* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN TEMBAT FOREST RESERVE, HULU TERENGGANU,
TERENGGANU, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
NUR AMALINA, M.I.1*, AZHARI, M.¹, NORSHAQINAH, A.¹, NOR AZRIN, N.A.¹, SHUKOR, M.N.¹, AISAH, M.S.2, AMIRRUDIN, A.3, GRISMER, L.L.4 and NORHAYATI, A.1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology,
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research Sdn. Bhd., Environmental Unit, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
3Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
4La Sierra University, Department of Biology, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California, 92515-8247 USA
*E-mail: amalinanurizam@gmail.com
Accepted 27 October 2017, Published online 31 December 2017
ABSTRACT
A species checklist of the herpetofauna in Tembat Forest Reserve (TFR), Hulu Terengganu is presented. This checklist includes 25 amphibians and 30 reptile species. An additional two amphibians and 11 reptile species were observed for which there are no voucher specimens. This provides a total list of 67 amphibian and 107 reptile species in Terengganu, equivalent to approximately 61% amphibians and 34% reptile species recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. There are four new locality records for amphibians and nine for reptiles. This study also compared presence of herpetofauna species before and after land-use change at TFR.
Key words: Logging, hydroelectric dam, tropical rainforest, herpetofauna
INTRODUCTION
The Tembat Forest Reserve (TFR) is located east of the Malaysian Main Range (Titiwangsa Range), Peninsular Malaysia in the State of Terengganu. This forest reserve is one of the corridors to the largest national park in Peninsular Malaysia, which connects three states, namely Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu. It is the largest forest reserve in the state of Terengganu with a total area of approximately 133,576.45 ha (Anon, 2014). The water catchments in TFR drain water to Kenyir Lake, the largest human-made lake in Southeast Asia. This lake functions as a reservoir for electricity generation of the Sultan Mahmud Hydroelectric Dam (The Kenyir Dam I) besides providing water for the local residents. The highest peak in the TFR is Gunung Tembat, reaching 965 m.
The Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project (HTHEP) or Kenyir Dam II is located in the TFR.
This project consists of two dams, namely Puah and Tembat dams with the distance of 3 km from each other. Logging activities to clear the forest areas started in 2006 and ended in July 2014. In 2010, the construction of both dams began. After that, the Puah dam impoundment started on 1 October 2014, while the Tembat dam started on 16 August 2015.
The inundation period for the Puah Dam to be filled took place for a year, while three months was necessary for the Tembat Dam. Previously, the area was selectively logged for timber in 2009, particularly in the Puah and Tembat basin areas, which are parts of the Petuang and Tembat Forest Reserves (TNBR 2007). Thus, the forest area had undergone drastic changes in structure and composition.
Herpetofaunal richness and diversity assessments are necessary for environmental planning and monitoring. Anurans are among the most speciose groups of vertebrates and can provide valuable data to monitor biological diversity in
Malaysia (Chan et al., 2010), including the TFR.
More importantly, amphibians are usually utilised for habitat quality assessment because they are abundant, easy to sample and monitor, and they are more sensitive to environmental perturbations than other vertebrates (Heyer et al., 1994). The first study of amphibians and reptiles in Hulu Terengganu was done by Dring (1979) in Gunung Lawit. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) surveys were done in 2003 and 2008 by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research (TNBR) to study the impact of the Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project or Kenyir Dam II on wildlife and habitat, followed by a study on herpetofauna by Chan (2011) and vertebrates by Ummi (2013). A recent study on herpetofauna by Sumarli et al. (2015) was done on Gunung Tebu, which is located 10 km from Gunung Lawit. Thus, these previous studies and the current one provide information for comparison of the herpetofauna in the TFR. This study also provides some notes on revised taxa, ecology and distribution of significant species present in the TFR to assist management of wildlife rescue operation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area
Tembat Forest Reserve (TFR) is predominantly covered with lowland dipterocarp forest at the
northern part (100-300 m) heading towards the state border of Terengganu-Kelantan, and hilly forests at the southern part (300-600 m) heading towards Kenyir Lake. This forest reserve is drained by two major river systems, namely Sg. Terengganu Mati and Sg. Tembat (Figure 1). The lowest elevation in this area is approximately 100 m, while the highest peak is Gunung Tembat with an elevation of 965 m. The TFR is also a part of the Central Forest Spine (CFS) programme, which ensures conservation of wildlife and habitat (UNDP, 2013) and also biodiversity-rich habitats (Sivananthan, 2012). The Wildlife Conservation Act 2010, Section 35 states that hunting in the TFR is forbidden (DWNP, 2010).
