Chaveiro - Aula 01

(1)

(2)

O OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 2 2 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

FKZRMJXÇÏM

M o`dvhfrm æ ue prmcfssfmkda M o`dvhfrm æ ue prmcfssfmkda quh dtud kd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh quh dtud kd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh rhpdrdçïm h edkuthkçïm jh rhpdrdçïm h edkuthkçïm jh cho`dju-rds, kd omkchoçïm jh oÿpfds jh rds, kd omkchoçïm jh oÿpfds jh o`d-vhs edkudae

vhs edkudaehkth h hkth h he he eäqeäqufkdufkdss ompfdjmrds, hxhoutd eujdkçd jh ompfdjmrds, hxhoutd eujdkçd jh sh-grhjms jh shsh-grhjms kd jhsemktdghe grhjms jh shgrhjms kd jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms, pdrd h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms, pdrd omk-choçïm jh o`dvhs pham shgrhjm, choçïm jh o`dvhs pham shgrhjm, rhpm-sf

sfçïçïm m jh jh chcho`o`djdjururds ds h h ofofafafkjkjrmrms,s, rhouph

rhouphrdçïm jh rdçïm jh ofafkjrms hkgrfpdjmsofafkjrms hkgrfpdjms h dbhrturds he ghrda. h dbhrturds he ghrda. Hstd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh Hstd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh shrvfçms jh dpafod d tmjms ms tfpms jh shrvfçms jh dpafod d tmjms ms tfpms jh cho`djurds, shnd jm sfsthed Gmrgh, cho`djurds, shnd jm sfsthed Gmrgh, mu Vdah, jh pfkms mu gufa`mtfkds, mu Vdah, jh pfkms mu gufa`mtfkds, Zh-trds, \dktmgräcfods mu euatfpmktm, trds, \dktmgräcfods mu euatfpmktm, om-ehrofdfs, rhsfjhkofdfs h jh dutms. ehrofdfs, rhsfjhkofdfs h jh dutms.

OMKZHÞJM

JM OXR_M

Khsth oursm jh o`dvhfrm, Khsth oursm jh o`dvhfrm, ef-kfstrdjm d jfstâkofd, hstdbhahohems kfstrdjm d jfstâkofd, hstdbhahohems ue jhshkvmavfehktm grdjuda h ue jhshkvmavfehktm grdjuda h ehtÿ-jfom jds mphrdçøhs jm jfd-d-jfd jm jfom jds mphrdçøhs jm jfd-d-jfd jm prmcfssfmkda, d

prmcfssfmkda, dtrdvæs trdvæs jh tdrhcdjh tdrhcds bäsf-s bäsf-ods, hxhoutdjds pham kmssm hxoausfvm ods, hxhoutdjds pham kmssm hxoausfvm eætmjm jh hksfkm

eætmjm jh hksfkm ‑\dssm d \dssm― ‑\dssm d \dssm―,, quh phrefth dm daukm djqufrfr ds quh phrefth dm daukm djqufrfr ds `d-bfafjdjhs hsphoåcfods h khohssärfds bfafjdjhs hsphoåcfods h khohssärfds dm jhshephk`m jd prmcfssïm.

dm jhshephk`m jd prmcfssïm. Omk`hofeh

Omk`hofehktms ktms thokmaÿgfomthokmaÿgfoms,s, hsshkofdfs sïm jdjms pdrdahadehkth hsshkofdfs sïm jdjms pdrdahadehkth ìs tdrhcds prätfods, he afçøhs ìs tdrhcds prätfods, he afçøhs jfjdtf-odehkth djhqudjds dm Hksfkm d odehkth djhqudjds dm Hksfkm d Jfs-tâ

tâkokofdfd, , he he afafkgkgududghghe e sfsfepepahahs,s, prmpfofdkjm dm daukm ue dprhkjfzdjm prmpfofdkjm dm daukm ue dprhkjfzdjm shgurm h she edfmrhs prmbaheds, jh shgurm h she edfmrhs prmbaheds, jh tmjms ms fthks d shgufr rhadofmkdjms. tmjms ms fthks d shgufr rhadofmkdjms.

CHO@DJXRD_ JM

_F_ZHED GMRGH

(Cfgurd 4) (Cfgurd 4) - Omepmkhkths - Omepmkhkths - Jh Gmrghs sfepahs h - Jh Gmrghs sfepahs h eþatf- eþatf-pads pads - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Zfpms jh o`dvhs - Zfpms jh o`dvhs - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrgh - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrgh sfepahs sfepahs - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrghs - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrghs eþatfpads pham sfsthed jh eþatfpads pham sfsthed jh fe-prhssïm prhssïm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehk- chrrdehk-tds h omem utfafzä-ads. tds h omem utfafzä-ads.

CHO@DJXRD_ JM

_F_ZH

ED

V

DAH

(Cfgurd 2) (Cfgurd 2) - Omepmkhkths jd cho`djurd - Omepmkhkths jd cho`djurd - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Omepmkhkths jm ofafkjrm - Omepmkhkths jm ofafkjrm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms jh ofafkjrms

- Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh - Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh ì eïm

ì eïm

- Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh - Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh kd eäqufkd

kd eäqufkd

- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shsh-grhjm grhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - \rfkoåpfm jh ehstrdghe - \rfkoåpfm jh ehstrdghe - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehk- chrrdehk-tds h sud utfafzdçïm. tds h sud utfafzdçïm.

ODJHDJM_ OMEXK_ H

OME JF_OM_ JH

_HGRHJM_

(Cfgurd ?) (Cfgurd ?) - Odjhdjm omeue - Odjhdjm omeue - Omepmkhkths - Omepmkhkths - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh trdvd sfepahs h jupad trdvd sfepahs h jupad

- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shsh-grhjm

grhjm

- Xkfcfodçïm jm shgrhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jm shgrhjm

- Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds h suds - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds h suds dpafodçøhs

dpafodçøhs

- Odjhdjms ome jfsoms jh - Odjhdjms ome jfsoms jh shsh-grhjm, omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm grhjm, omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh cukofmkdehktm - _hgrhjm kueærfom - _hgrhjm kueærfom - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Omem jhsombrfr m shgrhjm, h - Omem jhsombrfr m shgrhjm, h omem dbrfr odjhdjms ounm omem dbrfr odjhdjms ounm sh-grhjm cmf phrjfjm.

grhjm cmf phrjfjm.

Cfgurd 4

Cfgurd 4 - Cho`djurd Gmrgh. - Cho`djurd Gmrgh.

Cfgurd 2

Cfgurd 2 - Cho`djurd Vdah. - Cho`djurd Vdah.

OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM - DXAD 4

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O OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 ? ? FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

CHO@DJXRD_

H_\HOFDF_ \DRD

\MRZD_ JH

H_ZDBHAHOFEHKZM_

OMEHROFDF_ H

FKJX_ZRFD_

(Cfgurd :) (Cfgurd :) - Zfpms - Zfpms - Jhsorfçïm jms omepmkhkths h - Jhsorfçïm jms omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh> prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh> - Cho`djurd ohktrda jh pmrtds - Cho`djurd ohktrda jh pmrtds jh dçm9 jh dçm9 - Odjhdjms jh o`ïm9 - Odjhdjms jh o`ïm9 - Zrdvds jh shgurdkçd - Zrdvds jh shgurdkçd

grhjm

- Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm -

- DbhDbhrturturd, rd, tæotæokfokfods ds h h chrchrrd rd--ehktds pdrd ms jfvhrsms tfpms. ehktds pdrd ms jfvhrsms tfpms.

CHO@DJXRD

HAHZRMEDGKÆZFOD,

X_DJD HE \MRZHFRM_

HAHZRÚKFOM_

(Cfgurd 8) (Cfgurd 8) - Zfpms - Zfpms - Omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh - Omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm cukofmkdehktm Cfgurd :

Cfgurd : - Cho`djurd Vdah pdrd pmrtds jh dçm. - Cho`djurd Vdah pdrd pmrtds jh dçm.

Cfgurd ?

Cfgurd ? - Odjhdjm omeue. - Odjhdjm omeue.

Cfgurd 3

Cfgurd 3 - Cho`djurd thtrd. - Cho`djurd thtrd.

Cfgurd 8

Cfgurd 8 - Cho`djurd hahtrmedgkætfod. - Cho`djurd hahtrmedgkætfod.

- Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah omeue - Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah omeue - Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah þkfom ome - Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah þkfom ome o`dvh jupad o`dvh jupad - Omkchoçïm jd o`dvh - Omkchoçïm jd o`dvh - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm

- Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds utfafzd- utfafzd-jds h omem usä-ads. jds h omem usä-ads.

CHO@DJXRD_ ZHZRD_

(Cfgurd 3) (Cfgurd 3) - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms - Zæokfods jh jhsemktdghe h - Zæokfods jh jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms thtrds emktdghe jh ofafkjrms thtrds - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm

grhjm

- Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjms - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjms -- Dbhrturd, chrrdehDbhrturd, chrrdehktds usdjktds usdjdsds h cmred jh usä-ads. h cmred jh usä-ads.

CHO@DJXRD \DRD

EßSHF_ HE GHRDA

(Cfgurd 7) (Cfgurd 7) - Zfpms jh shgrhjm jh> - Zfpms jh shgrhjm jh> d) \fkms, omktrd pfkms h d) \fkms, omktrd pfkms h emaf-k`ds k`ds b) Gufa`mtfkd b) Gufa`mtfkd - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jms ehsems jms ehsems

- Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shsh-grhjm grhjm - - EuEujdjdkçkçd d jh jh shshgrgrhjhjms ms jhjh debms emjhams debms emjhams

-- Dbhrturd, chrrdehDbhrturd, chrrdehktds h ktds h omemomem usä-ads.

usä-ads.

CHO@DJXRD_ OME

OFAFKJRM_ JH

O@D

SH_

\DKZMGRÄCFOD_

H EXAZF\MKZM

(Cfgurd 0) (Cfgurd 0) - Zfpm jh shgrhjm - Zfpm jh shgrhjm - Jhsemktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Jhsemktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Emktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Emktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh, tfpms jh - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh, tfpms jh eäqufkds ompfdjmrds utfafzdjds eäqufkds ompfdjmrds utfafzdjds - Omem eujdr h shgrhjm - Omem eujdr h shgrhjm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jds ompfdjmrds pdktmgräcfods jds ompfdjmrds pdktmgräcfods - Dbhrturd - Dbhrturd - Zæokfods h chrrdehktds - Zæokfods h chrrdehktds hsph- hsph-oåcfods oåcfods Cfgurd 7

(4)

O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 : : FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

Cfgurd 6

Cfgurd 6 - Cho`djurd jh dutmeÿvhfs. - Cho`djurd jh dutmeÿvhfs.

CHO@DJXRD_ JH

DXZMEßSHF_

(Cfgurds 6) (Cfgurds 6) - Odrdothråstfods jm shgrhjm jh - Odrdothråstfods jm shgrhjm jh gufa`mtfkd, sfepahs h jupam gufa`mtfkd, sfepahs h jupam - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms jds - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms jds edçd- edçd-khtds khtds - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe - Ofafkjrms jh fgkfçïm, omem - Ofafkjrms jh fgkfçïm, omem rh- rh-tfrdr, jhsemktdr h emktdr tfrdr, jhsemktdr h emktdr - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shsh-grhjm

grhjm

- Dbhrturd pmr ehfm jh - Dbhrturd pmr ehfm jh chrrd- chrrd-ehktds quh dtude km fkthrfmr ehktds quh dtude km fkthrfmr jd pmrtd jfrhtdehkth km jd pmrtd jfrhtdehkth km ehod-kfsem jds trdvds

kfsem jds trdvds

-- Dbhrturd pmr Dbhrturd pmr chrrdehktds chrrdehktds kmr- kmr-edfs jh ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah. edfs jh ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah.

Fkfofdems m oursm

Fkfofdems m oursm prmcfssfmkdprmcfssfmkdaf- af-zdkth jh o`dvhfrm, rhadofmkdkjm ds zdkth jh o`dvhfrm, rhadofmkdkjm ds chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda h chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda h hsphoåcf-ods, khohssärfds pdrd d emktdghe jd ods, khohssärfds pdrd d emktdghe jd mcfofkd, bhe omem m shu rhsphotfvm mcfofkd, bhe omem m shu rhsphotfvm usm kds tdrhcds odrdothråstfods jd usm kds tdrhcds odrdothråstfods jd prm-cfssïm jh o`dvhfrm. cfssïm jh o`dvhfrm.

