Indication to the Type of Restoration

(1)

Indication to the

type of restoration

O.R.GaneshMurthi O.R.GaneshMurthi M.Sc.D Endo M.Sc.D Endo student student

(2)

(3)

The tooth as a house

(4)

In

troductio

n

Teeth that require endodontic treatment are Teeth that require endodontic treatment are

often severely broken down and can be vulnerable often severely broken down and can be vulnerable to fracture; they often require extensive (and

to fracture; they often require extensive (and expensive) restoration following root canal expensive) restoration following root canal treatment.

treatment.

A high fracture rate has been found in root-filled A high fracture rate has been found in root-filled

teeth that have mesial Occlusal distal (MOD) teeth that have mesial Occlusal distal (MOD) amalgam restoration

amalgam restorations, and s, and it is it is often good practiceoften good practice to place some form of cusp coverage restoration to to place some form of cusp coverage restoration to prevent destructive flexure during mastication.

(5)

F

(6)

E

_n

_dodo

_n

_{tically treated teeth are}

usually weak



 loss of tooth structureloss of tooth structure



(7)

There is good evidence from There is good evidence from scientific studies that the

scientific studies that the quality of coronal seal

quality of coronal seal

affects the prognosis of root affects the prognosis of root canal treatment. It takes a canal treatment. It takes a relatively short time for the relatively short time for the root-filled tooth

root-filled tooth to b

to becoecome reme reinfinfectecteded if it isif it is left exposed to the

left exposed to the oral cavity.

oral cavity.

S

(8)

treatme

n

t pla

nn

i

ng



 EExisting endodontically treated teeth need to bexisting endodontically treated teeth need to be

assessed care-fully for the following: assessed care-fully for the following:



 Good apical sealGood apical seal



 No sensitivity to pressureNo sensitivity to pressure



 No exudateNo exudate



 No fistulaNo fistula



 No apical sensitivityNo apical sensitivity



(9)

objectives of restoratio

n

e

n

dodo

n

tically

treated tooth

S S

_{tated as µ3R¶s}

  ReinforcementReinforcement   ReplacementReplacement   RetentionRetention

(10)

R

_ei

_n

_forceme

_n

_t

R

_ei

_n

_forceme

_n

_t



 Reinforcement of theReinforcement of the

remaining tooth remaining tooth

structure is achieved structure is achieved with dowel and coping with dowel and coping

  DOWDOWELEL ±± ppoosstt extending extending approximately 2/3 approximately 2/3rdrd

the length of the root the length of the root canal

canal

A

(11)

R

_eplaceme

_n

_t

Replacement of missing Replacement of missing tooth structure is

tooth structure is

achieved with the core achieved with the core COR

COREE _±_± _is_is_th_{the c}_{e cor}_oron_onal_al

extension of the dowel extension of the dowel that provide optimal that provide optimal retention for final

retention for final Restoration.

Restoration.

B

(12)

R

_ete

_n

_tio

_n

Is supplied by

1.

Dowel for core

2.

(13)

Co

n

sideratio

n

s for a

n

terior teeth

Anterior teeth do not always need complete Anterior teeth do not always need complete

coverage, except when plastic restorative coverage, except when plastic restorative materials woul

materials would d have limited prognosis in viewhave limited prognosis in view of the extent of coronal destruction. Many

of the extent of coronal destruction. Many function with composite resin

function with composite resin restorationrestorations.s.

when the tooth is loaded, stresses are greatest when the tooth is loaded, stresses are greatest at the facial and lingual surfaces of the root

at the facial and lingual surfaces of the root and an internal post, being only minimally and an internal post, being only minimally stressed, does not help prevent fracture stressed, does not help prevent fracture

(14)

protectio

n

of

a

n

terior teeth?

Coronal coverage does

not

significantlysignificantly improve the success of Anterior RCT

(15)

a

.I

t

ac

t

a

r

i

a

l ri

.I

t

ac

t

c

i

l

(

a

ll

access

en

i

ng

)

c

.

I

n

t

ac

t i

nc

i

sa

l

edge

d

.

-

sma

l

r

i

ma

l

es

i

ns

/r

es

t

r

a

ti

ns

M

_i

_n

_{imal coro}

_n

_{al dama}

_g

_e

Wh

Wha

at i

t is

s th

the

e fi

fina

nall r

r es

estt r

r a

ati

ti n

n f thi

f this

s ty

ty e

e f

f

case

case ?