The TFR is affected by two monsoons, the Northeast Monsoon (October-February) and the Southwest Monsoon (April-July). The average annual rainfall is 4138.30 mm and the daily temperature fluctuates between 21°C and 32°C. The humidity is approximately 80% year-round.
Study site
This study was conducted in the Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project (HTHEP), also known as the Kenyir Dam II (N5°09’6.1”, E102°35’98”) and Sg. (sungai=river) Deka Wildlife Reserve (SDWR N5°00’152”, E102°30’97”) (Figure 1). SDWR is a protected forest, which serves as the north-east corridor for the largest National Park and also as an ecological corridor for the CFS. Surveys
Fig. 1. The location of Tembat Forest Reserve.
Fig. 2. The design of the fenced-pitfall trap.
were conducted along eight rivers located within HTHEP, namely Sg. Sireh, Sg. Jalang, Sg. Limbang, Sg. Pelagong, Sg. Kura, Sg. Terengganu Mati, Sg.
Terengganu and Sg. Puah (Figure 1). A total of three streams were surveyed at SDWR.
Methods
Study methods included fenced-pitfall traps (passive sampling), Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and opportunistic searches (active sampling). A total of 80 traps were set up at HTHEP, with 40 traps each at upstream and downstream of Sg. Terengganu which is the main river in the Puah Dam. Besides, VES was done in tributaries of Sg. Terengganu at the upstream, such as Sg. Sireh, Sg. Pelagong, Sg.
Jalang, Sg. Limbang, Sg. Kura, Sg. Terengganu Mati and Sg. Puah. Meanwhile, 40 traps were set up at SDWR. Four traps were assembled in a ‘Y’-shape arrangement (Figure 2) using orchid net fences measuring 0.5 m high and 5 m long. The fences were attached firmly to the ground using metal wires.
These traps were placed randomly in 10 study sites, each at the upstream and downstream of Sg.
Terengganu in HTHEP and SDWR.
Each trap consisted of four 18-L plastic buckets, punched with holes ~ 4 cm from the bottom to allow excess water flow. The buckets were buried into the ground up to its lid, with drift fences overhanging up to the lid of each pitfall trap. All traps were opened for 7 to 10 consecutive days each month starting from August 2014 till July 2015. Traps were checked regularly before noon.
The VES involved active searching of animals day and night. At night, wide-beam headlamps were used to find animals by walking at a steady pace, along established trails from 2000h to 2300h. These surveys were done three to four consecutive nights at each river in the HTHEP and SDWR. During daytime, we focused more on searching for animals that were trapped on partially submerged trees or floating logs at the Puah Dam reservoir (lake) after the impoundment. Boats were used to maneuver
around this large lake (size of 60 km²). Animals were caught by hands, scoop nets or snake tongs and were identified and measured before released to the mainland. Taxonomic nomenclature for amphibians follows the Amphibian Species of the World, version 6.0 (Frost, 2017), published by the American Museum of Natural History (http://
research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia), last accessed on 12 March 2017. For reptiles, taxonomic nomenclature follows The Reptile Database (Uetz, 2017), published by the Zoological Museum Hamburg (www.reptile-database.org), last accessed on 12 March 2017. A total of two or three individuals of the same species were taken as voucher specimens, which were fixed in 10%
formalin and stored in 70% alcohol solution.
Samples of liver tissues were taken from each specimen and stored in 100% ethanol. All voucher specimens were deposited at the Herpetological Collection of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor.
Statistical analysis used was the species abundance curve (SAC) and rank abundance curve (RAC). These analyses were analysed using the PAST software version 2.17c (Hammer et al., 2001).