CHRRDEHKZD_ JH

X_M GHRDA

•• O`dvh jh chkjO`dvh jh chkjdd •• O`dvh \`faaO`dvh \`faafpsfps •O`dvh jh bmod •O`dvh jh bmod •• O`dvh DaO`dvh Daahkahk •• Dafodth XkfvhrsDafodth Xkfvhrsdada •Dafodth jh bfom •Dafodth jh bfom •Edrthams •Edrthams •\ukçïm •\ukçïm •_dod-pfkm •_dod-pfkm •Drom jh shrrd •Drom jh shrrd •Zda`djhfrd h Bhjdeh •Zda`djhfrd h Bhjdeh •Afeds •Afeds •Cmreïm •Cmreïm •Grmsd •Grmsd •Curdjhfrd •Curdjhfrd •Brmods •Brmods •\fkçd •\fkçd

•• _dod vmad_dod vmadkthkth •Hsehrfa •Hsehrfa •\dquåehtrm •\dquåehtrm •Emrsd •Emrsd •Bdkodjd •Bdkodjd •Edo`ms h omssfkhths •Edo`ms h omssfkhths

CHRRDEHKZD_

H_\HOÅCFOD_

• _dod trdvd • _dod trdvd • Chrrdehktd thtrd mu • Chrrdehktd thtrd mu jfspmsf-tfvm Zhtrd tfvm Zhtrd • Jfspmsftfvm Vdah • Jfspmsftfvm Vdah

OMCRH_

(Cfgurd 44) (Cfgurd 44) - Ehodkfsem jh trdvdehktm - Ehodkfsem jh trdvdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Omknuktm jm shgrhjm, - Omknuktm jm shgrhjm, omepm- omepm-khkths h prfkoåpfm jh khkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkd-ehktm ehktm - Omem eujdr m shgrhjm jms - Omem eujdr m shgrhjm jms jfsoms jfsoms - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs pdrd ds - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs pdrd ds cho`djurds. cho`djurds. - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm

-- Dbhrturds, tæokDbhrturds, tæokfods jh dbhrtufods jh dbhrtu--rds h chrrdehktds utfafzdjds km rds h chrrdehktds utfafzdjds km omknuktm jm shgrhjm h kds omknuktm jm shgrhjm h kds ch-o`djurds. o`djurds.

O@D

SH_

OMJFCFODJD_

\

DRD

DXZMEßSHF_

(Cfgurd 4<) (Cfgurd 4<) - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jm sfsthed sfsthed - Hqufpdehktms pdrd - Hqufpdehktms pdrd omjfcfod- omjfcfod-çïm jh o`dvhs jh odrrms çïm jh o`dvhs jh odrrms kdofm-kdfs h fepmrtdjms kdfs h fepmrtdjms - Hqufpdehktms pdrd oamkdghe - Hqufpdehktms pdrd oamkdghe jh o`dvhs ome trdkspmkjhr jh o`dvhs ome trdkspmkjhr - \rfkoåpfm - \rfkoåpfm - _hgrhjm ehoâkfom - _hgrhjm ehoâkfom - _hgrhjm hahtrúkfom - _hgrhjm hahtrúkfom - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm ehoâ- ehoâ-kfom kfom - Oÿpfds jh o`dvhs - Oÿpfds jh o`dvhs

-- Dbhrturd, pmssDbhrturd, pmssfbfafjdjhs h fbfafjdjhs h chr- chr-rdehktds usdjds.

rdehktds usdjds.

Cfgurd 4<

Cfgurd 4< - Dpdrha`m pdrd omjfcfodr. - Dpdrha`m pdrd omjfcfodr.

Cfgurd 44

Cfgurd 44 - Omcrh. - Omcrh.

Cfgurd 0

(5)

O OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 8 8 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM • Bhrçm pdrd ofafkjrm Vdah • Bhrçm pdrd ofafkjrm Vdah • Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd • Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd • Ompfdjmrds • Ompfdjmrds

X_M JD_

CHRRDEHKZ

D_

O@D

SH JH

CHKJD _FE\AH_

H ORX^DJD (\@FAAF\_)

Chr

Chrrderdehkthktd d ededkudkuda a ququh h shsh jhstfkd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh jhstfkd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pd-rdcusms ome chkjd sfepahs mu rdcusms ome chkjd sfepahs mu oru-zdjd (\`faafps). zdjd (\`faafps). (Cfgurd 42). (Cfgurd 42). _ïm värfms ms tfpms jh o`dvhs _ïm värfms ms tfpms jh o`dvhs jh chkjd, km hktdktm, pdrd m jh chkjd, km hktdktm, pdrd m o`dvhfrm,o`dvhfrm, bdstde ued phquhkd, ued eæjfd h bdstde ued phquhkd, ued eæjfd h ued grdkjh.

ued grdkjh. (Cfgurd 4?) (Cfgurd 4?)..

Cfgurd 42

Cfgurd 42 - \drdcusms. - \drdcusms.

Kïm ush d o`dvh jh chkjd Kïm ush d o`dvh jh chkjd omem tda`djhfrd h khe pdrd prmvmodr omem tda`djhfrd h khe pdrd prmvmodr jhsodrgds haætrfods, pmfs fstm, odusd jhsodrgds haætrfods, pmfs fstm, odusd hstrdgms he sud pmktd. D o`dvh hstrdgms he sud pmktd. D o`dvh \`fa-afps mu jh chkjd oruzdjd edfs afps mu jh chkjd oruzdjd edfs utfaf-zdjd kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm æ d eæjfd. zdjd kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm æ d eæjfd. Shnd kd

Shnd kd cfgurd 4: cfgurd 4:, d edkhfrd omrrhtd, d edkhfrd omrrhtd jh utfafzdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.

jh utfafzdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.

Cfgurd 4?

Cfgurd 4? - O`dvhs jh chkjd. - O`dvhs jh chkjd.

O@D

SH JH

BMOD

MX CFPD

_ïm

_ïm chrchrrderdehkthktds ds utfutfafzafzdjddjdss pdrd dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pmrods mu pdrd dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pmrods mu odbhçds jh pdrdcusms jh chrcfa odbhçds jh pdrdcusms jh chrcfa shxtd-vdjm mu qudjrdjm.

vdjm mu qudjrdjm. (Cfgurd 48). (Cfgurd 48).

_ïm cmredjds pmr juds bmods _ïm cmredjds pmr juds bmods kds hxtrhefjdjhs ome ehjfjds kds hxtrhefjdjhs ome ehjfjds jfch-rhkths. Hads trdzhe grdvdjds rhkths. Hads trdzhe grdvdjds prÿxf-eds d hssds bmods ds suds ehjfjds, eds d hssds bmods ds suds ehjfjds,

Cfgurd 48

Cfgurd 48 - \mrod h pdrdcusm shxtdvdjms - \mrod h pdrdcusm shxtdvdjms

Cfgurd 4:

Cfgurd 4: - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh chkjd. - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.

fstm æ, pdrd quda

fstm æ, pdrd quda ehjfjd jh odbhçd muehjfjd jh odbhçd mu pmrod had shrvh. Hxfsthe ì

pmrod had shrvh. Hxfsthe ì vhkjd jmfsvhkjd jmfs sfstheds jh ehjfjds he pmahgdjds h sfstheds jh ehjfjds he pmahgdjds h efaåehtrms.

efaåehtrms. (Cfgurd 43). (Cfgurd 43).

Cfgurd 43

Cfgurd 43 - O`dvh jh bmod cfxd. - O`dvh jh bmod cfxd.

Oadrm jhvh cfodr quh pdrd d Oadrm jhvh cfodr quh pdrd d mcf-ofkd jh o`dvhfrm kïm `ä khohssfjdjh ofkd jh o`dvhfrm kïm `ä khohssfjdjh jh grdkjhs vdrfdçøhs jh ehjfjds. Æ jh grdkjhs vdrfdçøhs jh ehjfjds. Æ sucfofhkth ue nmgm phquhkm (3 phçds) sucfofhkth ue nmgm phquhkm (3 phçds) jh ehjfjds eæjfds. M emjm omrrhtm jh ehjfjds eæjfds. M emjm omrrhtm jh usdr d o`dvh cfxd æ emstrdjm kd jh usdr d o`dvh cfxd æ emstrdjm kd cf- cf-gurd 47. gurd 47.

O@DSH DAAHK

(@hxdgmkda)

Hstd chrrdehktd edkuda æ Hstd chrrdehktd edkuda æ jhs-tfkdjd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh tfkdjd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pdrd-cu

cusmsms s jh jh ododbhbhçd çd ofofaåaåkjkjrfrfod od omomee shxtdvdjm fkthrkm.

shxtdvdjm fkthrkm. (Cfgurd 40). (Cfgurd 40).

Cfgurd 47

Cfgurd 47 - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh bmod (cfxd). - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh bmod (cfxd).

Cfgurd 40

Cfgurd 40 - O`dvh Daahk. - O`dvh Daahk.

chkjd oruzdjd chkjd oruzdjd chkjd sfepahs chkjd sfepahs omrrhtm omrrhtm fkomrrhtm fkomrrhtm D pmktd jd o`dvh

D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd the jh chkjd the m ehsemm ehsem

tdedk`m jd chkjd jm pdrdcusm.

D pmktd jd o`dvh

D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd æ jh chkjd æ ehkmr jmehkmr jm

quh d chkjd jm pdrdcusm.

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O OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 3 3 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

DAFODZH_

Jmfs emjhams jh dafodths sïm Jmfs emjhams jh dafodths sïm khohssärfms kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm> m khohssärfms kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm> m dafodth jh bfom h m dafodth ukfvhrsda. dafodth jh bfom h m dafodth ukfvhrsda. (Cfgurd 2<).

(Cfgurd 2<).

Cfgurd 46

Cfgurd 46 - Dpafodçïm jd o`dvh daahk. - Dpafodçïm jd o`dvh daahk.

Ms dafodths sïm utfafzdjms pdrd Ms dafodths sïm utfafzdjms pdrd jmbrdr mu omrtdr. Ndedfs jhvhe shrvfr jmbrdr mu omrtdr. Ndedfs jhvhe shrvfr jh edrtham h tdepmuom omem o`dvh jh edrtham h tdepmuom omem o`dvh jh bmod cfxd pdrd dphrtdr mu smatdr jh bmod cfxd pdrd dphrtdr mu smatdr pd- pd-rdcusms. rdcusms. Hxfsthe värfms dafodths Hxfsthe värfms dafodths ofdfs odjd ue pdrd ued cukçïm ofdfs odjd ue pdrd ued cukçïm hsph-oåcfod.

oåcfod.

Cfgurd 2<

Cfgurd 2< - Dafodths. - Dafodths.

Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm trîs Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm trîs eh-jfjds sïm khohssärfds. Kmredaehkth jfjds sïm khohssärfds. Kmredaehkth hssds o`dvhs domepdk`de d hssds o`dvhs domepdk`de d eä-qufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs, quh sh qufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs, quh sh utfafzde jhssds chrrdehktds, shrïm utfafzde jhssds chrrdehktds, shrïm khohssärfds, h sh jdrä, dpÿs d khohssärfds, h sh jdrä, dpÿs d ome-prd jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs. prd jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs. Shnd d dpafodçïm jhstd chrrdehktd kd Shnd d dpafodçïm jhstd chrrdehktd kd cfgurd 46. cfgurd 46. D D odbhçd odbhçd æ æ jh jh dçm dçm cmrndjm cmrndjm hh thephrdjm h m odbm jh edjhfrd. D thephrdjm h m odbm jh edjhfrd. D cf-xdçïm jd odbhçd dm odbm æ chftd pmr xdçïm jd odbhçd dm odbm æ chftd pmr

Cfgurd 22

Cfgurd 22 - Edrthams. - Edrthams.

Cfgurd 24

Cfgurd 24 - Dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm. - Dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm.

