Physics

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Topic-

clap

switch

{

Converts the sound

signal into electrical energy

}

HEPHZIBA VARGHESE

X11 - D

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NO

TOPIC

PG NO.

1 AIM

1

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2

3 INTRODUCTION

3

4 MATERIALS REQUIRED

4,5

5 BASIC PRINCIPLE

6

6 BLOCK DIAGRAM

7

7 CIRCUIT COMPENANTS

8,9

8 PROCEDURE

10,11

9 OBSERVATION

12

10 PRECAUTIONS

13

11 CONCLUSION

14

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY

15

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To prepare a clap switch, that converts

a sound signal into electrical energy.

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I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my chemistry teacher

Mr. jeneesh joseph , for his vital

support guidance and

encouragement without which this

project would not have come forth.

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INTRODUCTION

This is a circuit that can be used to

turn a device on and off by sound

only, hand clapping, whistling etc. the

basic idea of clap switch is that the

electrical microphone picks up the

sound of your claps, coughs and the

sound of of that book knocked off the

table. The operation of the circuit is

simple. If we clap the lamp turns on

and to switch it off clap again . It

produces a small electrical signal

which is amplified by the succeeding

transistor stage. Two transistors cross

connected as a bi-stable multi

vibrator change state at each signal.

One of these transistors drives a

heavier transistor which controls a

lamp. This circuit can switch on and

off a light, a fan or radio etc by the

sound of a clap

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When triggered, the circuit will stay in

the on or off condition till it is

triggered again. This circuit is

constructed using basic electronic

components like resistors, battery

condenser mic , led, capacitors. This

circuit turns ‘ON’ light for the first

clap. The light turns ON till the next

clap. For the next clap the light turns

OFF. It is generally used for light,

television, radio or similar electronic

device that the person can turn on or

off even without going close to it.

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The basic principle of this clap switch

circuit is that it converts sound signal

into electrical energy. The input

component is a transducer that receives

clap sound as input and converts it to

electrical pulse. The basic idea of clap

switch is that the electric microphone

picks up the sound of your claps, coughs,

and the sound of that book knocked off

the table. It produces a small electrical

signal which is amplified by the

succeeding transistor stage. transistors

cross connected as a bi-stable multi

vibrator change state at each signal. One

of these transistors drives a heavier

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transistor which controls a lamp. when

we clap our hands , the sound is received

by by AUDIO AMPLIFIER. Here the given

sound signal is converted into electrical

signal and then amplified by using

transistors. Here through the circuit we

make we shall glow a led.

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Circuit COMPONENTS

RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one that does notrequire power to operate). They are used to control voltages and currents. While a resistor is avery basic component, there are many ways to manufacture them. Each style has its owncharacteristics that make it

desirable in certain types of applications. Choosing the right type ofresistor is important to making high-performance or precision circuits work well. This bonus chaptercovers the resistor types and helps with picking the right one for your project. All resistors are basically just a piece of conducting material with a specific value of resistance. For that piece of conducting material to be made into a practical resistor, a pair of electrodes and leads are attached so current can flow. The resistor is then coated with an insulating material to protect the conducting material from the surrounding environment and vice versa. There are several different resistor construction methods and body styles (or packages) that are designed for a certain range of applied

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voltage, power dissipation, or other considerations. The

construction of the resistor can affect its performance at high frequencies where it may act like a small inductor or capacitor has been added, called parasitic inductance or capacitance.The resistors used here is 1k , 4.7 k and 470 ohm.

CAPACITORS

Capacitor has ability to store charge and

releasethem at a later time. Capacitance is the

measure of theamount of charge that a capacitor can

store for a givenapplied voltage. The unit of

capacitance is the farad (F) ormicrofarad. The

capacitors used in the circuit

areelectrolytic-capacitor.In the circuit the electrolytic capacitor is used

as a bypass capacitor. Any noise variation inthe circuit

is removed by the capacitor. 100

u

f is used here

BATTERY

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting

of one or more electrochemical cells that convert

stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since

the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in

1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the

technically improved Daniel cell in 1836, batteries

have become a common power source for many

household and industrial applications. According to a

2005 estimate, the worldwide battery a industry

generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6%

annual growth There are two types of batteries:

primary batteries (disposable batteries), which

aredesigned to be used once and discarded, and

secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries),which are

designed to be recharged and used multiple times.

Batteries come in many sizes,from miniature cells used

to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery

banks the size ofrooms that provide standby power for

telephone exchanges and computer data centres

.

