ABC News, 36, 50, 65, 114, 157 embedded reporters and, 151 Gulf War and, 118, 119, 188 Iraq war and, 159–161, 198–199 Lynch story and, 206, 209 opinion poll, 230
Panama invasion and, 12, 14 Vietnam peace talks and, 141 Vietnam war images and, 139 Vietnam war technology and,
186–187
war on terrorism and, 127, 145 Yugoslavia bombings and, 120,
122, 124
Abizaid, John P., 213, 217, 219, 223 Abraham Lincoln (aircraft carrier),
41
Ackerman, Seth, 59
acts of war, atrocities vs., 225–226 Adelman, Ken, 24
advertising. See public-relations campaigns
aerial photography, 36, 129
Afghanistan “freedom fighters,” 82, 100
Afghanistan war, 8, 93
airborne food drops and, 201–202 body counts and, 193
bombing and, 100, 120, 126, 128, 142, 143, 144, 145, 177, 188, 189, 202
cluster bombs and, 200 “Operation” names for, 134 public-relations campaign for, 177,
178
war on terrorism and, 173, 188 aggression, 97, 98, 100, 104,
105–106 Ahmad, Eqbal, 176 air power, 185–202, 235
mass killings from, 225–226, 227–228
See also specific wars
Albanians (ethnic), 66, 67, 69, 70, 122
Albright, Madeleine, 69, 71, 122 Aliyev, Heidar, 95
Aliyev, Ilham, 95
Jazeera. See Jazeera, Al-Allawi, Iyad, 225
Allende, Salvador, 85
All Things Considered (radio program), 153
Al Qaeda. See Qaeda, Al Amanpour, Christiane, 143
American citizens, endangerment of. See saving-American-lives rationale
American Compass (book club), 172 American image, 27–32
Amnesty International, 76, 84, 99 Anderson, Terry, 227–228 Angola, 32, 82–83
“anti-Americanism,” 158, 159, 170 anticipatory self-defense, doctrine of,
49 Anti-Defamation League, 18 antiwar activists, 102, 124, 155–166 call for, 166 celebrities as, 161–162 295
Index
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
antiwar activists (continued) characterization of, 165–166 Iraqi invasion and, 158, 166 military setbacks blamed on, 155,
157
as newsworthy, 237
Vietnam television coverage and, 134–136, 164–166
AOL Time Warner, 126, 127 appeasement, 63, 69, 72 Arabiya, Al- (satellite television
network), 183
Arab-language media, 130, 152, 183, 197–198
Ardito Barletta, Nicolas, 10
Arlington National Cemetery, 80, 148 Armey, Dick, 51
Armitage, Richard, 95
arms sales. See military contractors Ashcroft, John, 128
Aspin, Les, 187 assassinations, 78
Associated Press, 69, 80, 155 Gulf War civilian casualties and,
142
Iraqi civilian casualties and, 195 Lynch story and, 205–206 Panama invasion and, 7, 11,
16–17, 19, 20–21 Atlacatl Battalion, 79
Atlantic Monthly (magazine), 51, 60 atrocities, 67, 73, 75, 78–79, 81, 83,
84
acts of war vs., 225–226 Vietnam and, 136–138, 204,
225–226
Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, 160 AWACS plane, 114 Ayub, Tareq, 152 Azerbaijan, 95 Aziz, Tariq, 57, 71 Baathists, 64, 72 Bagdikian, Ben, 114 Baghdad, 215, 222
American war opponents in, 159–162
bombings of, 119, 143, 190–191
invasion as “cakewalk” claim and, 24
journalist casualties of U.S. missiles in, 152–153
Balaguer, Joaquin, 6, 7 Baldwin, James, 231
Balkans, 90–91. See also Bosnia; Kosovo; Yugoslavia, bombing of Baltimore Sun, 190, 206 Banfield, Ashleigh, 131 Barnes, Fred, 147 Barry, John, 58 BBC News, 67, 131, 199, 208 Beaumont, Peter, 50 Beers, Charlotte, 25, 90 Beirut. See Lebanon Belgrade, 121
“Beyond Vietnam” (King speech), 157
Biden, Joseph, 50, 109 Bildt, Carl, 67
bin Laden. See Laden, Osama bin biological weapons. See weapons of
mass destruction
Bipartisan Commission on Central America, 61
bipartisanship, 13, 15–16, 49 Birns, Larry, 224
Black Hawk Down (film), 209 “Blame America Firsters,” 170 Blood Rites (Ehrenreich), 166 Bloom, David, 150
Blum, Richard, 92 Blum Capital Partners, 92 Blystone, Richard, 187 B’Nai B’rith of Panama, 18 body counts, 193 Bolivar, Simon, 100 Bolton, John, 49 Bonior, David, 160 Bonner, Ray, 78–79 Boren, David, 13 Bosch, Juan, 1, 2, 4, 7 Bosnia, 29, 71, 82 Boston Globe, 13, 20, 66, 70, 117, 193, 223 Bradley, Bill, 99 Brazil, 5
Brelis, Dean, 203–204 Bremer, Paul, 214, 215 Brinkley, David, 141, 164 Britain, 29, 31, 32, 33, 45, 50
WMD intelligence and, 58, 59 Yugoslav bombing and, 121, 122 Brittain, Victoria, 83 Brokaw, Tom, 44, 118, 126, 144, 187, 206 Brooks, Vincent, 208 Brown, Aaron, 123 Browne, Malcolm, 117 Bruckheimer, Jerry, 209 B’Tselem, 174–175 Budeit, James, 23 Burton, Dan, 13 Burundi, 82 Bush, George H. W.
