compatible and qualified, providing the m-Learning learners’ perception within possible security threats that significantly controls to defend against malicious and non-malicious attacks. This approach can guide on what can be done to improve learners’ participation and responsibilities on securing m-Learning. This research also extended the existing knowledge of mobile security and m-Learning fields by focusing analytically on the intersection of both fields. New knowledge about mobile security in the m-Learning from the learners’ security behavior perspective was derived in this research.
ii ABSTRAK
Motivasi untuk menjalankan penyelidikan ini telah datang daripada kesedaran bahawa peranti mudah alih mendedahkan m-pembelajaran kepada ancaman keselamatan dan kelemahan. Isu yang paling tidak difokuskan adalah tingkah laku keselamatan peranti mudah alih pada pelajar itu sendiri, walaupun statistik menunjukkan bahawa risiko yang tinggi pada aplikasi mudah alih dan peranti. Kajian literasi telah menunjukkan bahawa tingkah laku pelajar yang perlu ditangani untuk mengawal ancaman keselamatan mudah alih. Penyelidikan ini mencadangkan model tingkah laku keselamatan peranti mudah alih pelajar untuk pembelajaran mudah alih di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia(IPT). Dengan berlandaskan refleksi tingkah laku keselamatan, model ini bertujuan untuk menambah baik pelaksanaan dan pengurusan keselamatan mudah alih dalam m-pembelajaran yang mengambil kira perspektif pelajar. Penyelidikan ini terdiri daripada empat fasa iaitu fasa perancangan, fasa pengumpulan data, fasa analisis dan fasa pembangunan model.Empat kajian yang berasakan kaedah campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif telah dijalankan untuk menjana dimensi untuk pembangunan model. Penyelidikan yang disyorkan menunjukkan bahawa pandangan tingkah laku keselamatan pelajar adalah penting dalam menyediakan model keselamatan mudah alih. Model ini didapati serasi dan layak memberikan persepsi m-pembelajaran pelajar dalam ancaman keselamatan yang mungkin terkawal untuk mempertahankan serangan berniat jahat atau sebaliknya. Pendekatan ini boleh menjurus kepada apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk meningkatkan penyertaan dan tanggungjawab pelajar ke arah m-pembelajaran. Kajian ini juga memperluaskan pengetahuan sedia ada dalam bidang keselamatan dan m-pembelajaran mudah alih dengan memberi tumpuan secara analisis di dalam kedua-dua bidang. Pengetahuan baharu tentang keselamatan mudah alih dalam m-pembelajaran daripada perspektif tingkah laku keselamatan pelajar telah diperolehi melalui kajian ini.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This has been a long journey and it is full with memories. The journey has indeed been unforgettable. Nevertheless, a lot of lessons have been learned; and a lot of effort has been invested. First and foremost, I would like thank God for giving me excellence health, physical and mental strength and comfortable study environments for me to complete this thesis as scheduled. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere acknowledgement to my supervisor Professor Madya Dr. Mohd Faizal bin Abdollah from the Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, for his continues support, motivation, guidance, patience and understanding concerning my family throughout the study has been greatly appreciated. I would like to thank my co-supervisor of this project Professor Datuk Dr.Hj. Shahrin bin Sahib, Vice Chancellor of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for his guidance and supervision. My greatest thanks is to my parents and family you all are the source of inspirations with the word of wisdoms and straight talking, who has always been with me. Supported my ups and down on this journey. Thanks to my family members for their continuous understanding, motivation, and encouragement throughout my PhD journey. I would like to extend my thanks to the staff of Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi (FTMK) and Pusat Pengajian Siswazah (PPS UTeM) for their time, guidance and support during my studies. Greatest appreciation goes to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka and Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia for sponsoring this study. Lastly, but in no sense the least, I am thankful to all colleagues and friends for their valuable time, understanding, suggestions comments and continuous motivation which made my PhD years a memorable and valuable experience.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION APPROVAL DEDICATION ABSTRACT i ABSTRAK ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS xv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background of Research 1 1.3 Research Problem 2