?

R

Res

estt r

r e

e access

access

en

eniing

ng with

with a

a compos

composit

ite

e

r

(16)

si

gn

ifica

n

t coro

n

al dama

g

e



undermined marginal ridges



loss of incisal edge



coronal fracture/esthetically

unacceptable

What is the final restoration of this type of case ? What is the final restoration of this type of case ?

Post/core Post/core

-small circular canal

-small circular canal _ acceptable to use prefabacceptable to use prefab post + resin(must have at least 2mm of

post + resin(must have at least 2mm of toothtooth

structure apical to resin core); however, cast post structure apical to resin core); however, cast post and core best treatment

and core best treatment -elliptical/flare

-elliptical/flared d canalcanal  custom cast post/corecustom cast post/core

F

(17)

do all

R

_{CT teeth}

_n

_{eed ³protectio}

_n´

_?

do all

R

_{CT teeth}

_n

_{eed ³protectio}

_n´

_?

A

Ann

_teriors

Posteriors

Y

YESES

_{!!!!!!!!!! (unless not in}

_occlusion)

No, But may need post/core to r

estore

tooth

(18)

Co

n

sideratio

n

s for posterior teeth

E

E_{ndodontically}_{ndodontically}

treated posterior treated posterior teeth are subject to teeth are subject to greater loading than greater loading than anterior teeth are

anterior teeth are because of their because of their

position closer to the position closer to the insertion of the

insertion of the

masticatory mus-cles masticatory mus-cles..

(19)

P

_{arts of prosthodo}

_n

_{tic reco}

_n

_structio

_n

P

_{arts of prosthodo}

_n

_{tic reco}

_n

_structio

_n

compared with chai

n

li

n

ks

compared with chai

(20)

R

_esi

_n

_restoratio

_n

_i

_n

_{access ope}

_n

_i

_ng

Indication

Intact anterior tooth with only an access Intact anterior tooth with only an access opening or very small class III restoration opening or very small class III restoration

Contraindications

Numerous or large restoration in

Numerous or large restoration in toothtooth resul

resulting ting in exin extentensive desive desturctsturctionion mostmost posterior teeth

(21)

R

_esi

_n

_restoratio

_n

_i

_n

_{access ope}

_n

_i

_ng

Advantages

  1 appointment1 appointment   CostCost 

 Preserve tooth structurePreserve tooth structure



 EEstheticssthetics

Disadvantages



(22)

Amal

g

am core fou

n

datio

n

Amal

g

am core fou

n

datio

n

Indication

Posterior teeth that are to receive crowns Posterior teeth that are to receive crowns

cuspal coverage can be considered for strength cuspal coverage can be considered for strength as an option to crown

as an option to crown

Contraindication

Teeth in which a bulk of am

Teeth in which a bulk of amalgam cannot bealgam cannot be obtained

(23)

TY

PESPES

TY

PES OFPES OFOF POSOF POSPOSPOS

_T

SSSS

M

EE

_T

_TA

_A

LLLL

_IIC

_C

_N

_NO

_ON

_N--M

_M

EE

_T

_TA

_A

LLLL

_IC



 SS

_tai

_n

_less

SS

_teel



Tita

n

ium



Tita

n

ium Alloy



Gold-

PP

_lated

brass



Carbon

FF

_ibre

 

Ceramic

 

Glass-fibre

reinforced

 

Composite

(24)

Custom cast post a

n

d core

Custom cast post a

n

d core

Advantages:



 Preservation of maximumPreservation of maximum

tooth structure tooth structure



 Provision of anti-rotationalProvision of anti-rotational

properties properties



 Core retentionCore retention



 LLess chances of verticaless chances of vertical

fractures during preparation fractures during preparation



 High strengthHigh strength

Di

_sadvantages:



 LLess stiff thaness stiff than

wrought wrought



 Time consuming,Time consuming,

complex procedure complex procedure

Recommended Use: Recommended Use:

E

E_{lliptical ca}_{lliptical ca}_n_n_als_als F

(25)

P

_refab

_ricat

_{ed T}

_apered

P

_ost

P

_refab

_ricat

_{ed T}

_apered

P

_ost

Advantages:



 Conserves toothConserves tooth

structure structure



 High strength andHigh strength and

stiffness stiffness

Di

_sadvantages:

  LLow retentionow retention 

 LLongitudinal splittingongitudinal splitting

of remaining root of remaining root

S

_{mall circular ca}

_n

_{als or}

Very tapered ca

(26)

P

_refabricated

P

_arallel

P

_refabricated

P

_{arallel -}

_-

S

_ided

S

_mooth

P

_ost

S

_mooth

P

_ost

Advantages:



 EExcellent clinicalxcellent clinical

retention retention



 Minimal stressMinimal stress

production within root production within root



 EEase of placementase of placement



 SSuperior ratinguperior rating

Di

_sadvantages:



 Precious materialPrecious material

post expensive post expensive



 Corrosion of Corrosion of

stainless-steel stainless-steel



 LLess conservative of ess conservative of

tooth structure tooth structure

(27)

P

_{refabricated Threaded}

P

_osts

P

_{refabricated Threaded}

P

_osts

Advantages:



 High retentionHigh retention

Di

_sadvantages:



 SStresses generated intresses generated in

canal may lead to canal may lead to fracture

fracture



 Does not conserveDoes not conserve

coronal and radicular coronal and radicular tooth structure

tooth structure

O

O_n_n_lly_y _w_wh_hee_n_n _maximum_maximum rete

(28)

F

_iber

R

_ei

_n

_forced

P

_ost

F

_iber

R

_ei

_n

_forced

P

_ost

Advantages:

  EEstheticsthetic

Di

_sadvantages:

  LLow strengthow strength 

 High failure rateHigh failure rate

S

_hould

_n

_{ot be used where r}

_{ot be used where remai}

_emai

_n

_ii

_ng

tooth structure is less tha

n

ideal or where

hi

(29)

Z

irco

n

ia Ceramic

P

_ost

Z

irco

n

ia Ceramic

P

_ost

Advantages:



 EEstheticssthetics



 High stiffnessHigh stiffness



 High modulus of High modulus of

elasticity elasticity

Di

_sadvantages:

  EExpensivexpensive 

 Uncertain clinicalUncertain clinical

performances performances

H

(30)

Cast metal post a

n

d core

Cast metal post a

n

d core

Indication

Teeth in which minimal tooth structure remains Teeth in which minimal tooth structure remains a tooth that is to be used as an abutment for a tooth that is to be used as an abutment for fixed partial denture.

fixed partial denture.

Contraindications

Teeth requiring some types of very translucent Teeth requiring some types of very translucent all ceramic crowns

(31)

Cast metal post a

n

d core

Cast metal post a

n

d core

Advantages

S

S_{trength post and core one unit}_{trength post and core one unit}

Relative easy to incorporate anti rotation feature Relative easy to incorporate anti rotation feature

Disadvantages

Numerous

Numerous appointappointmentsments Cost

Cost

More tooth removal More tooth removal

(32)

Ceramic post a

n

d core

Ceramic post a

n

d core

Indication

Teeth requiring some type of very translucent Teeth requiring some type of very translucent all ceramic crowns

all ceramic crowns

Contraindication

Teeth for which a metal ceramic crown is Teeth for which a metal ceramic crown is planned

(33)

Ceramic post a

n

d core

Ceramic post a

n

d core

Advantages

E E_sthetics_sthetics

Disadvantages

Numerous

Numerous appointappointmentment Cost

Cost

L

L_{ong term data are limited}_{ong term data are limited}

Ceramic materials may have a tendency to Ceramic materials may have a tendency to fracture

(34)

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Indication

E

E_nhancement_{nhancement of}_of _esthetic_{esthetic outcome}_{outcome situation}_{situation in}_in

which existing restoration combined with the which existing restoration combined with the endodo

endodontic access under ntic access under mine the structure if mine the structure if crown

crown

Contraindication

Anterior teeth that have only a conservative Anterior teeth that have only a conservative

endodontic access opening endodontic access opening

(35)

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Advantages

Protection of reaming tooth structure by Protection of reaming tooth structure by encirclement

encirclement

Disadvantages

Removal of more tooth structure Removal of more tooth structure cost

(36)