Angolan war and, 82 Gulf War rationale of, 87 on Hussein as Gulf War target,
188–189
Hussein-as-Hitler rhetoric of, 64–65, 66
Hussein support in 1980s by, 114 Iraqi Shiite rebellion and, 73 Kuwaiti incubator story and, 83–84 Panama invasion rationale of,
12–19, 24, 35
on Vietnam syndrome, 211 Bush, George W., 8
Afghanistan and, 145, 202 critics of, 125, 159, 160, 161, 163 foreign policy of, 28, 29–31, 94 Iraq casualties and, 147–149, 194,
195, 198, 228
Iraq invasion deceptions and, 181–183, 216, 235
Iraq invasion diplomatic maneuvers and, 44, 111
Iraq invasion explanation and, 53, 189
Iraq invasion propaganda and, 25–26, 32, 33, 46, 48–49, 71, 212 Iraq invasion rationale change and,
73
Iraq invasion results and, 101, 223, 228
Iraq “Mission Accomplished” ceremony and, 41, 207, 208 Iraq occupation continuance and,
228, 230–231
Iraq sovereignty and, 217 Iraq-Vietnam parallels and, 158 news management by, 126–127,
128, 132
truth avowals of, 49, 59 war on terrorism and, 94, 95,
126–128, 144, 148, 168–169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 195 weapons of mass destruction
address of, 57–58
Bush administration (1989–1993). See Bush, George H. W. Bush administration (2001– ). See
Bush, George W. “Bush Doctrine, The”
(Krauthammer), 29–30 Butler, Richard, 50
Calley, William, 204 Cambodia invasion, 98, 164 Cameroon, 32
Cam Ne huts burning, 136 Campbell, Tom, 110 Card, Andrew, 50 Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, 181 Carter, Hodding, 119
Carter, Jimmy, 76–77, 78–79, 205 Casey, William J., 11
Castro, Fidel, 3, 4
CBS Evening News (television program), 136, 139, 193, 206 CBS News, 28, 50, 80, 108, 117–118,
119
Balkans and, 120 Gulf War and, 187 Panama invasion and, 193 Vietnam War and, 136, 139, 140,
192, 204
war on terrorism and, 127, 144 celebrities, 161–163
censorship, 114, 115, 116–117 Afghanistan bombing and, 129,
censorship (continued)
of Arabic news media, 183, 198 Grenada invasion and, 21 Gulf War and, 117–118, 150 Iraq war and, 183
Iraq war returning coffins and, 148 My Lai massacre and, 204
war on terrorism and, 126–128, 131–132
See also media, self-censorship of Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA Chalabi, Ahmad, 61, 89
Charlie Rose (television program), 122
Chechnya, 67, 94–95, 173
chemical weapons. See weapons of mass destruction
Cheney, Dick, 28, 51, 59, 92, 160, 161
energy task force of, 90 Gulf War coverage and, 118 on Hussein–Al Qaeda link, 182 Chicago antiwar protests (1968), 165 Chicago Daily Herald, 163
Chicago Tribune, 56, 70, 110 Chile, 32, 85
China, 32
Chomsky, Noam, 77, 170, 211 Christian Science Monitor, 20 Churchill, Winston, 68
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2, 7, 78, 81
Iraqi exiles and, 178, 225 Noriega as tool of, 10, 11, 12, 16 Al Qaeda terrorism and, 128 WMD intelligence and, 58, 59 civilian casualties
acts of war vs. atrocities and, 225–226
Afghanistan bombing and, 129, 142
air power technology and, 185–202, 225–226 anonymity of, 193–194
as “collateral damage,” 118, 125, 143, 187
Gulf War and, 118–119, 142–143 human rights abuses and, 77–81
Iraq war and, 145, 146, 151, 152, 189–197, 198, 199, 200–201, 225
media censored reports of, 142–143
Panama invasion and, 20, 193 “Pentagonspeak” on, 118, 119 Vietnam War and, 136–137, 139,
186–187, 189, 192–193, 204, 225–226, 227
Yugoslavia bombings and, 70, 120–121, 199–200
Clark, Wesley, 126, 150 Clarke, Victoria, 153 Clausewitz, Karl von, 41 Clinton, Bill, 8, 110
Iraq and, 31, 47–48, 189 Yugoslav conflict and, 42–43,
66–68, 69, 70, 71, 110 cluster bombs, 199–201 CNBC (cable network), 150 CNN (cable network)
bombing of Afghanistan and, 126, 142
bombing of Baghdad and, 143 bombing of Yugoslavia and, 120,
122, 125 Gulf War and, 187
Iraq invasion and, 122–123, 125, 132, 150
military analysts and, 56, 125 opinion poll, 182, 215, 224 war on terrorism and, 127, 145 cocaine, 9–10, 17, 20–21 Cockburn, Alexander, 20 Cohen, Richard, 46, 48, 88–89 “collateral damage,” 118, 125, 143, 151, 187, 188 Columbia University, 194 Committee to Protect Journalists,
128, 130, 152, 183
Communist subversion, 2, 4, 6, 79 Compton, Ann, 188
Concern (aid group), 202 Congress, U.S.
foreign intervention resolution of, 6 Gulf War and, 88
Iraq war resolution of, 53, 72, 111 Iraq weapons inspection and,
49–50
Panama invasion and, 13, 15–16 war resolutions and, 103–111 See also specific committees Congressional Research Service, 88 Connally, John, 39–40
conscience, conformism vs. exercise of, 237
Conscience International, 202 Constellation (aircraft carrier), 185,
186 Contras (Nicaragua), 11, 64, 81–82 Cook, Robin, 122 Cope, Douglas, 228 Cordesman, Anthony, 119 corporate interests, 87–94
defense spending and, 113–114 globalization and, 92, 116
media conglomerates and, 91, 113, 128, 163
corporate scandals, 51
Country Joe and the Fish (music group), 196 Couric, Katie, 126, 206 Couso, José, 152 credibility, 48, 221–231 Croatia, 67, 71 Cronkite, Walter, 138, 139, 164, 192 cruise missiles, 188 Cuba, 2, 3, 6 Dalglish, Lucy, 56 Daniels, Jerry, 94 D’Aubuisson, Roberto, 78 Dayan, Moshe, 18
Daytona Beach News-Journal, 171 Dean, Howard, 100
death squads, 79, 189, 224 Deaver, Michael, 119 deceptions. See lies DeFazio, Peter, 16
“Defector’s Secrets, The” (Newsweek article), 58
Defense Department. See Pentagon defense industry. See military
contractors
Defense Press Operations (Pentagon), 179–180
De Gaulle, Charles, 167 DeLay, Tom, 173–174
Deliver Us From Evil: Defeating Terrorism, Despotism, and Liberalism (Hannity), 172 Delli Carpini, Michael X., 116, 139 Dellums, Ron, 15–16
democracy
Iraq and, 214, 217 security vs., 172–173 war machinery and, 236 Democracy Now (radio program),
43–44
Democratic National Convention (Chicago, 1968), 165 Democratic Party, 51 Detroit Free Press, 183 dictatorships
Carter administration backing of, 78
comparisons with Hitler and, 63–73 in Latin America, 1, 5, 13
U.S. reversed policies toward, 10 as war rationale, 8
Didion, Joan, 167–168, 170, 172 diplomacy as propaganda, 4, 44–47,
111, 144
DiRita, Lawrence, 183, 219 dissenters. See antiwar activists Dixie Chicks (music group), 162–163 Doctors Without Borders, 202 Dolny, Michael, 124