1.3.1 Mobile Technologies Security 3
1.3.2 m-Learning Security 4
1.3.3 Learners Security Behaviour 5
1.4 Research Question 7 1.5 Research Objectives 9 1.6 Operational Framework 10 1.7 Contribution of Knowledge 11 1.8 Research Scope 13 1.9 Operational Definition 14
1.9.1 Mobile Learning (m-Learning) 15
1.9.2 Learner 15
1.9.3 Learner's Security Behavior 16
1.10 Thesis Organization 17
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Chapter Objective 19
2.3 Literature Review Process 19
2.4 Overview Mobile Technologies 20
2.4.1 Mobile Security Threats and Vulnerabilities 23 2.4.2 Mobile Technologies Threats and Vulnerabilities
in Malaysia 26
2.4.3 Mobile Threats (Malicious/Intended Threats) 27 2.4.4 Mobile Threats (Non-Malicious/Unintended Threats 30
2.4.5 Mobile Security Management 36
2.4.7 Summary of Mobile Technologies Security 40
2.5 Mobile Learning 41
2.5.1 Malaysia Higher Education Institution (HEI)
and Mobile Learning 46 2.5.2 Framework and Model Involved in M-Learning 49 2.5.3 Summary of Mobile Learning and Malaysia Context 54
2.6 Security in m-Learning 55
2.6.1 Security in Mobile Learning (Malaysia Context) 57 2.6.2 Mobile Learning Issues and Challenges 59
2.6.3 Mobile Learners’ Security Risk 61
2.6.4 Summary of Security in M-Learning 62
2.7 Mobile Learner Security Behaviour 64
2.7.1 Integration of Security and Dependability 66 2.7.2 Summary of Integration of Security and Dependability 71
2.8 Gaps in Literature 77
2.9 Theoretical Background and Hypothesis 79
2.9.1 Research Variables and Hypothesis 84
2.10 Research Framework 90
2.11 Chapter Summary 91
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Research Philosophies 93
3.3 Mixed Method and Triangulation 94
3.4 Research Design 95
3.5 Quantitative Method 99
3.5.1 Population and Sampling 99
3.5.2 Phase1: Study 1(Descriptive) 99
3.5.2.1 Sampling Procedure (Study 1) 101 3.5.3 Phase 2: Study 3 (Correlation and Regression 102 3.5.3.1 Sampling Procedure (Study 3) 103 3.5.4 Instrumentation Development and Measurement
(Study 1 and Study 3) 106
3.5.5 Operationalization of the Construct 108
3.5.6 Common Method Variance 109
3.5.7 Pre Testing of Research Instrument 111
3.5.7.1 Phase 1: Study 1 111
3.5.7.2 Phase 2: Study 3 111
3.5.8 Reliability and Validity (Study 1 and Study 3) 112
3.5.9 Data Collection 113
3.5.10 Data Analysis 114
3.6 Qualitative Method 117
3.6.1 Phase 1 Study 2(Focus Group Interview) 117 3.6.2 Sampling procedure (Focus Group Interview) 118
3.6.3 Method of Focus Group Interview 119
3.6.4 Analysis Method for Focus Group Interview 122
3.6.5 Verification Procedures 123
3.6.6 Phase 2: Study 4 (Focus Group Discussion) 125 3.6.7 Sampling Procedure (Focus Group Discussion) 126
vi
3.6.8 Method of Focus group Discussion Conducted 126 3.6.9 Analysis Method for the Focus Group Discussion 127
3.6.9.1 Likelihood Definition 129
3.6.9.2 Impact 130
3.7 Validation Method 135
3.7.1 Risk Based Approach 136
3.7.1.1 Method 136
3.7.2 Expert Review 139
3.7.2.1 Method 140
3.7.2.2 Model Evaluation Question 141
3.7.2.3 The Expert Background 141
3.8 Chapter Summary 143
4. DEVELOPMENT OF M-LEARNING SECURITY MODEL 145
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 Study 1 : Learner’s Perception on Mobile Security in M-Learning 147
4.2.1 Purpose 147
4.2.2 Findings and Results 147
4.2.2.1 Demographics 148
4.2.2.2 Mobile Device Usage 149
4.2.2.3 Security Feelings 151
4.2.2.4 Security Awareness 152
4.2.2.5 Summary and Key Findings of Study 1 166 4.3 Study 2 : Stakeholder in (Ministry, ICT Directors in HEI and Expert)
Perception of Mobile Device Security in M-Learning 167
4.3.1 Purpose 167
4.3.1.1 M-Learning Implementation 168 4.3.1.2 Challenges and Issues in M-Learning environment 169 4.3.1.3 Acceptance of M-Learning among students 171 4.3.1.4 Security Threats and Incidents 173 4.3.1.5 Current plans on policy and guidelines on addressing