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Crow

n

placeme

n

t

Indication

E

E_{nhancement o}_{nhancement o}_{f esthetics out c}_{f esthetics out c}_{ome situation in}_{ome situation in}

which existing restorations combined with the which existing restorations combined with the endod

endodontic access ontic access undermine the structureundermine the structure integrity of the natural crown

integrity of the natural crown

Contraindications

Anterior teeth that have only a conservative Anterior teeth that have only a conservative

endodontic access opening endodontic access opening

(37)

metal

metal-metal-

-ceramic crow

ceramic crow

n

s

Metal-ceramic crowns are very strong and Metal-ceramic crowns are very strong and resist occlusal loads well. Minimal

resist occlusal loads well. Minimal preparat

preparation (0.5 mmion (0.5 mm) is required on the) is required on the pala

palatal antal and appd approxroximalimal surfasurfaces. ces. This maThis mayy be beneficial in a root-filled tooth with little be beneficial in a root-filled tooth with little remaining coronal tooth substance

(38)

metal

metal-metal-

-composite crow

composite crow

n

s

Metal-composite crowns are often used as Metal-composite crowns are often used as long-term provisional restorations. The

long-term provisional restorations. The comp

(39)

metal

metal-metal-

-free crow

free crow

n

s -

s

-porcelai

porcelai

n

jacket

crow

n

crow

n

Porcelain jacket crowns require a buccal tooth Porcelain jacket crowns require a buccal tooth reduction of between 0.8 and 1.3 mm, and can reduction of between 0.8 and 1.3 mm, and can therefore be more conservative on tooth

therefore be more conservative on tooth substance than a m

substance than a metal-ceramic crown.etal-ceramic crown. SS_tained_tained

dentine and metal posts affect the aesthetic dentine and metal posts affect the aesthetic appearance of a porcelain jacket crown.

appearance of a porcelain jacket crown.

E

E_{xcessive occlusal loading may be a problem}_{xcessive occlusal loading may be a problem}

and can result in unpredictable fracture. and can result in unpredictable fracture.

(40)

M

_esio

_esio-

_{-occlusal cavities}

_{occlusal cavities}

Plastic Restorative Tech

nn

_iques

The best method of restoring a root-treated The best method of restoring a root-treated tooth with an existing proximal box depends tooth with an existing proximal box depends on the size and depth of the box and on the on the size and depth of the box and on the occlusal stresses that are applied during

occlusal stresses that are applied during

mastication. In a case with a shallow box and mastication. In a case with a shallow box and no evidence of occlusal loading, an amalgam no evidence of occlusal loading, an amalgam restoration could be used

(41)

co

n

servative cuspal covera

g

e

co

n

servative cuspal covera

g

e

restoratio

n

s

restoratio

n

s

A bevelled margin of I m

A bevelled margin of I mm depth is preparedm depth is prepared around the circumference of the tooth.

around the circumference of the tooth.

Base metal alloys can be bonded to the etched Base metal alloys can be bonded to the etched occlusal surface of the tooth using a silane

occlusal surface of the tooth using a silane bonding system.

bonding system. EE_{xtra retention will be provided}_{xtra retention will be provided}

by the internal contours of the access by the internal contours of the access

cavity, the majority of which is packed with cavity, the majority of which is packed with IRM.

(42)

P

_{lastic restoratio}

_n

The cusps are reduced in height and the entire The cusps are reduced in height and the entire occlusal surface is rebuilt in am

occlusal surface is rebuilt in amalgam. Thealgam. The technique is technically demanding since the technique is technically demanding since the

correct occlusal contacts are difficult to achieve, correct occlusal contacts are difficult to achieve, and the material must be thick enough to

and the material must be thick enough to withstan

withstand occlusal d occlusal forces (2-3 mmforces (2-3 mm). Direct light). Direct light cured composite materials are not really

cured composite materials are not really suitablesuitable for use in this situation, and indirect composite for use in this situation, and indirect composite or porcelain restorations

(43)

C

Cast restoratio

ast restoratio

n

s

If a metal-ceramic crown is

If a metal-ceramic crown is requiredrequired,,

significantly more tooth substance will need to significantly more tooth substance will need to be removed (at least 1-1.5 mm)

be removed (at least 1-1.5 mm). The clinician. The clinician needs to be sure that sufficient tooth substance needs to be sure that sufficient tooth substance will remain after preparation for retention of the will remain after preparation for retention of the restoration to avoid an unnecessarily weakened restoration to avoid an unnecessarily weakened tooth.