RESULTS
A total of 729 herpetofauna individuals were obtained, comprising 16 families and 55 species (Table 1). The total for anurans was 501, consisting of six families and 25 species; Bufonidae (4 species), Dicroglossidae (8 species), Megophryidae (2 species), Microhylidae (4 species), Ranidae (5 species) and Rhacophoridae (2 species). The most abundant anuran species was the Spotted Litter Frog, Leptobrachium hendricksoni (about 25% of the total), followed by the Lesser Stream Toad, Ingerophrynus parvus (18%) and the Poisonous Rock Frog, Odorrana hosii (11%) (t=3.29, p=0.003).
The total for reptiles caught was 228, consisting of
Table 1. Species and relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles sampled at Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu (numbers in brackets are in percentage)
No. Taxa Voucher No. Pitfall VES Total
Order Anura Bufonidae
1 Duttaphrynus melanostictus UKMHC0634 2 (0.6) 2 (0.4)
2 Ingerophrynus parvus UKMHC0552 61 (38.1) 28 (8.2) 89 (17.8)
3 Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus UKMHC0581 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2)
4 Phrynoidis asper UKMHC0574 28 (8.2) 28 (5.6)
Dicroglossidae
5 Fejervarya cancrivora UKMHC0636 4 (1.2) 4 (0.8)
6 Fejervarya limnocharis UKMHC0683 2 (1.3) 30 (8.8) 32 (6.4)
7 Ingerana tenasserimensis UKMHC0650 2 (0.6) 2 (0.4)
8 Limnonectes blythii UKMHC0553 1 (0.6) 37(19.9) 38 (7.6)
9 Limnonectes hascheanus UKMHC0709 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2)
10 Limnonectes deinodon UKMHC0573 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2)
11 Limnonectes malesianus UKMHC0544 1 (0.6) 8 (2.4) 9 (1.8)
12 Occidozyga sumatrana UKMHC0561 3 (1.9) 2 (0.6) 5 (1.0)
Megophryidae
13 Leptobrachium hendricksoni UKMHC0571 66 (41.3) 60 (17.6) 126 (25.2)
14 Megophrys nasuta UKMHC0562 1 (0.3) 1 (0.2)
Microhylidae
15 Chaperina fusca UKMHC0713 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2)
16 Kalophrynus pleurostigma UKMHC0570 19 (11.9) 19 (3.8)
17 Microhyla butleri UKMHC0693 1 (0.3) 1 (0.2)
18 Microhyla heymonsi UKMHC0588 1 (0.6) 28 (8.2) 29 (5.8)
Ranidae
19 Amnirana nicobariensis UKMHC0579 8 (2.4) 8 (1.6)
20 Amolops larutensis UKMHC0701 2 (0.6) 2 (0.4)
21 Hylarana glandulosa UKMHC0580 1 (0.6) 12 (3.5) 13 (2.6)
22 Hylarana labialis UKMHC0651 9 (2.6) 9 (1.8)
23 Odorrana hosii UKMHC0554 1 (0.6) 53(15.5) 54 (10.8)
Rhacophoridae
24 Polypedates leucomystax UKMHC0541 25 (7.3) 25 (5.0)
25 Polypedates macrotis UKMHC0704 1 (0.3) 1 (0.2)
Total Order Anura 160 (31.9) 341 (68.1) 501 (100)
Order Squamata and Testudines Agamidae
1 Acanthosaura armata UKMHC0576 4 (5.3) 4 (1.8)
2 Aphaniotis fusca UKMHC0623 2 (2.6) 1 (0.7) 3 (1.3)
3 Bronchocela cristatella UKMHC0675 1 (1.3) 171 (112.5) 172 (75.4)
4 Calotes versicolor UKMHC0617 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
5 Draco formosus UKMHC0627 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
6 Gonocephalus bellii UKMHC0656 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
7 Gonocephalus grandis UKMHC0676 5 (6.6) 21 (13.8) 26 (11.4)
8 Gonocephalus liogaster UKMHC0619 7 (9.2) 11 (7.2) 18 (7.9)
Colubridae
9 Calamaria lumbricoidea UKMHC0711 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
10 Calamaria pavimentata UKMHC0712 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
11 Chrysopelea ornata UKMHC0613 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
12 Pseudorabdion longiceps UKMHC0709 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
Elapidae
13 Naja sumatrana UKMHC0666 2 (1.3) 2 (0.9)
14 Calliophis bivirgatus UKMHC0990 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
Gekkonidae
15 Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus UKMHC0605 1 (1.3) 1 (0.7) 2 (0.9)
16 Gekko smithii UKMHC0620 4 (2.6) 4 (1.8)
17 Ptychozoon kuhli UKMHC0669 11 (7.2) 11 (4.8)
Geomydidae
18 Cyclemys dentata RELEASED 2 (2.6) 1 (0.7) 3 (1.3)
19 Heosemys spinosa RELEASED 1 (1.3) 1 (0.7) 2 (0.9)
Table 1 continued...