Dominican Republic invasion, 1–8, 9, 22
domino theory, 222
Donahue (television program), 125 Donahue, Phil, 125
Donvan, John, 151 Dowd, Maureen, 56 Downie, Leonard, Jr., 128 Drug Enforcement Agency, 11 drug trafficking, 9–11, 12, 14, 16, 17,
20–21
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 12 East Timor massacre, 77–78
Editor & Publisher, 223 Edwards, Bob, 188 Edwards, Don, 16 Egypt, torture and, 76 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 165–166 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 113 Ellsberg, Daniel, 36, 105 on official deceptions, 55, 108, 109, 234 on pressured conformity, 156–157 on U.S. spying on U.N. Security
Council members, 32–33 on Vietnam bombings, 39, 40–41 on Vietnamese casualties, 192–193 on Vietnam War escalation,
234–235 Ellul, Jacques, 24
El Salvador, 12, 13, 78–80, 189 embedded reporters, 123, 146,
150–153 energy task force, 90
Engineered Support Systems, Inc., 93, 94
England. See Britain enriched uranium, 72 Enron, 51
Enterprise (aircraft carrier), 145 Epstein, Edward Jay, 135, 136, 138,
141, 185 Erlich, Reese, 116 espionage, 31–32, 50 ethnic cleansing, 67, 69 euphemisms, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126, 143
evil and evildoers, concept of, 31, 64, 172, 187
expansionism, 30, 100
Face the Nation (television program), 108
Fadil, Nasser and Ali, 197
FAIR (media watch group), 45, 61, 119, 122, 123–124, 200 Fall of Yugoslavia, The (Glenny), 67 Fallujah, 153, 183, 228
civilian casualties in, 191, 194–197 Iraqi soldiers’ refusal to fight in,
213 Farnsworth, Elizabeth, 85–86 Federal Communications Commission, 127–128 Feinstein, Dianne, 92 Feldbusch, Jeremy, 149 Fernandez, Leonel, 7 Financial Times, 121–122 First Amendment, 129, 236 Fisher, Ian, 145 Fisk, Robert, 121 Fitzwater, Marlin, 68 Fleischer, Ari, 127 FMLN (El Salvador), 78, 79 Foreign Affairs (journal), 44 foreign policy, U.S., 27–33
charges against critics of, 158–159 corporate interests entwined with,
87–94, 113
hawks and, 28, 59, 164 journalists’ acceptance of, 116 lofty ideals and, 27, 29–30 perception gaps and, 28–29 presidential power and, 108 See also specific presidents and
wars
Fortune (magazine), 28
48 Hours (television program), 206 Fox News Channel, 127, 147, 172,
198
hawkish commentators and, 122, 124–125
on Iraq war critics, 160–161 viewers’ factual misperceptions
from, 154 France, 29, 32, 44, 89, 91 “freedom fighters,” 81–82 Friedman, Thomas, 44, 87–88, 116, 121, 122 Friendly, Fred W., 139 Gallup poll, 135, 182, 215, 224, 230 Garner, Jay, 72–73 Gates, Robert, 81 General Electric, 113–114 genocide, 69, 77, 114–115 Georgia (republic), 95 Germany, 29 Gheit, Fadel, 89
Gibson, Charles, 145 Gilkey, David, 183 Glenny, Misha, 67 globalization, 92, 116 Goering, Hermann, 233–234 Goldenberg, Suzanne, 191 Goodman, Amy, 43–44
Good Morning America (television program), 145 Goodwin, Richard, 2 Goodwyn, Wade, 206 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 16 Graham, Katharine, 80, 81, 85, 226–227 Gramm, Phil, 187 Great Britain. See Britain Greider, William, 158, 214
Grenada invasion, 7, 8, 21–23, 117, 235
“Operation” name for, 134 Grossman, Marc, 218 Gruening, Ernest, 107 Guam Doctrine, 212
Guardian (British newspaper), 45, 129, 190, 191, 197
Guatemala, 13, 78, 79 Guinea, 32
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 36, 103–109, 167
Gulf War, 8, 10, 35–36, 58, 100 antiwar sentiment and, 124,
157–158
civilian casualties and, 118–119, 142–143
Hussein’s demonization and, 64–65, 188–189
international law and, 98–99 marketing of, 68, 83–84, 87–88,
119, 143, 178
media coverage of, 36, 87–88, 107, 118–120
media “pool” curbs and, 117–118, 123–124, 150
military contractors and, 113–114 military technology and, 187–188,
189, 200, 235
official deceptions and, 36, 129 oil and, 87, 88–90
“Operation” name for, 134 presidential power and, 109 Shiite rebellion following, 73, 188 Vietnam syndrome and, 211 Hagel, Chuck, 51, 216 Haig, Al, 39 Haiti, 8, 29 Haldeman, H. R., 38 Halliburton, 51, 92, 197 Halliday, Denis, 71 Hallin, Daniel C.
on media coverage of Vietnam, 115, 130–131, 135, 138, 163, 165, 203, 204, 226
on selective perception, 164 on Tonkin Gulf incident, 104, 105 on Vietnam bombing raids,
186–187
on Vietnam syndrome, 235 Hannity, Sean, 172
Hardball (television program), 53 Harken Energy, 51 Harlow, Bill, 59 Harris poll, 134 Hartford Courant, 31 Harvard University, 30 Healey, John, 84 Hedges, Chris, 94, 120, 143–144, 149, 169, 173, 189, 193, 205, 212 Hegland, Corine, 201 Helms, Jesse, 99, 109 Henican, Ellis, 56 Herr, Michael, 134, 236 Herrick, John J., 104 Hickenlooper, Bourke, 221 Hill, Chris, 228 historical revisionism, 100 Hitchens, Christopher, 52, 170, 189 Hitler, Adolf, analogies with, 12, 18,
20, 63–73 Hoagland, Jim, 46, 68–69 Ho Chi Minh, 68 Hoffman, Fred, 24 Holbrooke, Richard, 43–44, 120, 144 Hollywood, 161–162 Holocaust, 63, 68, 69, 70
Honduras, 224 Hossie, Linda, 20 hostages, 81
House International Relations Committee, 72
How to Understand Propaganda (Lee), 25
human rights, 12, 75–86, 224 Israeli–Palestinian conflict and,
174–175
selective policies on, 76–77, 78, 114–115
Human Rights Watch, 201 Humphrey, Hubert, 37, 97 Huntley, Chet, 164
Hussein, Saddam, 53, 178, 180 atrocities of, 73, 172
defector son-in-law’s claims about, 58, 59
false linkage of Al Qaeda with, 56, 154, 181, 182–183
Hitler analogy with, 64–66, 68, 71–72, 73
invasion of Kuwait and. See Gulf War
Kurdish policy of, 75, 114–115 as rationale for U.S. warfare, 64,
76, 188, 189
regime change and, 48, 49, 50 reported destruction of WMD
stocks by, 58
U.N. weapons inspectors’ espionage and, 31–32
U.S. former support for, 10, 65–66, 71, 73, 114–115
U.S. 1998 missile attacks and, 31, 47–48, 119, 143, 189
U.S. rationales for deposing, 76 U.S. weapons sales to, 114–115 weapons inspection invitation by,
49–50
See also weapons of mass destruction
I Am a Soldier, Too (Lynch), 147, 209 Ignatieff, Michael, 30
Ikonos satellite photos, 129 imperialism, 99–100, 212, 214
incubator story (Kuwait), 83–84 Independent (London newspaper),
121
Indonesia, 77–78
Institute for Public Accuracy, 43 intelligence, 103