EDRZHAM

M edrtham æ ued chrrdehktd M edrtham æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jhstfkdjd d fkjuzfr edkuda jhstfkdjd d fkjuzfr jhthref-kd

kdjdjd cmrcmrçdçd jhjh fepfepdotdotmm smbsmbrhrh edtedthrfhrfdfsdfs,, jhcmredkjm-ms mu jhsamodkjm-ms. M jhcmredkjm-ms mu jhsamodkjm-ms. M ed

edrthrthamam omeomepøpøh-sh-shh jhjh jujudsds pdpdrthrths>s> od- od-bhçd h odbm.

bhçd h odbm. (Cfgurd 22). (Cfgurd 22). \drd m odsm jm

\drd m odsm jm o`dvhfrm pmjh-o`dvhfrm pmjh-ems jhstdodr m dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh ems jhstdodr m dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm, ounm cukofmkdehktm æ shgehktm, ounm cukofmkdehktm æ fk-vhrsm dm jms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs. vhrsm dm jms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs. Hkqudktm kms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs Hkqudktm kms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs dphrtdems ds `dsths pdrd ds pmktds dphrtdems ds `dsths pdrd ds pmktds sh cho`drhe, km jh dkæfs jh sh cho`drhe, km jh dkæfs jh shg-ehktm dm dphrtdrems ds `dsths ds ehktm dm dphrtdrems ds `dsths ds pmktds sh dbrhe. pmktds sh dbrhe.

Hsth dafodth the pmuquåssfem Hsth dafodth the pmuquåssfem usm pdrd m o`dvhfrm, km hktdktm sh cmr usm pdrd m o`dvhfrm, km hktdktm sh cmr trdbda`dr ome ofafkjrms jh omktdtms jh trdbda`dr ome ofafkjrms jh omktdtms jh pdrtfjd jh dutms, daguks emjhams pdrtfjd jh dutms, daguks emjhams pms-suhe hssh dkha haästfom, cdzhkjm-sh suhe hssh dkha haästfom, cdzhkjm-sh khohssärfm m usm jhssh dafodth. khohssärfm m usm jhssh dafodth. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 24).

gurd 24).

Cfgurd 2:

Cfgurd 2: - _dod-pfkm - _dod-pfkm

Cfgurd 2?

Cfgurd 2? - \ukçïm. - \ukçïm.

_DOD-\FKM

Chrrd

Chrrdehkehktd td edkedkuda uda chftd jhchftd jh dçm h, ome pmktd rhtd jhstfkdjd d dçm h, ome pmktd rhtd jhstfkdjd d sdodr pfkms mu rhbfths. \drd m sdodr pfkms mu rhbfths. \drd m o`d-vhfrm hstd chrrdehktd sh tmrkd þtfa kd vhfrm hstd chrrdehktd sh tmrkd þtfa kd rhemçïm jm pfkm trdvd jm odk`ïm. rhemçïm jm pfkm trdvd jm odk`ïm. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 2:). gurd 2:).

ouk`d jh edjhfrd mu ehtda. Tudkjm ouk`d jh edjhfrd mu ehtda. Tudkjm utfafzdr m edrtham pdrd bdthr smbrh utfafzdr m edrtham pdrd bdthr smbrh su-phrc

phrcåofhs åofhs dodbdodbdjddjds, s, omamomamquh quh omemomem prmthçïm ue phjdçm jh ehtda ahvh mu prmthçïm ue phjdçm jh ehtda ahvh mu edjhfrd. _heprh quh pmssåvha jhscfrd edjhfrd. _heprh quh pmssåvha jhscfrd ms gmaphs phgdkjm d cdoh jm edrtham. ms gmaphs phgdkjm d cdoh jm edrtham. Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm m edrtham æ Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm m edrtham æ edfs usdjm pdrd bdthr chrrdehktds edfs usdjm pdrd bdthr chrrdehktds omktukjhkths omem tda`djhfrds, pdrd omktukjhkths omem tda`djhfrds, pdrd rhemçïm jh odbhçds jh rhbfths h he rhemçïm jh odbhçds jh rhbfths h he pukçøhs pdrd cdzhr d edrodçïm fkfofda pukçøhs pdrd cdzhr d edrodçïm fkfofda jh ued curdçïm

jh ued curdçïm

\XKÇÏM

Æ

Æ ueued d chchrrrrdedehkhktd td ededkukudada pmktfdgujd jhstfkdjd d edrodr phçds pmktfdgujd jhstfkdjd d edrodr phçds mu hchtudr phquhkds odvfjdjhs pdrd mu hchtudr phquhkds odvfjdjhs pdrd phreftfr d hxhouçïm jh curms. Kd phreftfr d hxhouçïm jh curms. Kd mcf-ofkd jh o`dvhfrm æ edfs usdjm pdrd ofkd jh o`dvhfrm æ edfs usdjm pdrd edrodçïm fkfofda jd curdçïm jms edrodçïm fkfofda jd curdçïm jms od-kdfs jms ofafkjrms. kdfs jms ofafkjrms. (Cfgurd 2?). (Cfgurd 2?). Dafodth Xkfvhrsda Dafodth Xkfvhrsda Dafodth jh Bfom Dafodth jh Bfom

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O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 7 7 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

Cfgurd 23

Cfgurd 23 - Drom jh shrrd. - Drom jh shrrd.

Cfgurd 28

Cfgurd 28 - Zda`djhfrd. - Zda`djhfrd.

Kïm sh domksha`d demadr m Kïm sh domksha`d demadr m omrth jd tda`djhfrd.

omrth jd tda`djhfrd. Dm

Dm usdr usdr d d tda`djhfrd, tda`djhfrd, `dbftuh- `dbftuh-sh d edkthr ms ma`ms vmatdjms pdrd m sh d edkthr ms ma`ms vmatdjms pdrd m edthrfda d shr omrtdjm h kïm pdrd d edthrfda d shr omrtdjm h kïm pdrd d odbhçd jd chrrdehktd. odbhçd jd chrrdehktd.

DROM _HRRD

Hstd

Hstd chrrdchrrdehktehktd d edkedkuda uda rh- rh-ohbh ued aâefkd jh shrrd pdrd ohbh ued aâefkd jh shrrd pdrd mph-rrddççøøhhs s jjh h oommrrtthh. . \\ddrrd d sshhrrrrddr r emvfehkth d chrrdehktd jh cmred d emvfehkth d chrrdehktd jh cmred d usdr tmjm m omeprfehktm jd aâefkd h usdr tmjm m omeprfehktm jd aâefkd h edkthk`d ue rftem omkstdkth. edkthk`d ue rftem omkstdkth. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 23).

gurd 23).

ZDA@DJHFRD

Chrrdehktd edkuda utfafzdjd Chrrdehktd edkuda utfafzdjd km jhsbdsth h omrth jh edthrfdfs km jhsbdsth h omrth jh edthrfdfs eh-täafoms jh suphrcåofh adrgd.

täafoms jh suphrcåofh adrgd. Z

Zda`djhfrd Bhjdeh da`djhfrd Bhjdeh jhstfkd- jhstfkd-sh d dbhrturd jh odkdahtds h rdsgms. sh d dbhrturd jh odkdahtds h rdsgms. \drd m o`dvhfrm d tda`djhfrd kïm jhvh \drd m o`dvhfrm d tda`djhfrd kïm jhvh shr grdkjh, shkjm edfs usdjd pdrd shr grdkjh, shkjm edfs usdjd pdrd rhemçïm jd odbhçd jh rhbfths, jh rhemçïm jd odbhçd jh rhbfths, jh ch-o`djurds rhbftdjds he pmrtds h jh o`djurds rhbftdjds he pmrtds h jh cf-xxddççïïm m jjd d ttddeeppd d jjd d ooddffxxd d jjdd cho`djurd.

cho`djurd. (Cfgurd 28). (Cfgurd 28).

Hxf

Hxfsthsthee shshrrdrrdss omomee kþkþehehrmrm jhjh jhkths djhqudjds dm tfpm jh edthrfda. jhkths djhqudjds dm tfpm jh edthrfda. \drd m o`dvhfrm, rhomehkjd-sh shrrd \drd m o`dvhfrm, rhomehkjd-sh shrrd jh 40 jhkths pmr pmahgdjd, quh æ jh 40 jhkths pmr pmahgdjd, quh æ fkjf-odjd pdrd shrvfçms ghrdfs. \ham odjd pdrd shrvfçms ghrdfs. \ham o`d-vhfrm æ pmuom usdjm, d kïm shr pdrd vhfrm æ pmuom usdjm, d kïm shr pdrd omrth jh edthrfdfs pdrd omkchoçïm jh omrth jh edthrfdfs pdrd omkchoçïm jh phquhkds phçds jh rhpmsfçïm he phquhkds phçds jh rhpmsfçïm he ch-o`djurds h phquhkds chrrdehktds. o`djurds h phquhkds chrrdehktds.

AFED_

D

D afed æ d afed æ d prfkofpda chrrdehktdprfkofpda chrrdehktd pdrd m o`dvhfrm, pmfs värfds sïm ds pdrd m o`dvhfrm, pmfs värfds sïm ds su

suds ds dpadpafodfodçøhçøhs> s> pdpdrd rd cdzcdzhr hr ueuedd o`

o`dvdvh h jh jh ofaofafkjfkjrm rm quh quh kïkïm m pmpmssussuff o`dvh, kd eujdkçd jh shgrhjm, kd o`dvh, kd eujdkçd jh shgrhjm, kd afephzd jh rhbdrbds jhfxdjds phad afephzd jh rhbdrbds jhfxdjds phad crhsd jd ompfdjmrd, hto. crhsd jd ompfdjmrd, hto. D

D afed afed æ æ ued ued chrrdehktd ed-chrrdehktd ed-kuda jh jhsbdsth jm edthrfda jh ued kuda jh jhsbdsth jm edthrfda jh ued phçd, bhe omem pdrd m shu phçd, bhe omem pdrd m shu dodbd-ehktm cfkda.

ehktm cfkda.

M omeprfehktm jd afed æ M omeprfehktm jd afed æ eh-jf

jfjmjm jmjm memebrbrmm jdjd afafeded dtdtææ dd susudd pmpmktktd.d. M tfpm jh edthrfda h m tdedk`m M tfpm jh edthrfda h m tdedk`m jd

jdärärhdhd dd shshrr trtrdbdbdada`d`djdjdææ ququhh jhjhththrerefkfkdd mm omeomeprfprfehkehktmtm jdjd afeafed.d.(Cfg(Cfgurdurd 27).27).

Cfgurd 27

Cfgurd 27 - Afed. - Afed.

M phrcfa jd afed æ jhthrefkdjm M phrcfa jd afed æ jhthrefkdjm phad ärhd d shr afedjd. (Cfgurd 20). phad ärhd d shr afedjd. (Cfgurd 20).

4) Rhjmkjd>

4) Rhjmkjd> pdrd dnustdr cmr- pdrd dnustdr cmr-eds rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds.

eds rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds. 2)

2) TudTudjrdjjrdjd>d> pdr pdrd d dnusdnustdr tdr curms rhtdkguadrhs h odktms.

curms rhtdkguadrhs h odktms. ?) Zrfdkguadr>

?) Zrfdkguadr> pdrd âkguams fk- pdrd âkguams

fk-Cfgurd 20

Cfgurd 20 - \hrcfa jd afed. - \hrcfa jd afed.

Tudktm dm tfpm jh omrth h jh Tudktm dm tfpm jh omrth h jh jhkth æ m trdbda`m d

jhkth æ m trdbda`m d shr hxhoutdjm jhshr hxhoutdjm jh jhsbdsth mu dodbdehktm quh jhsbdsth mu dodbdehktm quh jhthr-efkd. (Cfgurd 26).

efkd. (Cfgurd 26).

Oad

Oadssfssfcfocfod-sd-sh h m m pfopfodjm djm jdsjds afeds jh domrjm ome ds afeds jh domrjm ome ds odrdothråstf-ods jms jhkths he> sfepahs, jupam h ods jms jhkths he> sfepahs, jupam h grmsd. grmsd. (Cfgurd ?<). (Cfgurd ?<). Omrth _fepahs -Omrth _fepahs - ms jhkths sïm ms jhkths sïm pdrdahams h jfdgmkdfs. pdrdahams h jfdgmkdfs. Ds

Ds afeds afeds jh jh omrth sfepahs omrth sfepahs sïmsïm ghrdaehkth usdjds ome ahvh prhssïm ghrdaehkth usdjds ome ahvh prhssïm pdrd prmjuzfr suphrcåofhs ome pdrd prmjuzfr suphrcåofhs ome dodbd-ehktm afsm mu pdrd dcfdr cdods, ehktm afsm mu pdrd dcfdr cdods, thsmu-rds, shrthsmu-rds, hkxdjds h cdoøhs.

rds, shrrds, hkxdjds h cdoøhs. Omrth Jupam

-Omrth Jupam - pmspmssuf jmfssuf jmfs grupms jh jhkths jfdgmkdfs.

grupms jh jhkths jfdgmkdfs. M shgukjm

M shgukjm grupm æ pgrupm æ pfodjm kdfodjm kd jfrhçïm jfdgmkda mpmstd h smbrh m jfrhçïm jfdgmkda mpmstd h smbrh m prf-ehfrm grupm jh jhkths.

ehfrm grupm jh jhkths.