the Security Challenges 177
4.3.1.6 Summary and Key Findings of Study 2 179 4.4 Phase 2: Study 3 (Regression Analysis ) 182
4.4.1 Respondent Background 183
4.4.2 Correlation Analysis 183
4.4.3 Hypothesis Testing 184
4.4.4 Hypothesis Conclusion 187
4.4.5 Summary of Key Findings of Study 3 189 4.5 Phase 2 : Study 4 (Threat and Risk Analysis) 191 4.5.1 Step1: Understand Environment Requirement & Objectives, Risk
Tolerance and Boundaries 191
4.5.2 Step 2: Mobile Device & Mobile VLE application Vulnerabilities,
Threats and Existing Controls 193
4.5.3 Step 3: Assess Risk Based on Impact and Likelihood 202 4.5.4 Step 4: Determination Risk Response Document, Final Risk 211 Determination and Approval /Acceptance 172 4.5.5 Step 5: Ongoing Monitoring of Risk and Responses 219 4.6 Construct Mobile Learners Security Model 228
4.7 Summary and key Findings 231 5. CHAPTER 5 MODEL EVALUATION AND VALIDATION 233
5.1 Chapter Objectives 233
5.2 Chapter outline 233
5.3 Study 5a : Control Focus Group of Final Risk Based Assessment 234
5.3.1 Result and Findings 244
5.3.2 Summary and Research Implication 248
5.4 Study 5b: Panel Expert review 250
5.4.1 Findings of Expert Review Session 257 5.4.1.1 Practicality of Using MOBILES in M-Learning 257 5.4.1.2 Degree to Which Findings Reflect Reality 259 5.4.1.3 The applicability of Research Findings 259 5.4.1.4 Use of Research Findings in the Wider Context
Of Mobile ISM 261
5.5 Chapter Summary 262
6. CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 263
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Discussion of the Research Findings 264
6.2.1 Research Question 1 266
6.2.2 Research Question 2 269
6.2.3 Research Question 3 271
6.3 Summary of Findings & Implication 272
6.3.1 Field of Mobile technologies security 272 6.3.2 Field of M-Learning Security & Malaysia Context 272 6.3.3 Field of Social Technical System 274
6.4 Conclusion 274
6.4.1 Summary of Research Process 274
6.4.2 Summary of Research Findings 275
6.4.3 Contribution to Theoretical Knowledge 277 6.4.3.1 Mobile Security Community 277
6.4.3.2 M-Learning Community 278
6.4.3.3 Other Mobile Service Community 279
6.4.4 Research Limitations 279
6.4.5 Future Work 280
6.5 Research Summary 280
REFERENCES 282
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Summary of Sub Research Problem Research Question
Summary of Research Question & Research Problem Summary of Research Objective
Summary of Research Contribution
Summary of Mobile Threats & Attack from Various Researchers Summarized Cyber Security Incidents Categorized by Threats Attack Mobile Device & Mobile Application Human Error Classification Characteristic of m-Learning
Existing m-Learning Model Review of Theoretical Foundation Hypothesis Definition
Total number second year undergraduate Summary of proportionate sample size Total of scale item to measure each content Constructs & Sources of the instruments Guilford's Rule of
List of Focus Group Interviewees
6 6 7 8 10 21 24 28 36 41 65 70 81 84 86 87 93 96
3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Likelihood Impact Definition Simplified Risk Matrix
Demographic Information for Respondents Frequently Used Application in Mobile Device Information Stored in Mobile Device
Security Awareness Category
Type of Wi-Fi Connection on Mobile Device Security (Password and Authentication)
Cross Tabulation between Mobile Phone IMEI and Age
Awareness of Mobile Security Threats among IT Professional in HEI Challenges for IT Department in HEIs
Demographic Features of study respondent Correlation Matrix
Regression Analysis Result The result of Hypothesis Testing Mobile Device Overview
Mobile VLE Application in m-Learning
Mobile Device and Mobile VLE Application Threats
Mobile VLE application and Mobile Device Vulnerabilities Category Threats per application in m-Learning VLE
Threats per application in mobile device
Value of impact designed for mobile learners VLE App
99 104 105 118 116 120 122 126 127 129 140 141 146 147 148 151 153 154 155 157 160 161 164
ix 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
Value of impact designed for mobile device
Mobile Learning VLE application Threat Risk Matrix Mobile Device Threat Risk Matrix
Mobile VLE application Threat Ranking Mobile Device Threat Ranking
Non- Malicious Threat Category, Security Pillar, & Countermeasure Summary of Probability Occurrence