bogus stories and, 56–57 failures about Iraq, 57–59, 219 Inter-American Peace Force, 5 International Conference on Military
Trials, 97
International Herald Tribune, 175 international law, 97, 98–99, 110 Intervention in the Caribbean
(Palmer), 22 Iran, 73, 78, 81 Iran, shah of, 78 Iran-Contra scandal, 81 Iran–Iraq war, 65, 73, 114 Iraq. See Baghdad; Gulf War;
Hussein, Saddam; Iraq war; weapons of mass destruction Iraqbodycount.net, 194
Iraqi exile groups, 89, 178, 225 Iraqi National Accord, 225 Iraqi National Congress, 89, 178 Iraq war, 8, 44–53, 145–154, 189,
212–231
Arab-language media and, 130, 152, 183, 197–198
buildup for, 25–26, 31–32, 47–53, 55–61, 111, 188–189
“cakewalk” claim for, 24 celebrity opponents of, 161–163 changed rationale for, 73
civilian losses and, 145, 146, 151, 152, 189–201, 225
cluster bombs and, 200–201 congressional resolution for, 53, 72,
111
critics of, 51, 99, 100, 124, 125, 158, 159–163, 166
“cut and run” language on, 227, 228
deceptions by planners of, 56–57, 181–183, 212, 214, 216 deck-of-cards villains of, 180 diplomatic cover for, 4, 44–45, 111
embedded reportage of, 123, 146, 150–153
enemy dehumanization and, 203 environmental consequences of, 200 exceptional journalism and,
145–146
failures of, 235–236
human rights abuses and, 76 Hussein-as-Hitler analogy and,
64–66, 68, 71–72, 73 insurgency and, 195, 196, 214,
215–217, 229–230 international law and, 99
international negativity toward, 28, 29
invasion problems of, 190–191 Iraqi anti-Americanism and, 151 Iraqi new army and, 212–213 Iraqi self-rule and, 214, 216–218,
222, 224–225
Iraqization and, 212–213 lessons of, 219
Lynch public-relations blitz and, 205–209
marketing of, 50, 59–60, 131, 150–154, 190
media attitudes toward, 116, 124–125, 130–131, 163, 223, 225
media-coverage ban on returning coffins from, 148
media evidence of deceptions regarding, 181–183 media invasion coverage of,
122–125, 126, 132 media retractions on, 60–61 “Mission Accomplished” banner
and, 41
as “mistake,” 224
occupation problems of, 72–73, 212–217, 223–225
oil and, 87, 88–91
“Operation” name for, 134 prewar demonstrations against,
158, 166
public declining support for, 212, 224
public misperceptions of, 154, 214
public opinion on, 100–101, 154, 158, 159, 212, 223, 224, 229–230
rationales for, 52, 53, 64–66, 68, 71–73
reconstruction contractors and, 88, 92, 196–197
second thoughts about, 60–61, 224 Shiites and, 215
tactical critiques of, 216 technology and, 189–191 television coverage of, 122–126,
132
“unilateral” reporters of, 151, 153 U.N. Security Council and, 32–33,
44–45
U.S. casualties of, 147–149, 194–199, 200–201, 205, 215, 228, 229
U.S. soldiers’ maiming from, 147–149
U.S. troop level and, 218, 219, 230 U.S. withdrawal option and,
221–223, 227–231 viability of, 214
Vietnam parallels with, 52, 53, 101, 102, 130–131, 156, 158, 213, 214, 219, 222–223, 224, 227–230 Isaacson, Walter, 142 Israel, 18, 29, 99, 173–175 Jackson, Derrick Z., 193–194 Jackson, Jesse, 35 Jackson, Robert L., 97 jargon. See euphemisms
Jazeera, Al- (Arab-language satellite television network), 130, 152, 183, 197–198 Jenkins, Troy, 201 Jennings, Jim, 202 Jennings, Peter, 14 Jerusalem Post, 18, 174 Johns Hopkins University, 194 Johnson, Haynes, 11
Johnson, Lyndon
Dominican Republic intervention by, 1–5, 8, 22
Johnson, Lyndon (continued) evocation of Hitler by, 63 Gulf of Tonkin and, 103, 105 Vietnam War and, 35, 36–37, 39,
63, 97, 98, 103, 106, 107, 167 Vietnam War credibility and,
221–223
Vietnam War escalation and, 218–219
Vietnam War opposition and, 155–156
Johnson Doctrine, 6, 100
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 18, 142, 171, 218
Jordan, 29
Jordan, Eason, 122 journalists. See media Kagan, Donald, 170 Kaifesh, Larry, 196 Kalber, Floyd, 138 Kamel, Hussein, 58–59 Karnow, Stanley, 106 Keller, Bill, 60–61, 219 Kelly, Michael, 51 Kennan, George, 221 Kennedy, Paul, 170 Kennedy, Robert, 5
Kennedy School of Government, 30 Kent, Arthur, 187 Kerry, John, 52–53, 222 Khan, Irene, 76 Khatchadourian, Raffi, 95 Khattab, 95 Kilpatrick, Christian F., 163 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 102, 157 King Lear (Shakespeare), 232 Kinsley, Michael, 111
Kissinger, Henry, 39, 40, 81, 192–193 human rights abuses and, 84,
85–86 on power, 98 Kitt, Eartha, 161, 162 Klein, Naomi, 173
Knight Ridder news service, 183 Koonz, Claudia, 86
Koppel, Ted, 118, 122, 199 Korean War, 100, 212
Kosovo, 29, 42–43, 66–70, 71, 120, 122
cluster bombs and, 200, 201 KPBS (radio station), 153 Krajina region, 67 Krauthammer, Charles, 27–28, 29–30, 48, 148 Krugman, Paul, 231, 235 Kucinich, Dennis, 89, 110 Kull, Steven, 154 Kurds, 75–76, 114–115 Kuwait, 10, 35–36, 65–66, 87, 120, 178
incubator scam and, 83–84 oil fields of, 87
Kwiatkowski, Karen, 56–57 Laden, Osama bin, 82, 126–127,
144, 189
Lancet (medical journal), 194 land mines, 82
Lansdale, Edward, 55 Lantigua, Juleyka, 5, 7 Lantos, Tom, 72, 83
Larry King Live (television program), 122, 132, 201
Latin America, 1, 5, 7, 13. See also specific countries
Lausche, Frank, 106 Lawn, John C., 11 Lebanon, 8, 22, 81, 227 Le Duc Tho, 40
Lee, Alfred McClung, 25 Lee, Barbara, 111 Lee, Martin A., 113–114 Legal Times, 89 Lehrer, Jim, 84, 85–86, 124 Lemann, Nicholas, 171 LeMoyne, James, 79 Leslie, Jacques, 40, 41, 185, 186 Letterman, David, 170
Lexus and the Olive Tree, The (Friedman), 116
Liasson, Mara, 160–161 Liberia, 82
Libya, bombing of (1986), 8, 134 lies, 55–61, 173, 237
Gulf War and, 36, 129 Iraq invasion and, 56–57, 159,
160, 161, 181–183, 212, 214, 216, 234, 235
leaders’ types of, 57, 58 Vietnam War and, 38–41 as war resolution basis, 108 Limbaugh, Rush, 159 Lisagor, Peter, 108 Litchy, Lawrence, 136 lobbying, 94 Lockheed Martin, 94 Loeb, Paul, 162 Long, Rick, 153
Los Angeles Times, 11, 40, 105, 145, 152, 185, 219
Lynch story and, 207, 208, 209 Lugar, Richard G., 98 Lynch, Greg, 206 Lynch, Jessica, 147, 205–209 Maddox (destroyer), 104, 105 Mahajan, Rahul, 195 Mailer, Norman, 73, 172 Maines, Natalie, 163 Manifest Destiny, 100 Mann, Thomas, 2, 5, 8 Marcos, Ferdinand, 78 Marder, Murrey, 5, 107–108 Marin (Calif.) Independent Journal,