Homalopsidae
20 Enhydris punctata UKMHC0612 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
Natricidae
21 Xenochrophis trianguligerus UKMHC0657 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
Pythonidae
22 Malayopython reticulatus UKMHC0559 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
Scincidae
23 Dasia olivacea UKMHC0670 6 (3.9) 6 (2.6)
24 Eutropis multifasciata UKMHC0543 31 (40.8) 14 (9.2) 45 (19.7)
25 Lygosoma bowringii UKMHC0710 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
26 Sphenomorphus indicus UKMHC0571 12 (15.8) 1 (0.7) 13 (5.7)
27 Sphenomorphus sungaicolus UKMHC0629 2 (2.6) 2 (0.9)
28 Tytthoscincus sp. nov. UKMHC0708 1 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
Viperidae
29 Popeia fucata UKMHC0611 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
30 Tropidolaemus wagleri UKMHC0628 1 (0.7) 1 (0.4)
Total Order Squamata and Testudines 76 (33.3) 152 (66.7) 228 (100)
Grand Total 236 (32.4) 493 (67.6) 729 (100)
Fig. 3. Species accumulation curves (SACs) of (a) amphibians and (b) reptiles sampled in Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu, generated by the PAST software.
ten families and 30 species. The most frequently caught reptiles were the Crested Green Lizard, Bronchocela cristatella (75% of the total), followed by the Common Sun Skink, Eutropis multifasciata (20%) and the Giant Angle-headed Lizard, Gonocephalus grandis (11%) (t=1.88, p=0.07).
Based on the species accumulation curves shown in Figure 3, the species richness of amphibians and reptiles reflect the same pattern for most vertebrate community surveys, in which the curve rises steep initially and begins to level off in subsequent samples as more rare taxa were obtained (Gotelli &
Colwell 2001). However, the species accumulation curve shows no levelling off into an asymptote, meaning that our sampling did not represent the
true species richness in the area. In addition, the amphibian community was distributed according to a log-series abundance model (X2=10.99, p=0.85), with low number of common species and high number of rare or unique species (Figure 4 (a)).
Meanwhile, the reptile distribution represented a log-normal model (X2=1.09, p=0.58) distribution, with shallow slope implying higher evenness (Magurran, 2004) (Figure 4 (b)).
The total number of anuran species from TFR includes four new locality records in Hulu Terengganu, namely Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Bufonidae), Fejervarya cancrivora (Dicroglossidae), Ingerana tenasserimensis (Dicroglossidae) and Chaperina fusca (Microhylidae). Nine new locality
records for reptiles included the one new species of skink Tytthoscincus sp. nov., one newly described species of skink Sphenomorphus sungaicolus (Sumarli et al., 2015), Dasia olivacea (Scincidae), Calamaria lumbricoidea (Colubridae), Bungarus fasciatus (Elapidae), Naja sumatrana (Elapidae), Ophiophagus hannah (Elapidae), Tropidolaemus wagleri (Viperidae) and Cyclemys dentata (Geomydidae). There were several herpetofauna species observed in the TFR, but no voucher specimens were obtained, namely Icthyophis sp., Hylarana picturata, Boiga dendrophila, Lycodon subcinctus, Bungarus fasciatus, Bungarus flaviceps, Calliophis bivirgatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Notochelys platynota, Manouria emys, Dogania subplana and Varanus salvator. Varanus bengalensis obtained by TNBR (2003) was doubtful as this species is usually found in southern Asia (Liu, 2007, Pouyani et al., 2008, Ghimire & Phuyal 2013, Hashmi et al., 2013, Palot, 2015) and is replaced by Varanus nebulosus in Malaysia (Bennett & Lim 1995, Grismer et al., 2001, Grismer 2002, Grismer et al., 2006, Sumarli et al., 2015).