Cfgurd 26

Cfgurd 26 - Afeds qudktm ì rugmsfjdjh jms - Afeds qudktm ì rugmsfjdjh jms

jhkths. jhkths. thrkms, omem pmr hxhepam, dcfdçïm jh thrkms, omem pmr hxhepam, dcfdçïm jh jhkths jh shrrds, shrrmths, hto. jhkths jh shrrds, shrrmths, hto. :) O`dtd

:) O`dtd> pdrd usm ghrda he> pdrd usm ghrda he suphrcåofhs h omkvhxds.

suphrcåofhs h omkvhxds. 8) Ehfd-odkd>

8) Ehfd-odkd> the jupad cfkdaf- the jupad cfkdaf-jdjh> adjm o`dtm pdrd suphrcåofhs jdjh> adjm o`dtm pdrd suphrcåofhs pad-kds mu omkvhxds h adjm ourvm pdrd kds mu omkvhxds h adjm ourvm pdrd suphrcåofhs rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds. suphrcåofhs rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds.

Rhjmkjm

Rhjmkjm _Tudjrdjm_Tudjrdjm Zrfdkguadr Zrfdkguadr

E

Ehhffdd--ooddkkd d CCddoodd O`dtmO`dtm

Bdstdrjd

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O

Cfgurd ?4

Cfgurd ?4 - Omem sh usdr ued afed. - Omem sh usdr ued afed.

Cfgurd ?<

Cfgurd ?< - Zfpms jh afed. - Zfpms jh afed.

\drd dtfkgfr m rhsuatdjm \drd dtfkgfr m rhsuatdjm jhsh- ndjm

ndjm kmkm trdbtrdbda`mda`m,, dd afedafed jhvjhvhh shrshr usdjusdjdd omrrhtdehkth. \drd odjd tfpm jh omrrhtdehkth. \drd odjd tfpm jh shr-vfçm hxfsth ue emjham jh afed, dssfe vfçm hxfsth ue emjham jh afed, dssfe omem d cmred jh edkhnä-ad. omem d cmred jh edkhnä-ad. Bdsfod-ehkth sïm trîs ds cmreds jh trdbda`dr ehkth sïm trîs ds cmreds jh trdbda`dr ome d afed.

ome d afed. (Cfgurd ?4). (Cfgurd ?4). Ds

Ds afeds afeds jh jh omrth omrth jupam jupam sïmsïm usdjds ome prhssïm edfmr jm quh ds usdjds ome prhssïm edfmr jm quh ds jh omrth sfepahs, ome d cfkdafjdjh jh jh omrth sfepahs, ome d cfkdafjdjh jh jhsbdstdr m edthrfda.

jhsbdstdr m edthrfda. Grmsd

-Grmsd - pmssuf ued særfh jh pmssuf ued særfh jh jhkths fkjfvfjudfs cmredkjm ue omrth jhkths fkjfvfjudfs cmredkjm ue omrth dgr

dgrhsshssfvm fvm shkshkjm jm usdusdjms jms prfprfkofkofpda pda--ehkth he edjhfrds, odsoms jh ehkth he edjhfrds, odsoms jh dkf-edfs, daueåkfm h o`uebm.

edfs, daueåkfm h o`uebm.

Cfgurd ?2

Cfgurd ?2 - - Afedghe/trdksafeAfedghe/trdksafedghe.dghe.

Tudkjm dphkds ued jds eïm Tudkjm dphkds ued jds eïm shgurd d afed, m quh æ chftm pdrd afedr shgurd d afed, m quh æ chftm pdrd afedr

Afedghe rhtd

-Afedghe rhtd - emvfehktm jh emvfehktm jh vdfvæe, amkgftujfkda.

vdfvæe, amkgftujfkda. D

D afed afed æ æ hepurrdjd hepurrdjd smbrh smbrh dd phçd jfrhtdehkth pdrd crhkth mu phçd jfrhtdehkth pdrd crhkth mu afghf-rdehkth kd jfdgmkda.

rdehkth kd jfdgmkda. Zrdksafedghe

-Zrdksafedghe - ome ds eïms ome ds eïms shgurdkjm ds hxtrhefjdjhs jd afed shgurdkjm ds hxtrhefjdjhs jd afed hepurrh-d h puxh-d smbrh d phçd quh hepurrh-d h puxh-d smbrh d phçd quh gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kï

kïmm ththee dpdpafoafodçdçïmïm kmkm jfjfd-d-d-d-jfjfdd jmjm o`o`d- d-vhfrm.

vhfrm.

Afedghe he tmrkm

-Afedghe he tmrkm - d afed æ d afed æ emvfehktdjd omktrd d phçd quh gfrd emvfehktdjd omktrd d phçd quh gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kïm he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kïm the dpafodçïm km jfd-d-jfd jm the dpafodçïm km jfd-d-jfd jm o`d-vhfrm.

vhfrm. M

M ememjmjm jhjh shshgugurdrdrr dd afafeded vdvdrfrfdd he cukçïm jd omkjfçïm he quh sh he cukçïm jd omkjfçïm he quh sh hk-omktrd pmsfofmkdjd d phçd.

omktrd pmsfofmkdjd d phçd. Km

Km ododsmsm jhjh afeafedrdr susuphphrcrcåoåofhfhss jhjh phçds cfxdjds kd emrsd, shgurd-sh phçds cfxdjds kd emrsd, shgurd-sh cfreh d afed

cfreh d afed ome ds juds eïms.ome ds juds eïms. M odbm jhvh cfodr domemjdjm M odbm jhvh cfodr domemjdjm kd pdaed jd eïm, edfs prÿxfem jd kd pdaed jd eïm, edfs prÿxfem jd bdsh jm jhjm km eåkfem.

bdsh jm jhjm km eåkfem.

M pmahgdr jhvh shgurdr m odbm M pmahgdr jhvh shgurdr m odbm he pmsfçïm pdrdahad dm omeprfehktm he pmsfçïm pdrdahad dm omeprfehktm jhstd. jhstd. Kd omktrdeïm, d pmktd jd afed Kd omktrdeïm, d pmktd jd afed jhvh cfodr prhsd hktrh m pmahgdr h ms jhvh cfodr prhsd hktrh m pmahgdr h ms jhjms fkodjmr h eæjfm. jhjms fkodjmr h eæjfm. _h

_h m m ememvfvfehehktktm m kïkïm m hxhxfgfgfr fr euftd prhssïm, m pmahgdr jd eïm quh euftd prhssïm, m pmahgdr jd eïm quh shgurd pmktd pmjh cfodr kue âkguam shgurd pmktd pmjh cfodr kue âkguam rhtm he rhadçïm dm omeprfehktm jd rhtm he rhadçïm dm omeprfehktm jd afed.

afed. (Cfgurd ?2). (Cfgurd ?2).

Cfgurd ??

Cfgurd ?? - Demadr ued cdod. - Demadr ued cdod.

Cfgurd ?:

Cfgurd ?: - Emvfehktms omrrhtms. - Emvfehktms omrrhtms.

phçds quh hstïm prhsds d ue tmrkm mu phçds quh hstïm prhsds d ue tmrkm mu dd ueuedd ememrsrsd,d, ghghrdrdaeaehkhkthth mm fkfkjfjfododjmjmrr ææ omamodjm smbrh m odbm he afk`d ome d omamodjm smbrh m odbm he afk`d ome d afed.

afed. (Cfgurd ??). (Cfgurd ??).

\drd ued afedghe padkd, ms \drd ued afedghe padkd, ms emvfehktms jhvhe shr pdrd crhkth, emvfehktms jhvhe shr pdrd crhkth, kued afk`d prdtfodehk

kued afk`d prdtfodehkth rhtd. th rhtd. M ourtmM ourtm jhvh shr emjfcfodjm dphkds pdrd jhvh shr emjfcfodjm dphkds pdrd hvf-tdr suaoms kd phçd.

tdr suaoms kd phçd. Jhv

Jhvh-sh-shh hvfhvftdrtdr mm emvemvfehkfehktm jtm jhh vdf

vdfvævæe,e, pmpmfsfs hsthsthh prmprmjuzjuzfräfrä supsuphrchrcåofåofhshs drrhjmkjdjds. drrhjmkjdjds. M emvfehktm pdrd träs jhvh M emvfehktm pdrd träs jhvh shr ahvh (she prhssïm) pdrd kïm shr ahvh (she prhssïm) pdrd kïm prh- nujfodr d hstrut

nujfodr d hstruturd jms jhkthurd jms jhkths jd afed.s jd afed. Shnd kd

Shnd kd cfgurd ?: cfgurd ?: d emvfehk- d emvfehk-tdçïm omrrhtd jds afeds.

tdçïm omrrhtd jds afeds.

Ds

Ds afeds afeds jhvhe jhvhe shr shr afepdsafepds dpÿs m shu usm ome hsomvd jh dçm. dpÿs m shu usm ome hsomvd jh dçm.

Cdçd hssd afephzd jh cmred Cdçd hssd afephzd jh cmred quh ms cfms jd hsomvd domepdk`he d quh ms cfms jd hsomvd domepdk`he d jfr

jfrhçhçïmïm jmsjms jhkjhkthsths.. (Cf(Cfgugurdrd ?8)?8).. MuMutrmtrmss oufjdjms ome ds afeds jhvhe shr oufjdjms ome ds afeds jhvhe shr mb-shrvdjms. Kïm jhfxh afeds he omktdtm shrvdjms. Kïm jhfxh afeds he omktdtm _ _ f f e e p p a a h h s s J J u u p p a a m m G G r r m m s s d d

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O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 6 6 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM ome ds mutrds, pmfs m o`mquh hstrdgd

ome ds mutrds, pmfs m o`mquh hstrdgd ms

ms shushuss jhkjhkthsths.. GudGudrjhrjh-ds-ds shesheprhprh hehe amoda shom. Jhvh shr hvftdjm m omktdtm amoda shom. Jhvh shr hvftdjm m omktdtm ome d suphrcåofh pfodjd.

ome d suphrcåofh pfodjd.

D

D gmrjurd gmrjurd h h d d uefjdjh uefjdjh jdsjds eïm

eïms s pmjpmjhe he prhprhnujnujfodfodr r d d ärhärhd d jhjh omrth rhjuzfkjm d vfjd þtfa jd afed. omrth rhjuzfkjm d vfjd þtfa jd afed.

Hvfth usdr d afed omem Hvfth usdr d afed omem dad-vdkod mu sdod-pfkms. Ds afeds vdkod mu sdod-pfkms. Ds afeds utfafzd-jd

jds s kd kd mcmcfofofkfkd d jm jm o`o`dvdvhfhfrm rm sïsïm m dd qudjrdjd h o`dtd.

qudjrdjd h o`dtd. D

D o`dtd o`dtd æ æ edfs edfs usdjd usdjd pdrdpdrd afedr ärhds edfmrhs omem

afedr ärhds edfmrhs omem ‑omstd‑omstds― jhs― jh o`dvh Vdah h kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh o`dvh Vdah h kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh Gmrgh.

Gmrgh. \mj

\mjhh shshrr tdetdebæbæee utfutfafzafzdjdjdd pdpdrdrd cdzhr ds odvds jd o`dvh Vdah, eds, cdzhr ds odvds jd o`dvh Vdah, eds, pdrd fstm, rhomehkjdems d afed pdrd fstm, rhomehkjdems d afed qud-jrdjd.

jrdjd. (Cfgurd ?3). (Cfgurd ?3).

Cfgurd ?8

Cfgurd ?8 - _heprh cdçd d afephzd. - _heprh cdçd d afephzd.

Cfgurd ?3

Cfgurd ?3 - O`dvh Vdah - afed qudjrdjd. - O`dvh Vdah - afed qudjrdjd.

Smatdems d fksfstfr ome m daukm Smatdems d fksfstfr ome m daukm jh quh d afed æ d chrrdehktd edfs jh quh d afed æ d chrrdehktd edfs usdjd kd mcfofkd, pmrtdktm sdbhr usdjd kd mcfofkd, pmrtdktm sdbhr usä-ad omrrhtdehkth æ feprhsofkjåvha pdrd ad omrrhtdehkth æ feprhsofkjåvha pdrd ue trdbda`m hcfofhkth h prmjutfvm.

ue trdbda`m hcfofhkth h prmjutfvm. _Cfgurd_Cfgurd_?0_?0_{- Curdjhfrd Edkuda.}_{- Curdjhfrd Edkuda.}

CMREÏM

Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jh Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jh jhsbdsth h omrth he edjhfrd.

jhsbdsth h omrth he edjhfrd.