163 Marines, U.S.
Beirut barracks bombing and, 22
in Dominican Republic, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 22
Iraq war and, 195–196 Martin, John Barlow, 4 massacres. See atrocities Matthews, Christopher, 69 Mavroules, Nicholas, 15 Maytag Aircraft, 148 McCain, John, 122, 199 McCann, Michael, 18 McClellan, Kenneth, 177–178 McClellan, Scott, 230 McDermott, Jim, 159–161 McDonald, Joe, 232 McGinn, Dennis V., 126 McGrory, Mary, 46, 66, 84 McNamara, Robert, 105–106, 189 McNaughton, John T., 55 McPherson, Alan, 2, 3, 4 McQuaig, Linda, 89 Mears, Walter, 19 media, 113–132
American image and, 27–32, 33, 205
belief in leaders’ truthfulness by, 59–60
burdens of power and, 97–98 censorship of. See censorship combatant characterizations by,
203–209
corporate ownership of, 91, 113, 128, 163
cover stories and, 109 deceptive briefings to, 55, 56 downplaying of war horrors by,
137–138, 147–150
embedded reporting by, 123, 146, 150–153
Grenada landing and, 21, 23, 117, 150
human rights abuses and, 83–86 military action spin and, 8–17,
25–26
military analysts and, 118–119, 125–126, 144, 196
military technology characterizations by, 187 mixed messages from, 164
national security establishment and, 80–81, 129–130
need for invigoration of, 236 official sources and, 43, 106–107,
117–122, 124, 129, 139, 151, 170–171
ongoing pressures on, 91 patriotism and, 132
“Pentagonspeak” and, 118, 119 political climate and, 130–131 Powell’s U.N. Iraq speech and,
45–46
Rambouillet accord provisions and, 41–44
media (continued)
routinization of war coverage by, 236–237
selective perception and, 163–164, 165
self-censorship by, 91, 115–116, 118, 126–128, 131–132, 142 September 11 coverage focus of,
168–171
terrorism characterizations by, 175–176
Vietnam-Iraq war parallels made by, 222–223
visual effects of, 137–138, 146 as war apologists, 25, 47–48, 114,
163–164, 171
as war cheerleaders, 123–124, 131, 132, 237
war-making vocabulary of, 143–144
on wars of aggression, 100 wartime dissent coverage by, 158,
159–160, 164–165 weapons of mass destruction
coverage by, 58–60 wrongful wars and, 113–132 See also propaganda; television;
specific publications; under specific wars
Mekong Delta, 133 Mexico, 32
Miami Beach antiwar protests (1972), 165
Middle East Watch, 84
military analysts, 118–119, 125–126, 144, 150, 196
military characterizations, 203–209 military contractors, 88, 91, 93–94,
196–197
media ownership and, 113–114 money spent on, 113
military euphemisms. See euphemisms military–industrial complex, 113–114 military operations, naming of,
133–134
military technology, 185–202, 235 Miller, Judith, 60–61
Miller, Ron, 186
Milosevic, Slobodan, 42, 43, 90, 122 Hitler analogy with, 64, 66–71 Mitchell, George, 15
Mizrachi, Moises, 18 Mohammed, Taliya Ali, 191 money laundering, 11, 14 Monroe Doctrine, 100 Moore, Hal, 204
Morning Edition (radio program), 188 Morse, Wayne, 97, 106, 107, 108–109 Morton, Bruce, 119 Moyers, Bill, 2 MSNBC (cable network), 53, 72, 125, 131, 144, 166 Munich pact (1938), 63, 69 Murdoch, Rupert, 127
Muslims, 29, 173. See also Shiites My Lai massacre, 204
Napoleon, 114
narcotics. See drug trafficking Nation (magazine), 21 National Journal, 194, 201 National Public Radio. See NPR National Republican Congressional
Committee, 16
National Security Agency, 32–33 National Security Council, 14, 119 national security establishment,
80–81, 85
journalists’ relationship with, 116, 117
television self-censorship and, 126–128
NATO, 75–76, 97
Yugoslavia bombing and, 66, 69, 70, 120, 124, 125
Yugoslavia peace terms and, 41–44 Naughton, James, 127
NAVSTAR system, 114
Nazi Germany, 63, 64, 68, 71–72, 84 Nazzal, Makki al-, 195
NBC News
corporate defense-contract interests and, 113–114
Iraq invasion and, 125, 126, 150 Lynch story and, 206
opinion poll, 223
Pentagon propaganda and, 118 Vietnam peace-process focus of,
141–142
Vietnam War images and, 139, 140–141, 203–204
war cheerleading and, 131 war on terrorism and, 127, 144 Yugoslavia bombing and, 120 Neal, Richard, 125
Negroponte, John, 216–217, 224 neoconservatives, 30
“neutralize,” 125
New Media Monopoly, The (Bagdikian), 114
New Republic (magazine), 65–66, 101
Newsday (newspaper), 56, 57, 69, 90, 117, 118
NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
(television program), 84, 85–86, 124, 125, 196, 199
news media. See media
New Statesman (magazine), 82, 83 Newsweek (magazine), 80–81, 100,
149
Central American human rights abuses and, 80
“Crisis in Iraq: The Vietnam Factor” article, 228–229 on Hussein’s destruction of
weapons of mass destruction, 58–59
on military technology, 187 on television-influenced Vietnam
War support, 135