From the checklist provided in Table 2, there are now 67 amphibian species and 107 reptile species recorded in Terengganu, Malaysia. These totals cover about 61% amphibian species and 34% reptile species recorded in Peninsular Malaysia.
DISCUSSION
Changes in the local habitat within the Tembat Forest Reserve has provided various niches and microhabitats especially for the opportunists.
Besides, species replacement occurred as pristine forest species or specialists were replaced by species adapted to secondary forest or generalists (D’Cruze
& Kumar 2011). Furthermore, the vast opening of the forest and inundation of the reservoir had caused many species including the rare and cryptic ones to be encountered, as they were trapped within the dam project area. These species, especially the reptiles were forced by the water level to rise at the highest part of the trees or land that were not inundated. Thus, various species were found including several new locality records.
Until now, there has not been any publication of herpetofauna from the TFR, Hulu Terengganu.
The dam development caused habitat destruction in most parts of the TFR. Landscape changes may have influenced the composition of the local amphibians and reptiles. In response to their species specific natural history and ecology, herpetofauna species are variably affected by these changes (Santos et al., 2014), but in this study, reptiles seemed to be more resistant to all the major changes in the landscape due to logging, dam construction and inundation compared to amphibians. Reptiles were not badly affected because they could adapt well in dry environments, besides they are not restricted to aquatic habitat in their life cycle (Hunt et al., 2013).
For example, the study by TNBR in 2003 and 2008 documented 37 amphibians and 29 reptile species.
In this study, there was a decrease in amphibian species (12 species) and an increase in reptile species (12 species).
Human growth and development are expected to continue due to a positive outlook of the economy (TNBR, 2007). There is a need to monitor Fig. 4. Species rank abundance curves (RACs) of (a) amphibians and (b) reptiles sampled in Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu, generated by the PAST software.
Table 2. Updated and revised checklist of herpetofauna in Terengganu, Malaysia
G. Lawit TFR TFR TFR G. Tebu
This
Species (Dring (TNBR TNBR (Ummi (Sumarli
study, 1979) 2003) (2008) 2013) et al.
2015) TFR
AMPHIBIAN Ichthyophiidae
1 Ichthyophis glutinosus (Linnaeus, 1758) /
2 Ichthyophis sp1. /
3 Ichthyophis sp2. /
Bufonidae
4 Ansonia latiffi Wood, Grismer, Ahmad & / /
Senawi, 2008
5 Ansonia lumut Chan, Wood, Anuar, Muin, Quah, / /
Sumarli & Grismer, 2014
6 Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) / /
7 Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) / / / / / /
8 Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus (Boulenger, 1887) / / /
9 Leptophryne borbonica (Tschudi, 1838) / /
10 Rentapia hosii (Boulenger, 1892) / /
11 Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst, 1829) / / / / / /
Dicroglossidae
12 Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829) /
13 Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) / / / / /
14 Ingerana tenasserimensis (Sclater, 1892) /
15 Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920) / / / / / /
16 Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870) / / /
17 Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) / / /
18 Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014 / / / / /
19 Limnonectes malesianus (Kiew, 1984) / /
20 Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966)
21 Limnonectes plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873) / /
22 Limnonectes tweediei (Smith, 1935) /
23 Occidozyga martensii (Peters, 1867) /
24 Occidozyga sumatrana (Peters, 1877) / / / /
Megophryidae
25 Leptobrachium hendricksoni Taylor, 1962 / / / /
26 Leptolalax heteropus (Boulenger, 1900) /
27 Leptolalax sp. / /
28 Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel, 1858) / / / / /
29 Megophrys aceras Boulenger, 1903 / /