(44)

Core

M

_aterials

_{aterials -}

_-

_Amal

_A

_Amal

_m

_a

_l

_g

_am

It is strong and easy to use. Added retention It is strong and easy to use. Added retention can be gained by packing the amalgam into can be gained by packing the amalgam into irregularities and undercuts in the pulp

irregularities and undercuts in the pulp

chamber and by using grooves, slots and pits chamber and by using grooves, slots and pits in the cavity walls.

in the cavity walls. SS_{elf-tapping dentine pins}_{elf-tapping dentine pins}

are rarely needed, and they may impart are rarely needed, and they may impart unwanted stresses within the dentine. unwanted stresses within the dentine.

(45)

The

The Nayyar

N

ay

y

ar

c

core

or

e

The Na

The Nayyyyarar core is a ucore is a usefuseful means ol means of restof restoringring a molar tooth after root treatment when there is a molar tooth after root treatment when there is sufficient remaining tooth substance to support sufficient remaining tooth substance to support the core. Amalgam is packed into the root

the core. Amalgam is packed into the root

canals to a depth of approximately 3 mm and canals to a depth of approximately 3 mm and into the pulp chamber to give mechanical

into the pulp chamber to give mechanical retention. An adhesive can be used to give retention. An adhesive can be used to give extra retention

(46)

Composite

Composite cores have the advantage that Composite cores have the advantage that they can be built up and prepared at the they can be built up and prepared at the same visit. Chemically activated m

same visit. Chemically activated materialsaterials such as Ti Core, have been shown to

such as Ti Core, have been shown to perform well.

perform well.

There is some concern in the literature There is some concern in the literature that there may be risk of m

that there may be risk of microleakageicroleakage between the composite core and dentine between the composite core and dentine

(47)

Cermets

Alth

Althougough h cermetcermetss have have beebeenn recommen

recommendedded as core as core materimaterials tals they ahey arere not as durable as amalgam or composite. not as durable as amalgam or composite. Cermet

Cermetss are are easy easy to use to use and band bond tond too tooth substance. They should not be tooth substance. They should not be

used when strength is required, but they used when strength is required, but they could be used as a space filler

could be used as a space filler to reduceto reduce the amount of alloy required in a cast

the amount of alloy required in a cast restoration

(48)

Crow

n

s for

P

_{osterior Teeth}

Crow

n

s for

P

_{osterior Teeth}

C

_{ast Metal}

CC

_row

nn

_s

High noble metal alloys are considered to be High noble metal alloys are considered to be best since they have the greatest resistance to best since they have the greatest resistance to corrosion and tarnishing and are easy to work corrosion and tarnishing and are easy to work with. Metal crowns are excellent in situations with. Metal crowns are excellent in situations where the patient is not concerned with

where the patient is not concerned with the appearance of metal.

the appearance of metal. SS_{ignificantly less}_{ignificantly less}

reduction in the tooth is required reduction in the tooth is required

(49)

P

_{artial Cast}

M

_{etal Crow}

_n

_s

P

_{artial Cast}

M

_{etal Crow}

_n

_s

Partial cast metal crowns may be used when Partial cast metal crowns may be used when the buccal surface of the tooth is intact. They the buccal surface of the tooth is intact. They are more conservative of tooth tissue than are more conservative of tooth tissue than

complete crowns, but they are more demanding complete crowns, but they are more demanding technically both for clinician and in the

technically both for clinician and in the laboratory

(50)

F

_{ull Cast}

M

_{etal Crow}

_n

_s

F

_{ull Cast}

M

_{etal Crow}

_n

_s

The preparat

The preparation for a ion for a full cast metal crownfull cast metal crown is more conservative than for a m

is more conservative than for a metal ceramicetal ceramic crown (0.5-1.0 mm compared with

crown (0.5-1.0 mm compared with 1.0-2.0 mm).