_ud utfafjdjh pdrd m _ud utfafjdjh pdrd m prmcfssfm-kda o`dvhfrm æ phquhkd, d kïm shr kd kda o`dvhfrm æ phquhkd, d kïm shr kd om

omkchkchoçoçïmïm jhjh dbdbhrthrturdurd pdrpdrdd hkohkodfxdfxhh kdkd pmrtd.

pmrtd. (Cfgurd ?7). (Cfgurd ?7).

D

D curdjhfrd edkuda curdjhfrd edkuda hxfgh quh hxfgh quh sh cdçd prhssïm smbrh d ehsed pdrd sh cdçd prhssïm smbrh d ehsed pdrd phkhtrdçïm jd brmod. phkhtrdçïm jd brmod. Nä km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh Nä km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd d prhssïm æ chftd bdkodjd d prhssïm æ chftd dofmkdkjm-sh d dadvdkod jh dvdkçm. He debds sh d dadvdkod jh dvdkçm. He debds ds curdjhfrds d brmod mu hsodrhdjmr æ ds curdjhfrds d brmod mu hsodrhdjmr æ omamodjd km edkjrfa.

omamodjd km edkjrfa.

M edkjrfa æ ue dohssÿrfm ome M edkjrfa æ ue dohssÿrfm ome gdrrds jh dçm, quh sh dbrh h cho`d gdrrds jh dçm, quh sh dbrh h cho`d qudkjm dofmkdjm pmr ued o`dvh qudkjm dofmkdjm pmr ued o`dvh jhk-tdjd, omem ued phquhkd tdjd, omem ued phquhkd hkgrhkd-ghe, pdrd phreftfr m dphrtm jh brmods ghe, pdrd phreftfr m dphrtm jh brmods mu hsodrhdjmr jh jfvhrsms jfâehtrms. mu hsodrhdjmr jh jfvhrsms jfâehtrms. (Cfgurd ?6).

(Cfgurd ?6).

Cfgurd ?7

Cfgurd ?7 - Cmreïm. - Cmreïm.

CXRDJHFRD

D

D curdjhfrd curdjhfrd æ æ d d eäqufkd eäqufkd utfaf- utfaf-zdjd pdrd prmjuzfr curms ofrouadrhs zdjd pdrd prmjuzfr curms ofrouadrhs kds phçds, dtrdvæs jm emvfehktm jh kds phçds, dtrdvæs jm emvfehktm jh rmtdçïm jh ued chrrdehktd jh omrth. rmtdçïm jh ued chrrdehktd jh omrth. Hssd chrrdehktd jh omrth æ ued brmod Hssd chrrdehktd jh omrth æ ued brmod mu hsodrhdjmr.

mu hsodrhdjmr.

Hxfsthe emjhams pmrtäthfs, jh Hxfsthe emjhams pmrtäthfs, jh bdkodjd h jh omaukd. Km odsm jm bdkodjd h jh omaukd. Km odsm jm o`dvhfrm m fjhda shrfd thr d pmrtätfa h d o`dvhfrm m fjhda shrfd thr d pmrtätfa h d jh bdkodjd.

jh bdkodjd.

Eds kd fepmssfbfafjdjh sÿ d Eds kd fepmssfbfafjdjh sÿ d pmrtätfa æ sucfofhkth. Shnd ms jmfs pmrtätfa æ sucfofhkth. Shnd ms jmfs em-jhams kds

jhams kds cfgurds ?0 h ?0D. cfgurds ?0 h ?0D.

Cfgurd ?6

Cfgurd ?6 - Edkjrfa. - Edkjrfa.

Kmredaehkth ds phçds smbrh Kmredaehkth ds phçds smbrh ds qudfs sh cdrïm ms curms h ds qudfs sh cdrïm ms curms h prfkofpda-ehkth km odsm jm o`dvhfrm sïm ehkth km odsm jm o`dvhfrm sïm prh-sds kd emrsd.

sds kd emrsd.

Km odsm jd cur

Km odsm jd curdjhdjhfrd frd pmrtpmrtätfaätfa usd-sh d emrsd jh bdkodjd, km odsm usd-sh d emrsd jh bdkodjd, km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd, prhkjh-sh jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd, prhkjh-sh kd emrsd jd prÿprfd curdjhfrd, pmræe kd emrsd jd prÿprfd curdjhfrd, pmræe pmssuf m ehsem prfkoåpfm jh pmssuf m ehsem prfkoåpfm jh cukofm-kdehktm.

kdehktm. (Cfgurd :<). (Cfgurd :<).

Cfgurd ?0-D

Cfgurd ?0-D - Curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd. - Curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd.

rhtfrd-sh m odvdom rhtfrd-sh m odvdom ome d hsomvd jh dçm. ome d hsomvd jh dçm. h hrrrrddjjm m oohhrrttmm edkjrfa edkjrfa Afed Tudjrdjd Afed Tudjrdjd

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O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 44< < FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM

Cfgurd :<

Cfgurd :< - Emrsd jh curdjhfrd. - Emrsd jh curdjhfrd.

Cfgurd :4

Cfgurd :4 - D curdjhfrd æ utfafzdjd pdrd dbrfr - D curdjhfrd æ utfafzdjd pdrd dbrfr

odkdfs jm ofafkjrm.

M o`dvhfrm utfafzd d curdjhfrd M o`dvhfrm utfafzd d curdjhfrd pdrd dbrfr ms odkdfs jms ofafkjrms, pdrd dbrfr ms odkdfs jms ofafkjrms, mkjh sh hkomktrde ms omepmkhkths mkjh sh hkomktrde ms omepmkhkths (pfkms shgrhjm, omktrd pfkms, (pfkms shgrhjm, omktrd pfkms, emaf-k`ds) quh cmrede m

k`ds) quh cmrede m shgrhjm.shgrhjm. (Cfgurd (Cfgurd :4). :4). Mutrd utfafjdjh æ pdrd cdzhr Mutrd utfafjdjh æ pdrd cdzhr dbhrturd jh pmrtds, qudkjm fstm kïm dbhrturd jh pmrtds, qudkjm fstm kïm cmr pmssåvha ome ds chrrdehktds cmr pmssåvha ome ds chrrdehktds djh-qudjds pdrd fssm.

qudjds pdrd fssm.

H_ODRHDJMR

M hsodrhdjmr æ pmuom usdjm M hsodrhdjmr æ pmuom usdjm pham o`dvhfrm, pmræe, ìs vhzhs sh cdz pham o`dvhfrm, pmræe, ìs vhzhs sh cdz khohssärfm kd emktdghe jh khohssärfm kd emktdghe jh hahehk-tms rhbftdjms quh cmrde rhemvfjms jh tms rhbftdjms quh cmrde rhemvfjms jh cho`djurds mu ofafkjrms.

cho`djurds mu ofafkjrms. M

M tfptfpm m jh jh hsohsodrhdrhdjdjmr mr edfedfss omeue sïm rhbdfxms ofaåkjrfoms h omeue sïm rhbdfxms ofaåkjrfoms h oú-kfoms pdrd pdrdcusms mu rhbfths. kfoms pdrd pdrdcusms mu rhbfths. (Cf- (Cf-gurd :2).

gurd :2).

Cfgurd :2

Cfgurd :2 - Zfpms jh hsodrhdjmr. - Zfpms jh hsodrhdjmr.

Cfgurd :?

Cfgurd :? - Brmods `hafomfjdfs. - Brmods `hafomfjdfs.

EDO@M_ H

OM__FKHZH_

_ïm

_ïm judjuds s chrchrrderdehkthktds ds ed ed--kudfs utfafzdjds pdrd sh cdzhr rmsods. kudfs utfafzdjds pdrd sh cdzhr rmsods.

BRMOD_

Ds

Ds brmods brmods sïm sïm chrrdehktdschrrdehktds jhstfkdjds d dbrfr curms he edthrfdfs jhstfkdjds d dbrfr curms he edthrfdfs edofçms. edofçms. _ïm omkstftuåjds he ghrda jh _ïm omkstftuåjds he ghrda jh dçm dm odrbmkm, sdafhktdkjm-sh quh dçm dm odrbmkm, sdafhktdkjm-sh quh ds quh trdbda`de ome datd rmtdçïm ds quh trdbda`de ome datd rmtdçïm sïm omkstftuåjds jh dçm räpfjm, pmr sïm omkstftuåjds jh dçm räpfjm, pmr mchrhohr edfmr rhsfstîkofd dm omrth h mchrhohr edfmr rhsfstîkofd dm omrth h dm odamr ghrdjm pham dtrftm. Shnd kd dm odamr ghrdjm pham dtrftm. Shnd kd cf- cf-gurd :?

gurd :?, ds brmods `hafomfjdfs quh, ds brmods `hafomfjdfs quh sïm ds edfs usdjds.

sïm ds edfs usdjds.

Ms edo`ms sh prhstde d dbrfr Ms edo`ms sh prhstde d dbrfr rmsods fkthrkds (pmrods) h ms rmsods fkthrkds (pmrods) h ms omssf-khths d hchtudr shrvfçms quh khths d hchtudr shrvfçms quh rhquhf-rde rmsods hxthrkds (pdrdcusms). rde rmsods hxthrkds (pdrdcusms).

M edo`m æ cdbrfodjm ome ue M edo`m æ cdbrfodjm ome ue dçm euftm jurm, jh phrcfa rhjmkjm ome dçm euftm jurm, jh phrcfa rhjmkjm ome rhbdfxms m quh a`h jä ue phrcfa jh rhbdfxms m quh a`h jä ue phrcfa jh oruz. Hsth rhbdfxm æ khohssärfm pdrd oruz. Hsth rhbdfxm æ khohssärfm pdrd jdr sdåjd dm edthrfda dcfe jh sh dbrfr jdr sdåjd dm edthrfda dcfe jh sh dbrfr d rmsod. d rmsod. Æ

Æ tdetdebæbæe e omomk`k`hofhofjm jm omomemem âkguam jh omrth.

âkguam jh omrth. (Cfgurd ::). (Cfgurd ::).

Cfgurd ::

Cfgurd :: - Edo`m. - Edo`m.

D

D mutrd hxtrhefjdjh jm edomutrd hxtrhefjdjh jm edo`m`m the d cmred qudjrdjd, h æ mkjh sh the d cmred qudjrdjd, h æ mkjh sh dpafod d cmrçd pdrd

dpafod d cmrçd pdrd emvfehktä-am dtrd-emvfehktä-am dtrd-væs jm jhsdkjdjmr mu omem æ edfs væs jm jhsdkjdjmr mu omem æ edfs omk`hofjm ‑Sfrd-Edo`m―. M omk`hofjm ‑Sfrd-Edo`m―. M jhsdkjd-jmr æ cmredjm pmr ued dadvdkod ome jmr æ cmredjm pmr ued dadvdkod ome jmfs brdçms.

jmfs brdçms.

He sud pdrth ohktrda the He sud pdrth ohktrda the hk-odfxh cfxm mu rhguaävha pdrd prhkjhr m odfxh cfxm mu rhguaävha pdrd prhkjhr m edo`m.

edo`m. (Cfgurd :8) (Cfgurd :8). Hxfsth ue edo`m. Hxfsth ue edo`m pd

pdrd rd ododjd jd ehehjfjfjd jd jh jh rmrmsosod d ququhh quhfrd cdzhr.

quhfrd cdzhr. DZHKÇÏM!

DZHKÇÏM!

_heprh quh cmr cdzhr ued _heprh quh cmr cdzhr ued curd-çïm, cdçd d fkfofdçïm ome ue çïm, cdçd d fkfofdçïm ome ue pukçïm omem, dafäs, nä cmf pukçïm omem, dafäs, nä cmf hksf-kdjm dkthrfmrehkth. kdjm dkthrfmrehkth. edkjåbuad cfxd edkjåbuad cfxd edkjåbuad eÿvha edkjåbuad eÿvha pdrdcusm pdrdcusm gufd jd gufd jd edkjåbuad edkjåbuad eÿvha eÿvha mrha`d jh cfxdçïm jd emrsd mrha`d jh cfxdçïm jd emrsd bdsh bdsh edkfpuam edkfpuam H Hssppffggd d @@ddsstth h OOmmrrppmm \mktd\mktd @dsth @dsth OmrpmOmrpm \mktd\mktd

Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfkod Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfkod

\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfod \rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfod

Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod

\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod \rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod

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O

Cfgurd :8

Cfgurd :8 - Sfrd-Edo`m. - Sfrd-Edo`m.