New York Daily News, 28, 72 New Yorker (magazine), 5 New York Review of Books, 73 New York Stock Exchange, 90 New York Times, 90, 94, 98, 109,
202, 219
Balkans coverage and, 120–121 Dominican Republic invasion and,
5, 6
El Salvador massacre and, 78–79
Grenada invasion and, 21, 23 Gulf War and, 87–88, 117, 120 Iraq occupation and, 215–218,
223, 224, 230–231
Iraq war and, 46–49, 100, 145, 149, 181, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 198
Lynch story and, 206 Nicaraguan Contras and, 81 Panama invasion and, 9–10 Pentagon misinformation and, 56 Pentagon Papers publication by, 38 on pool system curbs, 117
Rumsfeld’s “war on terrorism” op-ed piece in, 168–169
semi-apology on weapons of mass destruction coverage by, 60–61 Suharto coverage by, 77
terrorist threat censorship and, 127, 128
U.N. Security Council surveillance and, 33
U.N. weapons inspector spying and, 31
Vietnam War and, 104, 105, 136–137, 223, 226 New York Times Magazine, 30 Nicaragua, 5, 10, 11, 64, 78
Reagan policy and, 79–80, 81–82 Nieto, Clara, 5–6
Nightline (television program), 12, 36, 65, 114, 122, 124, 151 recitation of U.S. casualties in Iraq
by, 198–199 Niiler, Eric, 153
9/11. See September 11 attack 1984 (Orwell), 217
Nixon, Richard, 85, 156, 163–164 Cambodia invasion and, 98 Vietnam bombing raids and, 39–41 Vietnamization and, 212
Vietnam peace protestations by, 37–39, 40
Vietnam peace talks and, 140, 141–142
Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 9–21, 64 Northrop Grumman, 93–94 Northshield, Robert, 141
North Vietnam. See Vietnam War NPR (National Public Radio), 66–67,
90, 153, 160, 188, 206 nuclear weapons
Iraqi potential for, 60, 72 Nixon and, 39
See also weapons of mass destruction
Nunn, Sam, 17
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 97, 110
Nyhan, David, 66, 70
OAS. See Organization of American States
Ober, Eric W., 117–118
Observer (London newspaper), 32, 33, 50
Odom, William, 171 Office of Strategic Influence
(Pentagon), 55–56
Office of Strategic Plans (Pentagon), 57
Ogilvy, David, 25 oil, 29, 30, 87, 88–91, 95 Operation Allied Force, 134 Operation Desert Shield, 134 Operation Desert Storm, 134, 178 Operation Dockhouse V, 134 Operation El Dorado Canyon, 134 Operation Enduring Freedom, 134 Operation Infinite Justice, 134 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 134 Operation Just Cause, 19, 134 Operation Storm, 67
Operation Urgent Fury, 134 Oppenheimer & Company, 89 Orbit International Corp., 92–93 O’Reilly, Bill, 160
Organization of American States, 5, 12, 17, 97
Orwell, George, 91, 217 Osgood, Charles, 65
Overseas Press Club awards, 43, 120 Pacifica Radio, 43–44
Page, Clarence, 70
Pais, El (Madrid newspaper), 15
Pakistan, 29, 32
Palestine Hotel (Baghdad), 152 Palestinians, 173, 174, 175 Palmer, Bruce, Jr., 22 Panama Canal treaties, 15 Panama Canal Zone, 12, 13
Panama City (Fla.) News Herald, 142 Panama Defense Force, 14, 16, 23–24 Panama invasion, 7, 8, 9–21, 35, 235
casualties of, 16, 19, 20, 193 media access and, 116–117 “Operation” name for, 134 Paraguay, 5
Paris Peace Talks, 140, 141–142 Parry, Robert, 80
Partido Revolucionario Dominicano, 4, 7
Patrick, Jonathan, 202 Patriot cruise missile, 114 patriotism, 132, 144–145, 147
questions about war opponents and, 155–166
PBS (Public Broadcasting System), 84, 122, 124, 196
Penn, Sean, 161, 162 Pentagon
budget of, 113
deceptive briefings by, 55–57 euphemistic language of, 118, 119,
122, 125, 126, 143 future wars and, 219
Iraqi army rebuilding by, 213 Iraq invasion coverage and,
122–123
Iraq reconstruction contracts and, 92
Iraq war buildup coverage and, 50, 205–209
Iraq war casualties and, 147, 148 Iraq war embedded reporters and,
146, 150–153
military contractor expenditures by, 88, 93–94, 113, 114
military technology and, 187, 189, 191–192, 199, 200
news management by, 129–130 Office of Strategic Influence closure
“Operation” names and, 133–134 Panama invasion spin by, 17,
20–21
public-relations campaigns of, 177–184, 195, 202, 205–209 Pentagon Papers, 32, 36, 38, 39 perception management. See
propaganda Perini Corp., 92
Persian Gulf War. See Gulf War Pew Research Center, 28, 29 Pfaff, William, 64 Philadelphia Inquirer, 207 Philippines, 78 Phillips, Kyra, 145 photographic images, 137–138, 146 Pinochet, Augusto, 85
Ploeg, Herve de, 153 plutonium, 62 Poggioli, Sylvia, 66–67, 94 Poland, 72 Pollack, Kenneth, 59–60 Pol Pot, 73 Potthoff, Jerry, 93 Powell, Colin, 128, 160, 161, 181–182, 183, 197 Gulf War and, 118, 142
impact of U.N. speech of, 4, 45–47, 181–182
media trust in candor of, 4, 59 occupation of Iraq justification by,
223–224 Powell, Michael, 128 power, wielding of, 97–98
Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 127
PR. See public-relations campaigns presidents, U.S.