Microhylidae
30 Chaperina fusca Mocquard, 1892 /
31 Metaphrynella pollicaris (Boulenger, 1890) / /
32 Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) / / / /
33 Microhyla butleri Boulenger, 1900 / /
34 Microhyla fissipes Boulenger, 1884 /
35 Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911 / / / / / /
36 Microhyla mantheyi Das, Yaakob & / Sukumaran, 2007
37 Microhyla superciliaris Parker, 1928 /
38 Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 /
39 Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838 / / / /
40 Phrynella pulchra Boulenger, 1887 /
Ranidae
41 Amolops larutensis (Boulenger, 1899) / / / / /
42 Pulchrana baramica (Boettger, 1900) /
43 Chalcorana labialis (Boulenger, 1887) / / / / / /
44 Pulchrana laterimaculata (Barbour & Noble, 1916) / / /
45 Humerana miopus (Boulenger, 1918) / /
46 Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) /
47 Pulchrana glandulosa (Boulenger, 1882) / / / / /
48 Abavorana luctuosa (Peters, 1871) /
49 Amnirana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) / / / /
50 Sylvirana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856) /
Table 2 continued...
51 Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966) /
52 Pulchrana picturata (Boulenger, 1920) / / / / /
53 Odorrana hosii (Boulenger, 1891) / / / / / /
Rhacophoridae
54 Kurixalus appendiculatus (Günther, 1858) / /
55 Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871) 56 Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893)
57 Philautus petersi (Boulenger, 1900) /
58 Philautus vermiculatus (Boulenger, 1900) / /
59 Polypedates colletti (Boulenger, 1890) / /
60 Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) / / / / / /
61 Polypedates macrotis (Boulenger, 1891) / / / /
62 Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 /
63 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, 1895 /
64 Rhacophorus pardalis Günther, 1858 /
65 Rhacophorus norhayatii Chan & Grismer, 2010 /
66 Theloderma horridum (Boulenger, 1903) / /
67 Theloderma leprosum Tschudi, 1838 /
LACERTILIA (Lizards, geckos, skinks, varanids) Agamidae
1 Acanthosaura armata (Gray 1827) / /
2 Aphaniotis fusca (Peters, 1864) / / /
3 Bronchocela cristatella (Kuhl, 1820) / / /
4 Calotes emma Gray, 1845 /
5 Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802) / / /
6 Draco formosus Boulenger, 1900 / / /
7 Draco maximus Boulenger, 1893
8 Draco melanopogon Boulenger, 1887 / / /
9 Draco quinquefasciatus Hardwicke & Gray, 1827 / / /
10 Draco sumatranus Schlegel, 1844 / /
11 Gonocephalus belli (Duméril & Bibron, 1837) / / / /
12 Gonocephalus grandis (Gray, 1845) / / / / /
13 Gonocephalus liogaster (Günther, 1872) / /
14 Pseudocalotes dringi Hallerman & Böhme, 2000 / Gekkonidae
15 Cnemaspis argus Dring, 1979 / /
16 Cyrtodactylus consobrinus (Peters, 1871) / / /
17 Cyrtodactylus elok Dring, 1979 /
18 Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Taylor, 1962 / / / /
19 Cyrtodactylus tebuensis Grismer, Anuar, Muin, /
Quah & Wood, 2013
20 Cyrtodactylus timur Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Quah, /
Muin, Mohamed, Chan, Sumarli, Loredo &
Heinz, 2014
21 Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1834) / /
22 Gekko monarchus (Schlegel, 1836) /
23 Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 / /
24 Hemidactylus craspedotus Mocquard, 1890 /
25 Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron, 1836 / / /
26 Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1797) /
27 Hemiphyllodactylus bintik Grismer, Wood, Anuar, /
Quah, Muin, Chan, Sumarli, & Loredo 2015
28 Hemiphyllodactylus tehtarik Grismer, /
Wood Jr., Anuar, Muin, Quah, McGuire, Brown, Van Tri & Thai, 2013
29 Hemiphyllodactylus typus Bleeker, 1860 /
30 Ptychozoon kuhli (Stejneger, 1902) / /
31 Ptychozoon lionotum Annandale, 1905 / /
Scincidae
32 Dasia olivacea Gray, 1839 / /
33 Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853) /
34 Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) / / / / /
35 Eutropis rugifera (Stoliczka 1870) /
36 Lipinia vittigera (Boulenger 1894) / /
37 Lygosoma bowringii (Günther 1864) /
Table 2 continued...