(51)

M

_etal

M

_etal-

_{-Ceramic Crow}

_{Ceramic Crow}

_n

_s

Metal-cera

Metal-ceramic cmic crowns are generally usedrowns are generally used when a patient requires a more aesthetic when a patient requires a more aesthetic restoration. Porcelain can be used on the restoration. Porcelain can be used on the visible surfaces, such as the buccal and visible surfaces, such as the buccal and

occlusal surfaces of mandibular teeth. If the occlusal surfaces of mandibular teeth. If the clinical crown height is

clinical crown height is small, then retentionsmall, then retention grooves are cut in the core to provide added grooves are cut in the core to provide added retention

(52)

Ceramic Crow

n

s

Ceramic Crow

n

s

Occasionally it is reasonable to use a Occasionally it is reasonable to use a casta

castableble or higor high-streh-strengtngth ceramic crh ceramic crown oown onn a posterior tooth, if occlusal factors

a posterior tooth, if occlusal factors are notare not inhibitive. The amount of tooth reduction is inhibitive. The amount of tooth reduction is more than with a

more than with a metal-ceramic crownmetal-ceramic crown (occlusal reductio

(occlusal reduction of 2 n of 2 mm) and mmm) and mayay compromise retention

compromise retention, , especially in teethespecially in teeth with a short crown height

(53)

Temporary crow

n

s

Temporary crow

n

s

F F

_{or a}

nn

_terior

Polycarbonate and acrylic temporary crown Polycarbonate and acrylic temporary crown forms Custom-cast temporaries.

forms Custom-cast temporaries.

F

_{or posterior teeth}

Metal shell crown forms Metal shell crown forms  Custom-c

 Custom-cast temporariesast temporaries 

 LL_{ong-term temporaries, metal-acrylic and}_{ong-term temporaries, metal-acrylic and}

metal-composite crowns metal-composite crowns

(54)

F

_{ull metal ve}

_n

_{eer crow}

_n

A

Add

_va

nn

_tages

1.

1. SStrong, rigid and wear resistanttrong, rigid and wear resistant

2.

2. High resistance & High resistance & retentionretention

3.

3. FFairly conservative prepairly conservative prep

4.

4. Uncomplicated prepaUncomplicated preparation & ration & marginsmargins

5.

(55)

D

isadva

n

ta

g

es

D

isadva

n

ta

g

es

  EE

sthetics

±

± SS_{ome patie}_{ome patients dislike and will}_{nts dislike and will}_strongly_strongly

object to the full metal cover object to the full metal cover ±

± May bMay be limite limited to ed to uppupper and loer and lower wer molars and lower premolars

molars and lower premolars



Galvanic action

±

(56)

A

Advantage

dvantage

s of

composite

fiber post



 Can bonded to the tooth with resin cementCan bonded to the tooth with resin cement



 ModuluModulus of elasticity s of elasticity similar to dentinsimilar to dentin



 EEase of removal for ase of removal for retreatmentretreatment



 EExcellent estheticsxcellent esthetics



(57)

The

R

_{ole of}

P

_{osts i}

_n

_the

R

_estoratio

_n

The

R

_{ole of}

P

_{osts i}

_n

_the

R

_estoratio

_n

of

E

_n

_dodo

_n

_tica

_{lly T}

_reate

_{d T}

_eet

_h

of

E

_n

_dodo

_n

_tica

_{lly T}

_reate

_{d T}

_eet

_h

The primary purpose for a post is to retain a The primary purpose for a post is to retain a core that can be used to support the final

core that can be used to support the final restoration.

restoration.

Posts do not reinforce endodontically treated Posts do not reinforce endodontically treated teeth, and a post is not necessary when

teeth, and a post is not necessary when

substantial tooth structure is present after a substantial tooth structure is present after a tooth has been prepared.

(58)

I

N

_N

N

DD_D_D

I

_I

CA

_CA

_T

T

_I

I

OOOO

_N

SSSS

Post placement is indicated if

Post placement is indicated if bothboth _{of the}_{of the}

following clinical conditions exist: following clinical conditions exist:



 The remaining coronal tooth structure isThe remaining coronal tooth structure is

inadequate for the retention of a inadequate for the retention of a restoration.

restoration.



 When there is sufficient root length toWhen there is sufficient root length to

accommodate the post while maintaining accommodate the post while maintaining an adequate apical seal.

(59)

I

deal tooth

prepar

atio

n

for post

I

deal tooth

prepar

atio

n

for post

placeme

n

t

placeme

n

t

(60)

F

_errule

E

_ffect

F

_errule

E

_ffect

The ferrule is the circumferential ring of The ferrule is the circumferential ring of sound tooth structure that is enveloped by sound tooth structure that is enveloped by the cervical portion of the crown

the cervical portion of the crown

restoration. A minimum sound dentine restoration. A minimum sound dentine height of 1.5-2 mm is required between height of 1.5-2 mm is required between the core and crown margins.

(61)

Indication to the Type of Restoration

Full text