assumed trustworthiness of, 38–39
burdens of power and, 97–98 congressional war-making
deference to, 109–111 foreign policy power of, 108 leverage for war by, 9, 108,
234–235
national crisis support for, 103 news management by, 127
peace commitment statements by, 35, 36–41
rationales for war and, 1–26, 36, 47, 48–49, 109
unpopular wars and, 212 as victims of aggression, 98 presidential administrations. See
names of specific presidents Primetime Live (television program),
209
Program on International Policy Attitudes, 154
propaganda
American susceptibility to, 83 on America’s moral purpose, 27–32 to dehumanize enemy, 203
diplomacy as, 4, 44–47, 111, 144 Gulf War and, 83–84
invisibility of, 24–26, 86 Iraq war buildup and, 50–51,
56–57
media and, 24–26, 78–80, 83–84, 122–124
military media consultants and, 118–119
against Noriega, 12
official dissimulation and, 55–58 perception-management techniques
and, 26
post-September 11 (2001), 126–127, 144–145
presidential protestations of peace and, 35, 38
Vietnam War buildup and, 103–109
war critics charged with, 160 “war on terrorism” phrase and,
169
See also public-relations campaigns Protsyuk, Taras, 152
public opinion
Grenada invasion and, 22 Gulf War and, 64, 69
of Iraqis on American occupation, 214–215
Iraq war and, 100–101, 154, 158, 212, 223, 224, 229–230 misperceptions of, 154, 182–183
public opinion (continued)
public-relations campaign effects on, 68, 181–183
television Vietnam War images and, 134–136
Vietnam pullout and, 223 war coverage and, 131, 163–164 war opposition and, 155–166 war support and, 211–212 See also propaganda
public-relations campaigns, 177–184, 195
Afghanistan food drops and, 202 Gulf War and, 68, 83–84, 87–88,
119, 143, 178
Iraq invasion and, 25–26, 50, 59–60, 131, 150–154, 190 Lynch story and, 205–209 media help in, 25, 114
Yugoslavia bombing and, 68, 69 See also propaganda
Putin, Vladimir, 94–95, 128 Qaeda, Al, 127, 128, 130, 193
Iraq’s alleged link with, 56, 154, 181, 182–183 Qatar, 197–198 Quigley, John, 4, 14, 15, 22 Raborn, William, 2, 4 Rambouillet accords (1999), 41–44 Randall, Stephen J., 7 Rand Corporation, 156–157 Rather, Dan, 119, 131–132, 170, 204 Reagan, Ronald, 64, 161
Grenada invasion and, 21–23 Nicaragua and, 79–80, 81–82 Noriega and, 10–11, 16 Regarding the Pain of Others
(Sontag), 146 Rendon Group, 177–178
Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 56
Republican National Convention (Miami Beach, 1972), 165 Reston, James, 226 Reuters, 59, 70, 152 Rice, Condoleezza, 127 Richardson, Bill, 15 Riefenstahl, Leni, 84, 86 Ritter, Scott, 50 Roberts, Cokie, 170–171 Robinson, Walter V., 117 Rockler, Walter J., 110 Rocky Mountain News, 160 Rodgers, Walter, 123, 150 Rollins, Edward, 16 Romero, Oscar, 78 Rose, Judd, 12 Rosenberg, Howard, 145 Rudman, Warren, 88, 109 Rumsfeld, Donald, 28, 160, 161
Afghanistan war and, 144, 178, 193
on Fallujah civilian deaths, 197 former Iraq policy of, 71 on Iraq insurgency, 230
media briefings and, 55–56, 57, 59, 126, 129
on war on terrorism, 168–169 Ruses for War, The (Quigley), 14 Russia, 29, 32, 89, 91, 128, 173
Chechen war and, 94–95 St. John, Ronald Bruce, 227 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18, 84 St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times, 36, 129 Sandinistas (Nicaragua), 11, 64, 81 San Francisco Chronicle, 92, 194 Sarajevo, 82 Saudi Arabia, 35, 36, 129, 187 Savimbi, Jonas, 82, 83 saving-American-lives rationale, 3, 4–5, 8, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22–24 Sawyer, Diane, 145 Sawyer, Forrest, 150 Scahill, Jeremy, 43–44 Scarborough, Joe, 159 Schanberg, Sydney, 107, 147 Schechter, Danny, 165 Scheer, Robert, 208–209 Schlesinger, James R., 48 Schwarzkopf, Norman, 118 Scott, Tara, 163 Scowcroft, Brent, 51 Scud missiles, 119, 187
Seattle Times, 148 secrecy, 108, 109 Secunda, Eugene, 178
Security Council. See United Nations selective perception, 163–164, 165 Senate Armed Services Committee,
17, 105, 201
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 5, 50, 105, 221, 234
Senate Intelligence Committee, 13 September 11 attack (2001), 95, 111,
126–127, 128, 131–132, 167–171, 173
commission report on, 182–183 fear and, 236
political manipulation of, 168–171, 174, 182–183, 195
symbols of, 144–145 See also war on terrorism Serbia. See Yugoslavia Serbs (ethnic), 67, 121 Serb Television studios, 121 Shadid, Anthony, 145 Shakespeare, William, 232 Shays, Christopher, 71–72 Shelton, Henry H., 171 Shepperd, Donald, 56, 126 Shiites, 73, 188, 215, 225 Short, Clare, 121 Shultz, George, 10, 51–52, 64, 79–80 Silber, John, 64 silent majority, 98 Silicio, Tami, 148 Simpson, John, 200
Sinclair Broadcasting Company, 199 60 Minutes (television program), 80,
193 Sloyan, Patrick J., 118 Smale, Alison, 33 Small, William, 136 smart bombs, 188 Smith, Howard K., 138 Smith, Richard Norton, 100 Snell, Mike, 17, 20 Snow, Nancy, 24–25, 159, 169, 177 Solomon, Gerald B. H., 158 Somalia, 8, 82, 227 Somoza, Anastasio, 5, 78 Sontag, Susan, 137–138, 146, 170 Soul of a Citizen (Loeb), 162 Soviet Union, 14, 36, 16, 167. See
also Russia Space Imaging, 129
Special National Security Estimate, 218 Springsteen, Bruce, 163 spying, 31–32, 50 Stacks, John, 117 Stalin, Joseph, 71 State Department, 23, 49, 50, 90 Stauber, John, 83 Stealth bomber, 114, 125, 187, 188 Stevenson, Adlai, 45 Stewart, Jim, 187 Stockdale, James, 104 Stone, I. F., 37, 107, 133–134 on Israeli–Arab conflict, 174 on Vietnamization, 212 on Vietnam War opponents,
99–100, 155, 156 Storm, Jonathan, 207 Stufflebeem, John, 193 Sudan, 8, 82, 227 Suharto, 77, 78 Sukarno, 77 Sullivan, Andrew, 170 Sultanovic, Jovana, 70 Sulzberger, C. L., 226 Sunday Morning (television
program), 28
Sunday Telegraph (London newspaper), 200 Sunshine, Dennis, 92–93 “surgical strikes,” 119, 122, 126 “take out,” 125 Taliban, 142, 144, 193 technology, 185–202, 235 Tel Aviv, 119 Telecinco, 152 television
antiwar movement and, 164–165 effects of images of, 146
Iraq war and, 150–153, 194–195 Lynch story and, 206–209 mixed messages from, 164
television (continued) patriotism and, 144–145 selective perception and, 164 self-censorship by, 126–130,
131–132, 146
Vietnam War and, 134–145, 164, 185, 203
Tenet, George, 128 Teresa, Mother, 18 terrorism
globally workable definition of, 175 Israeli–Arab conflict and, 174 political character of term, 173 as tactic, 171, 175
See also September 11 attack; war on terrorism
Tet offensive (1968), 138, 139–140, 214