TRANSISTORA transistor is a semiconductor device

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electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor

material with at least three terminalsfor

connection to an external circuit. A voltage or

current applied to one pair of thetransistors

terminals changes the current flowing through

another pair of terminals. Becausethe controlled

(output) power can be higher than the controlling

(input) power, a transistorcan amplify a signal.

Today, some transistors are packaged individually,

but many more arefound embedded in integrated

circuits

ic An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called

a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which

thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors,

and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as

an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,

computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is

categorized as either linear (analog) or digital, depending

on its intended application

LEDA light-emitting diode (LED) is a

two-lead semiconductor

light source

. It is a basic

pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated.

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_When

a suitable

voltage

is applied to the leads, electrons are

able to recombine with electron holes within the device,

releasing energy in the form of

photons

. This effect is

called

electroluminescence

, and the color of the light

(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is

determined by the energy band gap of the

semiconductor

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PROCEDURE

Connect all the components as shown in the figure.

First place the resistor of 4.7k resistance and then of 1k and then 2 resistors of 47o ohm and 47 k and the place 2 transistor of

BC547AND CAPACITOR OF 1oonf. After this place an led bulb.

Capacitor of 1oomf.condensor mic and a battery cap. And then to give current to the circuit place a battery of volt 9.

Now we shall place all these in this pcB board after drawing this diagram on while placing a capacitor of 1oomf which has two terminals the bigger one is positive and the smaller is negative. the big one will come towards the end side.

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Now we will place a condenser mic. which has two terminals .in which the bigger one is positive and he smaller one is negative. The positive terminal will come towards the upper side. Led has two terminals the bigger one is positive and the smaller one is negative. The bigger one will come to the upper side. After placing a 470 0hm resistance, we will place an 555 IC In which the cutted end will be towards the left. After placing all these we shall do the soldering but before that we will remove the

condenser mic. We shall join the 2nd_{wire of transistor to the}

resistance wire 4.7 k . now join the resistance R1 wire t o the first wire of the transistor. Resistors r 2 wire to the first wire of transistor t2. Now join the capacitor wire to the two wires of t2 and r2.now r3 wire to the capacitor wire. Transistor wire to third wire of ic.resistancer4 wire to 7th wire of IC. Now solder the 6th

and 7th_{wire of IC. Now join ICs 2}nd_{wire to the capacitors wire c1.}

Now join c3 1oonf to ICs 5th wire. Now join ICs 8th_{wire to its 4}th

wire and this 4th_{and 8}th_{wire should be joined to the resistance}

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Now place the condenser mic.

Join the condensers wire to the wire of resistance.r1 4.7k. now we will place one wire to the negative side of battery cap which will be attached to the positive side of mic to the ik and r2 470 0hm and to 47 k and to 4.7 k.and join rs 4.7k and t1BC 547 and this should be joined to rs 470 ohm.Now we shall place another wire at the corner side which will be then attached to the rs 4.7k and then to the two transistorsT1 and T2 and then to capacitor c2 and then to capacitor c1

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Now we shall join the ic wire to the wire given below. (Negative

terminal wire)

Then to this wire we will join the wire of led. Now the battery cap, as it has two terminal red and black colored. In which the red is positive and the black 0one is negative. The red i.e.

Positive will come towards the upper side and negative i.e. The black one will and black towards the bottom

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now we shall place a 9 volt battery to it. As soon as we place a

battery as the circuit gets

complete and as we clap the bulb glows.

we can check this once again by removing the battery and placing it again.

ADVANTAGES

1.

The

primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired

person.

2. We can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in the bed) simply by clapping our hands.

3. Low cost and reliable circuit.

4. Complete elimination of man power

.5. Energy

efficient

FUTURE SCOPE



We can increase the range of this

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

We can use this as Remote Controller.

DISADVATAGES

1. It is generally cumbersome to have to clap one’s hands to

turn something on or off and it is generally seen as simpler for

most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

2. Unless we use a filter in the circuit , it is not that

advantageous. So that circuit activates only for clap of particular

frequencies and then it becomes accurate

.

APPLICATIONS

1. Clap activated switch device will serve well in different

phono-controlled applications.

2. Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.

3. This circuit functions on using the sound energy provided by the clap which is converted into electrical energy by condenser microphone . Using this converted electrical energy which is used to turn on relay (an electronic switch).

4. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.

5. The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room(e.g. while ON bed)simply by clapping your hands.

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6. The major disadvantage is that its generally cumbersome to have to clap ones hands to turn something on or off and its generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.