38 Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, 1853) / / /
39 Sphenomorphus praesignis (Boulenger, 1900) / /
40 Sphenomorphus sungaicolus Sumarli, Grismer, /
Wood, Ahmad, Rizal, Ismail, Izam, Ahmad &
Linkem 2016
41 Tytthoscincus sp. nov. /
Varanidae
42 Varanus bengalensis* (Daudin, 1802) /
43 Varanus nebulosus (Gray, 1831) / /
44 Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) / /
SNAKES Acrochordidae
45 Acrochordus javanicus Hornstedt, 1787 /
Colubridae
46 Ahaetulla mycterizans (Linnaeus, 1758) /
47 Ahaetulla prasina (Boie, 1827)
48 Boiga cynodon (Boie, 1827) /
49 Boiga dendrophila (Boie, 1827) / / /
50 Boiga drapiezii (Boie, 1827) / /
51 Boiga jaspidea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) / /
52 Boiga nigriceps (Günther, 1863) / /
53 Calamaria lumbricoidea Boie, 1827 /
54 Calamaria pavimentata Duméril, Bibron & /
Duméril 1854
55 Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802) / /
56 Chrysopelea paradisi Boie, 1827 /
57 Chrysopelea pelias (Linnaeus, 1758) /
58 Coelognathus flavolineatus (Schlegel, 1837) /
59 Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834) /
60 Dendrelaphis cyanochloris Wall, 1921 /
61 Dendrelaphis formosus (Boie, 1827) /
62 Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) /
63 Gongylosoma baliodeirus Boie, 1827 64 Gonyosoma oxycephalum (Boie, 1827)
65 Gongylosoma longicaudum (Peters 1871) /
66 Gonyosoma prasinum (Blyth, 1854) /
67 Lycodon subcinctus Boie, 1827 / / /
68 Macropisthodon flaviceps (Duméril, Bibron & /
Duméril, 1854)
69 Macropisthodon rhodomelas (Boie, 1827) /
70 Oligodon octolineatus (Schneider, 1801) /
71 Seudorabdion longiceps (Cantor, 1847) / / /
72 Ptyas korros (Shlegel, 1837) /
73 Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837) / /
74 Rhabdophis subminiatus (Schlegel, 1837) /
75 Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cantor, 1847) /
76 Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) /
77 Xenochrophis trianguligerus (Boie, 1827) /
78 Ptyas carinata (Günther, 1858) /
Elapidae
79 Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) /
80 Bungarus flaviceps Reinhardt, 1843 /
81 Calliophis bivirgatus (Boie, 1827) / / /
82 Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768) /
83 Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 /
84 Naja sumatrana Müller, 1890 /
85 Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) /
Homalopsidae
86 Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799) /
87 Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758) /
88 Hypsiscopus plumbea (Boie, 1827) /
89 Kualatahan pahangensis (Tweedie, 1946)
90 Phytolopsis punctata Gray, 1849 / /
the changes and impacts before, during and after development of this area to identify the survivors, invasive species (if any) and their progress.
Continuous study and assessment are critical in such regions that have high natural biodiversity and prone to development to ensure good management of the remaining natural resources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the Environmental Unit Group from Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research (TNBR) Sdn. Bhd, for funding this study, with together with the logistics, and field assistants the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP).
Permission to conduct this study was approved by the TNBR in HTHEP, and the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) at SDWR. We would also like to single out Zulkifli Khalid from Kampung Pasir Dula for his assistance throughout the sampling period. This research is fully funded by Research Grant TNBR ST-2015-001.
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Table 2 continued...
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