Kd

Kd cfgurd :3 cfgurd :3, vhems omem sh, vhems omem sh prmohjh pdrd cdzhr ued rmsod fkthrkd prmohjh pdrd cdzhr ued rmsod fkthrkd utfafzdkjm ue edo

utfafzdkjm ue edo`m h `m h jhsdkjdjmrjhsdkjdjmr..

Cfgurd :3

Cfgurd :3 - \dssdghe jm edo`m smbrh m ed- - \dssdghe jm edo`m smbrh m

ed-thrfda.

thrfda.

_dafh

_dafhktdektdems ms quh quh odjodjd d judsjuds vmatds jhvh-sh vmatdr m edo`m he ue vmatds jhvh-sh vmatdr m edo`m he ue qudrtm jh vmatd h dpafodr aubrfcfodkth qudrtm jh vmatd h dpafodr aubrfcfodkth pdrd omktfkudr d rmsquhdr, hvftdkjm pdrd omktfkudr d rmsquhdr, hvftdkjm ome fssm d pmssfbfafjdjh jh quhbrdr d ome fssm d pmssfbfafjdjh jh quhbrdr d chrrdehktd.

chrrdehktd. M

M aubaubrfcrfcfodfodkth kth utfutfafzafzdjm djm hehe ghrda æ ue cauåjm hsphofda pdrd omrth ghrda æ ue cauåjm hsphofda pdrd omrth jh edthrfdfs. Kmredaehkth sïm jh edthrfdfs. Kmredaehkth sïm utfaf-zdjms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms fgudfs zdjms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms fgudfs hktrh sf, mu shnd, ome ehsed ehjfjd hktrh sf, mu shnd, ome ehsed ehjfjd jh rmsod, eds ome jfchrhkçds kd jh rmsod, eds ome jfchrhkçds kd om-khxfjdjh jds pmktds jh phkhtrdçïm h khxfjdjh jds pmktds jh phkhtrdçïm h km phrcfa jms ‑jhkths― omrtdkths jm km phrcfa jms ‑jhkths― omrtdkths jm edthrfda. edthrfda. Shems kd

Shems kd cfgurd :7 cfgurd :7 ms trîs ms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms> m kþehrm

tfpms jh edo`ms> m kþehrm 4 4 æ usdjm æ usdjm pdrd fkfofdr m trdbda`m9 m kþehrm pdrd fkfofdr m trdbda`m9 m kþehrm 22 pdrd edfmr dprmcukjdehktm h m pdrd edfmr dprmcukjdehktm h m kþ-ehrm

ehrm ? ? pdrd cfkdafzdr h dodbdr m phrcfa pdrd cfkdafzdr h dodbdr m phrcfa jd rmsod.

jd rmsod.

Cfgurd :7

Cfgurd :7 - Edo`ms. - Edo`ms.

\drd \drd cdzhcdzhr r rmsormsods ds hxthhxthrkdsrkds,, utfafzd-sh ms omssfkhths. utfafzd-sh ms omssfkhths. Zdebæe hxfsth ue omssfkhth Zdebæe hxfsth ue omssfkhth pdrd odjd ehjfjd jh rmsod.

pdrd odjd ehjfjd jh rmsod.

M omssfkhth æ emktdjm he ue M omssfkhth æ emktdjm he ue jhsdkjdjmr prÿprfm mkjh æ cfxdjm. jhsdkjdjmr prÿprfm mkjh æ cfxdjm. (Cfgurd :0). (Cfgurd :0).

Omknuktm hsth tdebæe Omknuktm hsth tdebæe omk`h-ofjm omem tdrrdxd.

ofjm omem tdrrdxd. (Cfgurd :0-D). (Cfgurd :0-D).

cfgurd :0

cfgurd :0 - Omssfkhth. - Omssfkhth.

Cfgurd :0--D

Cfgurd :0--D - ‑Zdrrdxd―. - ‑Zdrrdxd―.

\drd cdzhr d rmsod he `dsth \drd cdzhr d rmsod he `dsth of

ofrorouauadrdr, , km km ododsmsm, , tftfpm pm pdpdrdrdcucusmsm,, prhkjh-sh d ehsed kd emrsd h prhkjh-sh d ehsed kd emrsd h gfrd-sh m jhsdkjdjmr jh tda emjm quh m sh m jhsdkjdjmr jh tda emjm quh m omssfkhth, ì ehjfjd quh vdf omssfkhth, ì ehjfjd quh vdf dvdk-çdkjm km edthrfda, vdf dbrfkjm ms çdkjm km edthrfda, vdf dbrfkjm ms sua-oms jd rmsod. oms jd rmsod. Jhvh-sh hxhrohr prhssïm Jhvh-sh hxhrohr prhssïm ukf-cmreh kms jmfs brdçms cmreh kms jmfs brdçms jm jhsdkjdjmr jm jhsdkjdjmr d cfe jh

d cfe jh edkthr m omssfkhth phrphkjf-edkthr m omssfkhth phrphkjf-ouadr dm hfxm quh hstä shkjm ouadr dm hfxm quh hstä shkjm rms-quhdjm.

quhdjm. (Cfgurd :6). (Cfgurd :6).

Cfgurd :6

Cfgurd :6 - Omssfkhth phrphkjfouadr dm hfxm - Omssfkhth phrphkjfouadr dm hfxm

quh hstä shkjm rmsquhdjm.

\drd m prhcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm, \drd m prhcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm, hsth omknuktm jh chrrdehktds kïm the hsth omknuktm jh chrrdehktds kïm the euftd utfafjdjh. Km hktdktm, thr ue euftd utfafjdjh. Km hktdktm, thr ue nmgm

nmgm jh jh tmrkd-sh khohssärfm, tmrkd-sh khohssärfm, pmfs, pmfs, ìsìs vhzhs pmjh shr prhofsm hxhoutdr ued vhzhs pmjh shr prhofsm hxhoutdr ued rmsod he ued adthrda jd odfxd jh rmsod he ued adthrda jd odfxd jh ch-o`djurd, d sfe jh sh omamodr ue o`djurd, d sfe jh sh omamodr ue pd-rdcusm he substftufçïm dm rhbfth quh rdcusm he substftufçïm dm rhbfth quh cmf rhemvfjm, mu fkstdadr ued cmf rhemvfjm, mu fkstdadr ued cho`d-jurd he ued pmrtd jh chrrm mu grdjh, jurd he ued pmrtd jh chrrm mu grdjh, shkjm khohssärfm cdzhr d curdçïm h shkjm khohssärfm cdzhr d curdçïm h rmsod pdrd cfxdçïm jd ehsed. rmsod pdrd cfxdçïm jd ehsed.

Omem m daukm pmjh phrohbhr Omem m daukm pmjh phrohbhr he

he dedebmbms s ms ms ododsmsms s cmcmf f ususdjdjm m mm edo`m, pmfs m omssfkhth dfkjd æ edfs edo`m, pmfs m omssfkhth dfkjd æ edfs jfcåofa jh shr usdjm.

jfcåofa jh shr usdjm.

\FKÇD

Æ

Æ ueued d chchrrrrdedehkhktd td ededkukudada pdrd edkushfm jh phquhkms pdrd edkushfm jh phquhkms omepm-khkths h he amodfs jh jfcåofa dohssm. khkths h he amodfs jh jfcåofa dohssm. (Cfgurd 8<). (Cfgurd 8<). Cfgurd 8< Cfgurd 8< - \fkçd. - \fkçd. phçd phçd edo`m

edo`m emrsdemrsd

jhsdkjdjmr jhsdkjdjmr Jhsdkjdjmr Jhsdkjdjmr Omssfkhth Omssfkhth \drdcusms jh cfxdçïm \drdcusms jh cfxdçïm jhsdkjdjmr jhsdkjdjmr emrsd emrsd phçd d shr phçd d shr rmsquhdjd rmsquhdjd Edo`m tfpm 4 Edo`m tfpm 4 Edo`m tfpm 2 Edo`m tfpm 2 Edo`m tfpm ? Edo`m tfpm ?

(12)

O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 442 2 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM \drd m o`dvhfrm had æ

\drd m o`dvhfrm had æ fepmr-tdkth pdrd edkushdr ms pfkms tdkth pdrd edkushdr ms pfkms shgrh-jms, omktrd pfkms h emafk`ds. jms, omktrd pfkms h emafk`ds.

_DOD-SMADKZH

Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda hs-phoåcfod pdrd sdodr vmadkth jh phoåcfod pdrd sdodr vmadkth jh vhåou-ams he ghrda.

ams he ghrda.

_hkjm euftm utfafzdjd he _hkjm euftm utfafzdjd he mcfof-kds ehoâkfods.

kds ehoâkfods.

\drd m o`dvhfrm had the \drd m o`dvhfrm had the pmu-quåssfed utfafjdjh, pmfs sïm pmuoms quåssfed utfafjdjh, pmfs sïm pmuoms ms vhåouams quh m o`dvhfrm prhofsd ms vhåouams quh m o`dvhfrm prhofsd sdodr m vmadkth pdrd rhtfrdr m ofafkjrm sdodr m vmadkth pdrd rhtfrdr m ofafkjrm jh trdvd jh jfrhçïm. Shnd kd

jh trdvd jh jfrhçïm. Shnd kd cfgurd cfgurd 84,

84, omem sdodr m vmadkth jh ue vhå- omem sdodr m vmadkth jh ue vhå-ouam.

ouam.

M sdod-vmadkth tdebæe æ M sdod-vmadkth tdebæe æ om-k`hofjm omem hxtrdtmr. \mssuf trîs k`hofjm omem hxtrdtmr. \mssuf trîs gdrrds quh sh hkodfxde dm vmadkth h gdrrds quh sh hkodfxde dm vmadkth h ue pdrdcusm ohktrda quh, shkjm ue pdrdcusm ohktrda quh, shkjm dphr-tdjm pmr ued o`dvh cfxd, cmrçd d sud tdjm pmr ued o`dvh cfxd, cmrçd d sud sdåjd jd bdrrd jh jfrhçïm sdåjd jd bdrrd jh jfrhçïm

EMR_D

\hçd fepmrtdkth kd bdkodjd \hçd fepmrtdkth kd bdkodjd jh qudaquhr mcfofkd shnd ehoâkfod, jh qudaquhr mcfofkd shnd ehoâkfod, haætrfo

haætrfod, d, jh hahtrmjmeæsjh hahtrmjmeæstfom, jh tfom, jh o`d- o`d-vhfrm, hto. Æ

vhfrm, hto. Æ tdebæe omk`hofjd omemtdebæe omk`hofjd omem tmrkm jh ehsd.

tmrkm jh ehsd. Z

Zhe he pmr pmr cfkdcfkdafjdafjdjh jh prhkprhkjhr jhr phçds, jhfxdkjm-ds cfrehs pdrd quh phçds, jhfxdkjm-ds cfrehs pdrd quh sh

sh pmpmssssd d trdtrdbdbda`da`dr r smsmbrh brh hadhads. s. DD emrsd jhvh hstdr cfxdjd kd bdkodjd. emrsd jhvh hstdr cfxdjd kd bdkodjd. D

D emrsd æ omkemrsd æ omkstftuåjd pmstftuåjd pmr juds phçdr juds phçds>s> Xed cfxd h mut

Xed cfxd h mutrd eÿvhard eÿvha.. DD phçd eÿphçd eÿvhavha

Cfgurd 84

Cfgurd 84 - _dod-vmadkth. - _dod-vmadkth.

jhsamod-sh he rhadçïm ì phçd cfxd pmr jhsamod-sh he rhadçïm ì phçd cfxd pmr ehfm jh ued pdrdcusm.

ehfm jh ued pdrdcusm. (Cfgurd 82). (Cfgurd 82).

Cfgurd 82

Cfgurd 82 - Emrsd - Emrsd

Cfgurd 8?

Cfgurd 8? - Hsehrfa. - Hsehrfa.

Tudkjm sh prhkjh phçds Tudkjm sh prhkjh phçds dod-bdjds omem æ m odsm jd o`dvhfrm, bdjds omem æ m odsm jd o`dvhfrm, quh cfxd ofafkjrms, odk`ïm jh ofafkjrm, quh cfxd ofafkjrms, odk`ïm jh ofafkjrm, hto, æ khohssärfm omamodr kms hto, æ khohssärfm omamodr kms emr-jhkths ued prmthçïm, ghrdaehkth jh jhkths ued prmthçïm, ghrdaehkth jh edthrfda edfs edofm quh d phçd. He edthrfda edfs edofm quh d phçd. He gh

ghrda rda hshssd sd prmprmthçthçïm ïm pmpmjh jh shshr r jhjh ombrh, o`uebm, edjhfrd, daueåkfm mu ombrh, o`uebm, edjhfrd, daueåkfm mu omurm. omurm.