Threats (Human Error) with the impact value Template of Effectiveness Value for Student Existing Risk Control & Proposed Risk Control Critical Threat by m-Learning VLE App
Critical Threat by Mobile Device Overall Summary of Security Behavior Risk Controls Mapped with ISM Elements
165 173 174 176 178 182 194 196 197 198 205 206 208 210
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Four Phases of Operational Framework 9
2.1 Type of Smartphone Operating System 17
2.2 Mobile Penetration Rates 18
2.3 Relationship with E-Learning 35
2.4 The FRAME Model 40
2.5 Introducing Security into Dependability 52
2.6 Interrelated Security Attributes 53
2.7 Taxonomy of Dependability & Security 54 2.8 An Integrated Model of Security and Dependability 54 2.9 New Threat Combination between Security and Dependability 57
2.10 Summary of Dependability Attributes 58
2.11 Summary of Security Attributes 59
2.12 Summary of Gaps in Literature 63
2.13 The Proposed Research Hypothesis 71
2.14 Identified Independent and Dependent Variable 72
3.1 Data Collection and Analysis Phase 77
3.2 General Risk Analysis Model 102
xi
4.2 Mobile operating system 119
4.3 Downloading Mobile App 123
4.4 Data Backup in Mobile Device 124
4.5 Important Password and Sensitive Data Stored 125 4.6 Auto login setting for social networking application 127 4.7 Retrieving data from lost mobile device 128
4.8 Wi-Fi & Bluetooth status 130
4.9 Update security features & operating system on mobile device 131
4.10 Antivirus Usage of Mobile Device 132
4.11 Graphical Representative of Beta Value 149 4.12 Mobile Learners Security Model (MOBILES) 191 5.1 Framework for Model Evaluation and Validation 195
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
APPENDIX A Desk Analysis Top Mobile Threats
Report (2011-2015 April) 259
APPENDIX B Summarized Malicious Threat
(Intentional Threats) 261
APPENDIX C Questionnaire (Study 1) 263
APPENDIX D Questionnaire (Study 3) 266
APPENDIX E Survey/Interview Validation Rubric 269
APPENDIX F Form Validation Specialist 271
APPENDIX G Interview Question (Study 2) 275
APPENDIX I Online Risk Assessment (Study 5a) 277 APPENDIX J Mobile Security Awareness Workshop
(Focus Group Discussion Study 5a) 278 APPENDIX K Consent Letter to Panel Experts
Validation 280
APPENDIX L Sample Threat Analysis Result
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS
BYOD Bring Your Own Device
CAPs Critical Agenda Projects
CIA Confidentiality , Integrity, Availability
CPA Critical Agenda Projects
E-Learning Electronic Learning
FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HD2 High Definition 2
HEI Higher Education Institution
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
ICT Information Communication and Technology
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IFIP WG International Federation For Information Processing
Working Group
IMT-2000 Is the term used by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) for a set of globally harmonized standards for third generation (3G) mobile telecoms services and equipment
iOS an operating system used for mobile devices
manufactured by Apple Inc.
IT Information Technology
ITU ISM
International Telecommunication Union Information Security Management
LTE Long-Term Evolution
MAFTIA Malicious and Accidental Fault Tolerance for Internet Applications
MIS Management Information System
M-Learner Mobile Learners
M-Learning Mobile Learning
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MOBILES Mobile Learners Security Model
MOE Ministry Of Education
MOHE Ministry of Higher Education
MyCert Malaysia Computer Emergency Response Team
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephony
PC Personal Computer
PDA Personal Device Assistance
RPN Risk Priority Number
SMS Short Messaging Service
TAM Technology Acceptance Model
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
VM Virtual Machine
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
xv
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
CONFERENCE PUBLICATION
1. Presented Research Paper of Title: “Mobile Learning: Towards Secure Learning Environment” Sheila M, Faizal M. A., Shahrin S , in the 12th International Conference
on Information (ICI 12)12th to 13th Dec 2012.Abstract and Full Paper is published in
the Conference Proceedings.