Thani, Hamad Bin Jasim, 108 Thant, U, 167
This Week (television program), 159–161
Thomas, Cal, 160 Thomas, Evan, 228 Thomas, Helen, 127
Threatening Storm, The: The Case for Invading Iraq (Pollack), 59–60 Thurman, Maxwell, 10, 17, 18 Time (magazine), 23, 27–28, 71, 187
Iraq war and, 101, 130, 148, 157, 195, 196, 221–222
Times of London, 18–19, 33
Today (television program), 126, 206 Tomahawk cruise missile, 114 Tonkin Gulf incident, 36, 45,
103–109, 167
Toronto Globe & Mail, 20 Toronto Star, 89, 183 torture, 75–76, 78, 85, 114, 115 Trainor, Bernard, 144, 196 Trujillo, Rafael, 1, 6 Truman Doctrine, 100 trustworthiness, 38–41, 55–59. See also lies Tudjman, Franjo, 67, 70 Turkey, 29, 75–76
Turner Joy (destroyer), 105 Tutwiler, Margaret, 90
TV Guide (magazine), 135 Twain, Mark, 131
Tyler, Patrick E., 116–117 Tyndall Report, 50 Uday, Anmar, 208
“Uncensored War,” The: The Media and Vietnam (Hallin), 130 unilateralism, 28
unilateral reportage, 151, 153 Unita (Angola), 82–83 United Nations, 44–47, 97
Angola and, 83
El Salvador truce and, 78 espionage and, 31–33
human rights abuses and, 78, 79 Iraq war resolution and, 32, 33,
44–46, 57
Powell’s Iraqi-threat speech and, 45–47, 181–182
World Food Program, 202 United Nations weapons inspectors,
47, 52
Iraqi defector claims and, 58, 59 Iraqi official statements on, 57 spying by, 31–32, 50
U.S. regime-change policy and, 48, 49, 50
United Press International, 12, 73, 137 “Untitled Protest, An” (McDonald),
232 uranium, 200 urban warfare, 19 USA Today, 49, 183, 188, 194, 214–215, 225 opinion poll, 182, 215, 224 Vann, John Paul, 186
“Vietnam syndrome,” 211–219, 235 connotation of, 211
Vietnam War, 8, 84, 100, 101, 189, 196, 236
antiwar activists and, 102, 134–136, 164–166
as archetype of wartime disaster, 158
arguments for continuing, 226 bombing raids and, 39–41, 98,
104, 165, 185–187, 189, 213, 225–226, 227–228, 235 casualties of, 101, 134, 141, 192–193, 204–205, 227 celebrities and, 161, 162 conformity and, 155–157 counterinsurgency and, 226 credibility argument and, 221 critics of, 99–100, 102, 134–135,
155–156, 158, 161, 162 debate on tactics of, 226 deceptive media briefings on, 55 demonization of opponents of,
155–165
escalation of, 63, 101–102, 107, 155, 218–219, 234–235 Gulf of Tonkin and, 36, 103–109,
167
international law and, 97
Iraq war comparisons with, 52, 53, 101, 102, 130–131, 156, 158, 213, 214, 219, 222–223, 224, 227–230
Johnson peace protestations and, 35, 36–37
media coverage of, 130–131, 134– 142, 185–187, 192, 203–205 media editorial views of, 223,
226–227
media-fueled momentum of, 163–164 media self-censorship and, 115 military technology and, 185–187 Nixon’s peace protestations and,
37–41
“Operation” names and, 133–134 peace talks and, 140, 141–142 Pentagon Papers leak and, 32, 36,
38, 39
portrayals of combatants and, 167, 203–205
pseudo-diplomatic groundwork for, 45
public support for, 134
public waning support for, 212, 223 as quagmire, 222, 223
television images of, 134–142 troop withdrawal and, 141, 212,
226
“true lessons” of, 229–230 “Vietnamization” and, 212, 213 Village Voice (newspaper), 114, 147 Vinyard, Curtis, 18
Voltaire, 237 voodoo, 17–18, 20 Wallace, Chris, 157 Wallace, Mike, 101–102
Wall Street Journal, 20, 49, 52, 79, 213, 214, 230
Iraq war endorsement by, 222–223, 228
opinion poll, 223 war crimes, 204
war declaration, war resolution vs., 107
War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (Hedges), 205 Warner, John, 17, 201–202 Warner, Margaret, 125 war on terrorism, 167–176
Bush administration agenda and, 168–169, 171
Chechen secessionists and, 94–95 civilian casualties and, 142 government media controls and,
126–130, 131–132
human rights abuses and, 76, 174–175
international perceptions of, 29 Iraq war conflated with, 222–223 Iraq war’s negative effect on, 29 military technology and, 188 misperceptions of, 154, 182–183 presidential–congressional relations
and, 111
rhetoric of, 126, 144, 171–175 television logos and, 144–145 U.S. troop deployment and, 95 Vietnam War reported as, 167 war powers, 109–111
War Powers Act of 1973, 110, 111 war resolutions, 103–111
Washington Group International, 92 Washington Post, 5, 17, 21, 66, 116,
198
Washington Post (continued)
Gulf of Tonkin and, 103–104, 105, 107–108
Iraq-as-threat reports and, 24, 44–48, 51–52
Iraq insurgency and, 215–216 Iraq war coverage and, 145, 149,
190
Iraq war critics and, 160 Iraq war motives and, 88–89 Iraq weapons program and, 181 Lynch story and, 206, 207
Milosevic-as-Hitler and, 68–69, 71 opinion poll, 230
Rambouillet accord and, 42, 43 socializing with government
officials and, 80–81
terrorist threat censorship and, 128 Vietnam War and, 136, 223 Vietnam War opposition and, 156,
157, 226–227
Washington Post Company, 85 Washington Times, 13, 14 Waters, Michelle, 190 Waters-Bey, Kendall D., 190 Wayne, John, 161
weaponry. See military technology weapons manufacture. See military
contractors
weapons of mass destruction, 8 Bush administration claims about,
57–58, 59–60, 181 false informant on, 61
as Iraqi invasion rationale, 52, 53, 72, 73
Iraqi invitation to inspect, 49–50 media coverage of, 58–60 New York Times acknowledged
misleading coverage of, 60–61 Pentagon disinformation on, 56–57 Powell concession on existence of,
182
Powell’s convincing U.N. speech on, 45–47
public misperceptions about, 154 U.N. inspectors and, 31–32, 47–50,
52, 57–59
U.S. aid in amassing, 114
Weekly Standard (magazine), 147, 170, 172
Wessin y Wessin, Elias, 6 Westin, Av, 141
Westmoreland, William, 36, 65, 101, 155, 157, 218
What Every Person Should Know About War (Hedges), 94, 193, 212
Wheeler, Earle, 105, 106 Whitbeck, John V., 175 White House tapes, 2, 39–40 Wiesel, Elie, 70
Will, George, 47–48, 159–160, 161, 215–216, 230
Williams, Bryan, 144 Wilson, Woodrow, 40 WMD. See weapons of mass
destruction Wolfowitz, Paul, 28 Woolsey, James, 89 World Affairs Council, 64 World Food Program, 202 World War II, 68, 69, 72, 97
high support-level for, 211–212 Wyatt, Clarence, 139
Yale University, 170 Yeltsin, Boris, 67
Yugoslavia, bombing of, 8, 41–44, 66–71, 144, 189
civilian casualties, 70, 120–121, 199–200
critics of, 66, 68–69 media coverage of, 66–71,
120–122, 124, 125 “Operation” name for, 134 sanitized coverage of, 122 technology and, 199–200, 201,
235
War Powers Act and, 110 See also Bosnia; Kosovo Zakaria, Fareed, 44 Zerbisias, Antonia, 183 Ziegler, Ron, 39
Zinn, Howard, 30, 100, 225 Zucchino, David, 152