H_EHRFA

Æ ued eäqufkd rmtdtfvd he Æ ued eäqufkd rmtdtfvd he ounm hfxm sïm omamodjds chrrdehktds ounm hfxm sïm omamodjds chrrdehktds jhs

jhstfkdtfkdjds jds d d dcfddcfdçïm, çïm, jhsjhsbdstbdsth h mumu dodbdehktm o`dedjds ‑rhbmam―. dodbdehktm o`dedjds ‑rhbmam―. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 8?).

gurd 8?).

M rhbmam æ ued chrrdehktd M rhbmam æ ued chrrdehktd of-aåkjrfod jh phquhkd hsphssurd ome aåkjrfod jh phquhkd hsphssurd ome ue curm ohktrda, pmr ehfm jm quda æ ue curm ohktrda, pmr ehfm jm quda æ chftm m hkodfxh km hfxm

chftm m hkodfxh km hfxm jm hsehrfa.jm hsehrfa. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 8:).

gurd 8:).

Cfgurd 8:

Cfgurd 8: - Rhbmam hkodfxdjm dm hfxm jm - Rhbmam hkodfxdjm dm hfxm jm

edkjrfa.

M rhbmam the m dsphotm jh M rhbmam the m dsphotm jh ued phjrd jh suphrcåofh äsphrd, ued phjrd jh suphrcåofh äsphrd, cf- cf-gurd 88. gurd 88. Hstd dsphrhzd vdrfd jh domrjm Hstd dsphrhzd vdrfd jh domrjm ome d cfkdafjdjh jm rhbmam. ome d cfkdafjdjh jm rhbmam. Zhokfod-ehkth hssd dsphrhzd æ o`dedjd jh ehkth hssd dsphrhzd æ o`dedjd jh grdkuadçïm. \drd trdbda`ms jh grdkuadçïm. \drd trdbda`ms jh jhs-bdsths mu ehsem pdrd tfrdr rhbdrbds, bdsths mu ehsem pdrd tfrdr rhbdrbds, usd-sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm grmssd. usd-sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm grmssd. \drd trdbda`ms jh dodbdehktm, \drd trdbda`ms jh dodbdehktm, usd-sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm cfkd. Ehsem sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm cfkd. Ehsem thkjm ued prmthçïm smbrh ds phjrds, thkjm ued prmthçïm smbrh ds phjrds, rhomehkjd-sh usdr ÿouams jh rhomehkjd-sh usdr ÿouams jh prmth-çïm tmjd vhz quh usdr m hsehrfa. çïm tmjd vhz quh usdr m hsehrfa.

M hsehrfa pdrd m o`dvhfrm, sÿ M hsehrfa pdrd m o`dvhfrm, sÿ æ þtfa pdrd phquhkms jhbdsths h æ þtfa pdrd phquhkms jhbdsths h omk-choçïm jh phquhkds chrrdehktds. choçïm jh phquhkds chrrdehktds.

_hrvfçms hsths quh pmjhe shr _hrvfçms hsths quh pmjhe shr

Cfgurd 88

Cfgurd 88 - Rhbmam. - Rhbmam. phçd eÿvha phçd eÿvha phçd cfxd phçd cfxd pdrdcusm pdrdcusm emrjhkths cfxms emrjhkths cfxms brmod brmod odbm odbm bdsh bdsh hspfgd hspfgd daturd daturd \rmthçïm dm Mphrdjmr \rmthçïm dm Mphrdjmr rhbmam rhbmam buo`d jh o`uebm buo`d jh o`uebm hfxm hfxm o`dvhtd o`dvhtd

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O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 44? ? FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM chftms omamodkjm ue

chftms omamodkjm ue phquhphquhkm km rhbmamrhbmam nä

nä ome ome hfxm hfxm pdrd pdrd shr shr omamodjm omamodjm kmkm edkjrfa jd curdjhfrd.

edkjrfa jd curdjhfrd.

M hsehrfa sÿ æ khohssärfm kd M hsehrfa sÿ æ khohssärfm kd mcfofkd sh m o`dvhfrm cmr trdbda`dr ome mcfofkd sh m o`dvhfrm cmr trdbda`dr ome dcfdçïm jh cdods, thsmurds, dafodth jh dcfdçïm jh cdods, thsmurds, dafodth jh uk`d, jh outåouad, hto.

uk`d, jh outåouad, hto.

OME\

D__M JH

EHJFR

Æ ued

Æ ued chrrdehchrrdehktd ktd utfafzdjdutfafzdjd kd ehjfçïm fkjfrhtd pham cdtm jh kïm kd ehjfçïm fkjfrhtd pham cdtm jh kïm pmssufr grdjudçïm. Hxfsthe värfms pmssufr grdjudçïm. Hxfsthe värfms tfpms jhstfkdjms d cfks hsphoåcfoms, tfpms jhstfkdjms d cfks hsphoåcfoms, pmræe tmjms mbhjhohe dm ehsem pmræe tmjms mbhjhohe dm ehsem prfkoåpfm. M omepdssm pmjh

prfkoåpfm. M omepdssm pmjh substf- substf-tufr m pdquåehtrm kd vhrfcfodçïm h tufr m pdquåehtrm kd vhrfcfodçïm h trdkspmrth jh ehjfjds, fstm pmrquh trdkspmrth jh ehjfjds, fstm pmrquh æ ued chrrdehktd jh oustm ehkmr æ ued chrrdehktd jh oustm ehkmr quh m pdqu

quh m pdquåehtrm, h suåehtrm, h sucfofhkth cfofhkth pdrdpdrd m

m o`o`dvdvhfhfrmrm. . M M omomepepdsdssm sm ededusus usdjm khsth æ m jh ehjfjds usdjm khsth æ m jh ehjfjds hxthr-kds emstrdjm kd

kds emstrdjm kd cfgurd 83 cfgurd 83..

Cfgurd 83

Cfgurd 83 - Omepdssm hxthrkm. - Omepdssm hxthrkm.

H_ODAD

Æ m edfs sfepahs fkstruehktm Æ m edfs sfepahs fkstruehktm jh ehjfçïm.

jh ehjfçïm.

\mssuf kmredaehkth \mssuf kmredaehkth grdjud-çøhs jh efaåehtrms h pmahgdjds pdrd çøhs jh efaåehtrms h pmahgdjds pdrd ehjfr ds jfehksøhs jds phçds. ehjfr ds jfehksøhs jds phçds. (Cf- (Cf-gurd 87). gurd 87). \drd m o`dvhfrm hktrh ds \drd m o`dvhfrm hktrh ds hsod-ads omem m pdquåehtrm, quh ads omem m pdquåehtrm, quh hstujd-rhems d shgufr, sÿ fkthrhssd d hsodad rhems d shgufr, sÿ fkthrhssd d hsodad jh efaåehtrms, vfstm quh khstd ärhd jh efaåehtrms, vfstm quh khstd ärhd tmjm

tmjms s ms ms omepomepmkhkmkhkths ths quh cdzhequh cdzhe

pdrth jm jfd-d-jfd jm o`dvhfrm, sïm pdrth jm jfd-d-jfd jm o`dvhfrm, sïm jf-ehksfmkdjms he efaåehtrms

ehksfmkdjms he efaåehtrms

Cfgurd 87

Cfgurd 87 - Hsodad. - Hsodad.

Shnd kd

Shnd kd cfgurd 80 cfgurd 80 omem ehjfr omem ehjfr ome hsodad.

ome hsodad.

Cfgurd 80

Cfgurd 80 - Omem ehjfr ome d hsodad. - Omem ehjfr ome d hsodad.

\DTXÅEHZRM

\dquåehtrm mu odafbrh omem \dquåehtrm mu odafbrh omem tdebæe æ omk`hofjm, omkstd tdebæe æ omk`hofjm, omkstd hsshk-ofdaehkth jh ued `dsth cfxd, mu ofdaehkth jh ued `dsth cfxd, mu hs-od

odad ad cfcfxd xd h h jh jh ue ue ouoursrsmr mr eÿeÿvhvha,a, tdebæe o`dedjm kúkfm. tdebæe o`dedjm kúkfm. Dprhshktd Dprhshktd dfkjd dfkjd ued ued vdrhtdvdrhtd pdrd ehjfjds jh prmcukjfjdjhs h ue pdrd ehjfjds jh prmcukjfjdjhs h ue pdrdcusm jh trdvd.

pdrdcusm jh trdvd. (Cfgurd 86). (Cfgurd 86). Hxfsthe pdquåehtrms jh Hxfsthe pdquåehtrms jh jfch-rhkths kúkfms quh vïm jh rhkths kúkfms quh vïm jh dprmxfed-çøhs> çøhs> jh 4/4< 5 4 jæofem jh jh 4/4< 5 4 jæofem jh efaåeh-trm 5 <,4ee. trm 5 <,4ee. 4/2< 5 4 vfgæsfem jh efaåehtrm 4/2< 5 4 vfgæsfem jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<8 (8 ohktæsfems). 5 <,<8 (8 ohktæsfems). 4/28 5 vfgæsfed qufktd pdrth 4/28 5 vfgæsfed qufktd pdrth jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<: (: ohktæsfems). jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<: (: ohktæsfems). h jh 4/8< 5 <,<2 jmfs h jh 4/8< 5 <,<2 jmfs ohktæsf- ohktæsf-ems jh efaåehtrm. ems jh efaåehtrm. \dr \drd d kÿkÿs s fktfkthrhhrhssssd d dpdphkdhkdss kúkfm jh 4/4< (4 jæofem jh kúkfm jh 4/4< (4 jæofem jh efaåeh-trm), m quda jhsorhvhrhem

trm), m quda jhsorhvhrhems d shgufrs d shgufr.. DD grdjudçïm jd `dsth cfxd mu hsodad æ grdjudçïm jd `dsth cfxd mu hsodad æ chftd he efaåehtrms.

chftd he efaåehtrms.

Cfgurd 86

Cfgurd 86 - \dquåehtrm. - \dquåehtrm.

M kúkfm mu oursmr eÿvha æ M kúkfm mu oursmr eÿvha æ vfjfjm he 4< pdrths, mu shnd, odjd vfjfjm he 4< pdrths, mu shnd, odjd jf-vfsï

vfsïm m omrromrrhspmhspmkjh d kjh d <,4 <,4 efaåeefaåehtrmhtrm (ue jæofem jh efaåehtrm).

(ue jæofem jh efaåehtrm).

Sdems jdr ue hxhepam jh Sdems jdr ue hxhepam jh ahf-turd jm pdquåehtrm jh dprmxfedçïm turd jm pdquåehtrm jh dprmxfedçïm jh jæofems.

jh jæofems. Shnd kd

Shnd kd cfgurd 3< cfgurd 3<, quh m zhrm, quh m zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd m shxtm trdofk`m jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd m shxtm trdofk`m jd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, m quh jd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, m quh omrrhs-pmkjh, pmrtdktm, d 3 efaåehtrms. pmkjh, pmrtdktm, d 3 efaåehtrms.

Mbshrvh kd hsodad jm kúkfm Mbshrvh kd hsodad jm kúkfm quh m trdofk`m jh 4 d

quh m trdofk`m jh 4 d 4< omfkofjh ome4< omfkofjh ome ued jfvfsïm jd hsodad.

ued jfvfsïm jd hsodad.

Cfgurd 3<

Cfgurd 3< - Kúkfm. - Kúkfm.

Km

Km ododsm sm m m kþkþehehrm rm mfmftm tm jmjm kúkfm hstä omfkofjfkjm ome m tr

kúkfm hstä omfkofjfkjm ome m trdofk`mdofk`m ??, ??, pmpmrtdrtdktmktm, , 0 0 æ æ d d dprdprmxfmxfededçïmçïm.. 5 44ee 5 44ee 5 6ee 5 6ee p p d d r r d d c c u u s s m m t t _r_r d d v v d d ` ` d d s s t t h h c c f f x x d d v v d d r r h h t t d d j j h h p p r r m m c c u u k k j j f f j j d d j j h h k k ú ú k k f f m m t t _r_r d d ç ç m m z z h h r r m m j j m m k k ú ú k k f f m m

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O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 44: : FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM Dssfe

Dssfe, , d d ehjfjehjfjd d prhofprhofsd sd æ æ 3,0ee,3,0ee, mu shnd, shfs efaåehtrms h mftm mu shnd, shfs efaåehtrms h mftm jæof-ems. Mutrm hxhepam jh ahfturd vhnd ems. Mutrm hxhepam jh ahfturd vhnd kd

kd cfgurd 34. cfgurd 34.