2. Presented research paper title: Learner Centric in M-Learning: Integration of Security, Dependability and Trust(Short Paper) and Learners’ Ensemble Based Security Conceptual Model For M-Learning System in Malaysian Higher Learning Institution (Reflection Paper), Sheila M *1, Faizal M. A.*2, Shahrin S at 10th International
Conference on Mobile Learning 2014 , Madrid , Spain 28 February -2 March 2014 . Both papers are published in Proceeding of the 10th International Conference on
Mobile Learning IADIS ML2014 Book (ISBN: 978-989-8704-02-3).
3. Presented research paper title: The Implementation of Mixed Method in Developing a Mobile Learners Security Framework at International Conference on Computational Science and Technology, Sheila M,Faizal M. A.,Shahrin S, 2014(ICCST’14) organized by University Malaysia Sabah with IEEE organization,27-28 August 2014,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah.DOI:10.1109/ICCTST.2014.7045177.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mo stRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7031546
4. Presented paper title: “BYOD: Managing Mobile Learning Security in Malaysia Higher Learning Institutions”, Sheila M, Faizal M. A., Shahrin S, for presentation in 1st international Conference on Educational Studies (ICES-2015), at Pulai Spring Resort, Johor Bahru, Malaysia to be held on June 3-4, 2015.
5. Presented Paper Title: “A Conceptual Framework for Leaner’s Security Behavior in M-Learning Environment”. International Conference on Teaching and M-Learning (ICTL 2016) on 5-6 October, 2016 in Kuala Lumpur.
JOURNAL PUBLICATION
1. Published Article on The Malaysian Journal of Education Technology (MJET) impact factor 0.7490 9 (2012) Global Institute for Scientific Information (GISI). Volume 12, Number 3, September 2012 pp. 33-41.Title: Designing Ensemble Based Security Framework for Secure M-Learning System in Malaysia Higher Learning Institution. 2. Published Article in European Journal of Scientific Research (ISSN
1450-216X/1450-202X).Vol. 114 No 2, November, 2013, pp.408-422.
Title: Systematic Review on Mobile Learning Research Initiatives and Implementation. http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com. Journal is indexed in Scopus Database with impact factor 0.713.
3. Published article in International Journal of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET), Vol.12, No 2, April-June 2014, pp 66-81. Title: Designing Ensemble Based Security Framework for M-Learning System, Sheila Mahalingam, Mohd Faizal bin Abdollah, Shahrin bin Sahib, ISSN: 1539-3100. doi:10.4018/ijdet.2014040104. IGI Publishing Hershey, PA, USA .Journal index in ISI and Scopus. SJR value 0.18
4. Published article in International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organization (IJMLO) Inderscience Publishers, Geneva, Switzerland, accessible through the ACM digital library and indexed in Scopus. Title: Dimension of Mobile Security Model: Mobile User Security Threats and Awareness, Sheila M, Faizal M. A., Shahrin S. Int. J. Of Mobile Learning and Organization, 2015vol.9, No.1, Pp.66–85. ISSN: 1746-725x, EISSN: 1746-7268,DOI: 10.1504/IJMLO.2015.069718
5. Sheila M., Faizal M. A. and Shahrin S. “Managing Mobile Learning Security in
Malaysia Higher Learning Institutions.” In Man in India, Serials
Publications Quarterly, ISSN: 0025-1569, No.96 (2016), No.1 (2016), pp. 19-37. http://serialsjournals.com/articles.php?volumesno_id=917&journals_id=40&volumes_i d=836
1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The specific components discussed in this chapter include background of the research, the research problem, the research questions, the research objectives and the conceptual framework that guide this research.
1.2 Background of Research
Today, wireless and the mobile application has become a very famous technology among the 21st century generation. According to Gartner’s report Gartner (2011) there is a
massive increase in mobile device technology penetration. As stated by Magdirila (2013) in Nielson Report, Malaysia is ranked as the 3rd in Asia region for mobile device adoption. Hence, On Device Research (2014) reported Malaysia has the youngest users which the age ranked between 20 to 49.The transformation of mobile technologies continues to develop with the entrance of smaller, more complicated and powerful devices which are capable of transferring data in a variety of formats anywhere, at any time. Certainly, the openings for changes in this area are diverse and continually supporting the focus of all the stakeholders associated from higher learning institutions.
Without a doubt, Malaysia is characterized as having established market for mobile technology, demonstrating high market penetration of mobile phones that enables Mobile