Cfgurd 34

Cfgurd 34 - Hxhepam jh ahfturd. - Hxhepam jh ahfturd.

M zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd d M zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd d jæofed shxtd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, jæofed shxtd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, pmr-tdktm, 43ee. tdktm, 43ee. D omfkofjîkofd jh

D omfkofjîkofd jh ued jfvfsïmued jfvfsïm jm kúkfm ome ued hsodad. Amgm d jm kúkfm ome ued hsodad. Amgm d eh-jfjd prhofsd æ jh 43,8 (jhzhsshfs jfjd prhofsd æ jh 43,8 (jhzhsshfs ef-aåehtrms h shfs jæofems). aåehtrms h shfs jæofems).

BDKODJD

Æ d ehsd jh trdbda`m jm Æ d ehsd jh trdbda`m jm o`d-vhfrm. _hu tdedk`m eåkfem jhvh shr vhfrm. _hu tdedk`m eåkfem jhvh shr m khohssärfm pdrd domemjdr d m khohssärfm pdrd domemjdr d eä-qufkd ompfdjmrd, ued emrsd phquhkd qufkd ompfdjmrd, ued emrsd phquhkd pmjh shr d kþehrm 4, h djhqudjd dm pmjh shr d kþehrm 4, h djhqudjd dm hspdçm jfspmkåvha. He ghrda jhvh shr hspdçm jfspmkåvha. He ghrda jhvh shr chftd pmr hkomehkjd. chftd pmr hkomehkjd. Km hktdktm hxfsthe bdkodjds Km hktdktm hxfsthe bdkodjds prmk

prmktds tds usdjusdjds ds he he värfvärfds ds mcfomcfofkdsfkds quh pmjhe shr dprmvhftdjds.

quh pmjhe shr dprmvhftdjds.

Ome d bdkodjd, jdems pmr Ome d bdkodjd, jdems pmr hkohrrdjd d prfehfrd pdrth jhstd afçïm hkohrrdjd d prfehfrd pdrth jhstd afçïm mkjh cmrde jhsorftds ds chrrdehktds mkjh cmrde jhsorftds ds chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda quh tdebæe sïm þthfs dm jh usm ghrda quh tdebæe sïm þthfs dm prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm. D shgufr vdems prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm. D shgufr vdems rhadofmkdr h jhsorhvhr ds

rhadofmkdr h jhsorhvhr ds chrrdehktdschrrdehktds jh usm hsphoåcfom jm o`dvhfrm. Kïm jh usm hsphoåcfom jm o`dvhfrm. Kïm vdems hktrdr he jhtda`hs qudktm dm vdems hktrdr he jhtda`hs qudktm dm shu usm, pmfs fstm shrä chftm km shu usm, pmfs fstm shrä chftm km jhomr-rhr jm oursm, qudkjm dbmrjdrhems ds rhr jm oursm, qudkjm dbmrjdrhems ds jfc jfchrhhrhkthkths s tdrtdrhcdhcds s jd jd dtfdtfvfjvfjdjh djh jmjm o`dvhfrm. o`dvhfrm. Rhssdatdems quh hstds Rhssdatdems quh hstds chrrd-ehktds sïm cdbrfodjds h vhkjfjds he ehktds sïm cdbrfodjds h vhkjfjds he odsds hsphofdafzdjds, mutrds shrïm odsds hsphofdafzdjds, mutrds shrïm khohssärfds h kïm sïm vhkjfjds, khohssärfds h kïm sïm vhkjfjds, pmr-tdktm jhvhe shr chftds pham prÿprfm tdktm jhvhe shr chftds pham prÿprfm daukm shkjm sud omkchoçïm hksfkdjd daukm shkjm sud omkchoçïm hksfkdjd km jhomrrhr jm oursm.

km jhomrrhr jm oursm.

_DOD ZRDSD

Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda utfaf-zdjd pdrd smatdr ms pdrdcusms quh zdjd pdrd smatdr ms pdrdcusms quh cfxde d trdvd jh jfrhçïm jms odrrms. cfxde d trdvd jh jfrhçïm jms odrrms. Ms rhchrfjms pdrdcusms sïm jh Ms rhchrfjms pdrdcusms sïm jh odbhç

odbhçd d ofaåkjrfoofaåkjrfod, d, tmtdaehktmtdaehkth th afsd,afsd, pmrtdktm she chkjd, khe rhbdfxm pmrtdktm she chkjd, khe rhbdfxm shxtdvdjm tfpm Daahk.

shxtdvdjm tfpm Daahk. (Cfgurd 32). (Cfgurd 32).

Cfgurd 32

Cfgurd 32 - _dod trdvd. - _dod trdvd.

Cfgurd 3?

Cfgurd 3? - Jfspmsftfvm Vdah. - Jfspmsftfvm Vdah.

JF_\M_FZFSM VDAH

Omepmstm jh trîs phçds Omepmstm jh trîs phçds ehtä-afods, jh jfâehtrms jfchrhkths. afods, jh jfâehtrms jfchrhkths. He ued jds hxtrhefjdjhs He ued jds hxtrhefjdjhs th the e ue ue rhbrhbdfxdfxm m omomem em sh sh cmscmsshsh ued chkjd h kd mutrd ue curm ued chkjd h kd mutrd ue curm rh-bdfxdjm km shktfjm amkgftujfkda jd bdfxdjm km shktfjm amkgftujfkda jd phçd. phçd. (Cfgurd 3?) (Cfgurd 3?).. Ome hssds phçds, æ pmssåvha Ome hssds phçds, æ pmssåvha jhsemktdr ofafkjrms fkjhphkjhkths h jhsemktdr ofafkjrms fkjhphkjhkths h bfpdrtfjms she khohssfjdjh jh bfpdrtfjms she khohssfjdjh jh brm-quhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs.

quhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs.

BHRÇM JH OFAFKJRM

V

DAH

Chrrdehktd mkjh sh cfxd m Chrrdehktd mkjh sh cfxd m em-kmbamom pdrd shr jhsemktdjm she kmbamom pdrd shr jhsemktdjm she khohssfjdjh jh brmquhdr ms tdepøhs khohssfjdjh jh brmquhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 3:).

jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 3:).

Cfgurd 3:

Cfgurd 3: - Bhrçm jh ofafkjrm Vdah. - Bhrçm jh ofafkjrm Vdah.

Cfgurd 38

Cfgurd 38 - Jfspmsftfvm thtrd. - Jfspmsftfvm thtrd.

JF_\M_FZFSM ZHZRD

Omknuktm jh chrrdehktds Omknuktm jh chrrdehktds usd-jds pdrd d jhsemktdghe jh ofafkjrm jds pdrd d jhsemktdghe jh ofafkjrm thtrd, she khohssfjdjh jh rhemvhr m thtrd, she khohssfjdjh jh rhemvhr m dkha tdepd jms odkdfs.

dkha tdepd jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 38) (Cfgurd 38)..

CHRRDEHKZD_

\MKZD H CMRTXFA@D

Omknuktm jh värfds Omknuktm jh värfds chrrdehk-tds pdrd rhtfrdjd jh o`dvhs tds pdrd rhtfrdjd jh o`dvhs quhbrd-jds jh jhktrm jm ofafkjrm. jds jh jhktrm jm ofafkjrm. D jh D jh pmktd pmssuf pmktd pmssuf gdrrds dcfd-gdrrds dcfd-jds pdrd ordvdr km edthrfda h d jh jds pdrd ordvdr km edthrfda h d jh

(15)

O

OXXRR__M M JJH H OO@@DDSSHHFFRRM M ‟ ‟ DDXXAAD D 4 4 448 8 FFKK__ZZFFZZXXZZM M XXKKFFSSHHRR__DDA A BBRRDD__FFAAHHFFRRMM cmr

cmrququfa`fa`d d pdpdrd rd pupuxdxdr r cdzcdzhkhkjm jm dad dad--vdkod.

vdkod. (Cfgurd 33). (Cfgurd 33).

Cfgurd 33

Cfgurd 33 - Chrrdehktds jh pmktd. - Chrrdehktds jh pmktd.

Cfgurd 37

Cfgurd 37 - Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd. - Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd.

CHRRDEHKZD_ JH

DBHRZXRD

Ds

Ds chrrdehktds chrrdehktds jh jh dbhrturddbhrturd tdebæe sïm omk`hofjds omem tdebæe sïm omk`hofjds omem gä-zuds mu efo`ds. _ïm aâefkds chftds zuds mu efo`ds. _ïm aâefkds chftds he

he dçdçm m hshsphphofofda da jh jh prhprhchrchrîkîkofdofd fkmx.

fkmx.

\mssuhe odvds mu pmktds \mssuhe odvds mu pmktds jf-chrh

chrhkofkofdjddjds s quh quh sïm sïm usdusdjds jds hehe dbhrturd jh odjhdjms, pmrtds dbhrturd jh odjhdjms, pmrtds om-euks jm sfsthed Vdah, cho`djurds jh euks jm sfsthed Vdah, cho`djurds jh dutmeÿvhfs.

dutmeÿvhfs. (Cfgurd 37). (Cfgurd 37).

Cfgurd 30

Cfgurd 30 - Gmaj k¾4. - Gmaj k¾4.

Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd

Gmaj k¾4

Gmaj k¾4 (Cfgurd 30)

(Cfgurd 30) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs pad-kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd.

- Gufd omehktdjm ome - Gufd omehktdjm ome rhguad- rhguad-ghe eformeætrfod. ghe eformeætrfod. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs ome - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs ome djdptdçïm pdrd o`dvhs thtrd. djdptdçïm pdrd o`dvhs thtrd. - Hsomvd jh dçm cfm <,2<ee. - Hsomvd jh dçm cfm <,2<ee. - Bdsh, omrpm h odrrfk`m he - Bdsh, omrpm h odrrfk`m he chrrm cukjfjm. chrrm cukjfjm.

- Mpofmkda she emtmr. - Mpofmkda she emtmr. Jdjms tæokfoms Jdjms tæokfoms - - EEmmttmmr r eemmkkmmccäässffoomm 4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/ 3< @z. 4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/ 3< @z. - O`dvh

- O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w.omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w. -

- JfeJfehkhksøhsøhs> s> DatDat.> .> 2?2?<e<ee,e, \rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee.

\rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee. - \hsm 46Ig.

- \hsm 46Ig.

- Crhsd 3< x 7 x 42,7ee - Crhsd 3< x 7 x 42,7ee oh- oh-ehktdjd

ehktdjd

Eäqufkd

ompfdjmrd

Gmaj k¾?<

Gmaj k¾?< (Cfgurd 36)

(Cfgurd 36) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs pad-kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. kds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. - Gufd omehktdjm. - Gufd omehktdjm. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs. - Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs - Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs Daahk pdrd

Daahk pdrd rhguadghe.rhguadghe.

- Hsomvd hsphofda jh kyamk. - Hsomvd hsphofda jh kyamk. - Bdsh he chrrm cukjfjm9 omrpm - Bdsh he chrrm cukjfjm9 omrpm he daueåkfm.

he daueåkfm.

- Bdsh, omrrhfd h

- Bdsh, omrrhfd h emtmr sïm kd-emtmr sïm kd-ofmkdfs. ofmkdfs. Jdjms tæokfoms Jdjms tæokfoms - E m t m r > e m k m c ä s f o m - E m t m r > e m k m c ä s f o m 4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/3<@z. 4/:ov.47:<R.\.E/3<@z. - O`dvh

- O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w.omkvhrsmrd> 44</22<w. -

- JfeJfehkshksøhøhs> s> DatDat.> .> 2?2?<ee<ee,, \rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee.

\rmc.> ?3<ee, Adrg.> 23<ee. - \hsm 40Ig. - \hsm 40Ig. - Crhsd> 7< x ? x 42,7 he @__. - Crhsd> 7< x ? x 42,7 he @__.

EÄTXFKD_ JX\AFODJMRD_

Efo`ds mu Gäzuds Efo`ds mu Gäzuds N Nmmggm m GGrrddkkjjh h NNmmggm m \\hhqquuhhkkmm Jh Jh DutmsDutms