Original crystal structures of even-even polyamides
made of pleated and rippled sheets (*)
Bernard Lotz
Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS and Université de Strasbourg) 23, Rue du Lœss, 67034 Strasbourg (France)
Supporting Information S1
The Burchart 10.1-Universal 1.02 potentials used were found to overestimate the a axis of the unit-cell, which suggests that the hydrogen bonds are “too long”. Since the match between calculated and experimental X-ray spacings is an important feature in our modeling, an empirical, brute force correction was attempted by reducing the C=O bond length from its normal 1.35Å value to 1.15Å. Using the room temperature unit-cell of PA66 as a test, the minimized model unit cell (values given in parentheses) comes then very close to the Bunn and Garner one: a= 4.90Å (4.99Å), b= 5.40Å (5.52Å), c= 17.20Å (not minimized), = 48.5° (46.95°), = 77° (71.9°), = 63.5° (61.06°). [There is some scatter in the experimental values. For example, English et al’s paper indicates a= 4.96Å, b= 5.52Å, c= 17.41Å, = 48°, = 76.1° = 62.1°]. With this “adjustment” of the potentials, the agreement between calculated and experimental spacings is better: 010 (3.69; 3.72Å) 100 (4.36;4.36Å) 1-10 (3.64;3.61Å). This minimized structure, together with its powder and fiber patterns is illustrated in the Figure below.
Even with this “correction” the potentials are not fully satisfactory however. Minimization of the structure of polyglycine II (a nylon 2 structure with 3-fold helix symmetry, hexagonal unit-cell and hydrogen bonding in six directions) yields an inter-helix distance (mostly determined by the hydrogen bonds) that is still too large.
Rather than adding an arbitrary correction to well established potentials, it was decided to keep the original Burchart 10.1-Universal 1.02 potentials since other approximations are also made (e.g. not taking in account the temperature and thermal expansion). The calculated interplanar distances of the models must be considered as “approximate” – within however a relatively small margin, typically a few tenths of an angstrom – which happens also to be in the range of the experimental data scatter.
The alpha phase PA66 structure as minimized with the modified set of potentials. As an illustration of the sensitivity of the model building procedure, a lighter grey powder pattern has been superposed on the pattern calculated for the model shown. It corresponds to the same minimized structure and unit-cell, but with the gamma angle fixed at 60° rather than 61.06°.
The crystal structure of PA66
phase
and its (not observed) variant with reduced layer stagger.
The structure established by Bunn and Garner is here minimized with the “Crystal packer” module of Cerius2, using the Dreiding‐Universal 2 potentials. The cell is seen along the c axis, along the normal to the hydrogen bonded sheet and along the a axis (hydrogen bonds direction). The cell parameters are (in Å, °): a=5.14, b=5.58, c=17.20, =47.20, =72.71, =59.81 Energy (kcal/mol): van der Waals: ‐26.4, H bonds: ‐6.34, Total: ‐32.77 Twist angles: COC: 174°; NHC: ‐168.5°; density: 1.20: Unit cell volume: 312.49Å3 The experimental parameters of the unit‐cell as determined by Bunn and Garner differ slightly from the present minimized unit cell ones (a= 4.90Å, b= 5.40Å, c= 17.20Å, = 48.5°, = 77°, = 63.5°). Note however that these differences do not affect significantly the position of the peaks of the diffraction pattern. The alpha phase of nylon 66 (and of all other nylons of the same structure but different aliphatic parts lengths) is characterized by two major peaks at 3.7Å and 4.4Å. On this basis, the set of potentials used in this work, although not the latest and best one, yields models and diffraction patterns that may be considered as reliable representations of experimental ones.
Comparison of alpha phase structures with different shifts of layers along the b axis. On the left, the standard crystal structure with 3c/14 shift. The minimized structure has unit‐cell dimensions: Triclinic a=5.14Å, b=5.58Å, c= 17.20Å = 47.20°, = 72.71° = 59.81°. Cell volume: 312.49Å3, d= 1.202 E: ‐32.77 kacl/mol (vdW : ‐26.42; H bonds: ‐6.34); V cell: 312.49Å3, d= 1.203 Most prominent reflections: 010: 3.70Å (100%); 100: 4.43Å (73%); 110: 3.74Å (44%) The tilt of the 00l reflections to the fiber axis is ≈42° On the right, the layers are less shifted (1c/14). This structure is not observed experimentally. The minimized structure has unit‐cell dimensions: Triclinic a=5.08Å, b=4.155Å, c= 17.20Å =73.86°, =75.94° = 63.17° Cell volume: 308.3Å3, d= 1.219 E: ‐33.40kcal/mol (vdW : ‐27.29; H bonds : ‐6.11) (i.e. slightly better than for the actual structure) Most prominent reflections: 010: 3.64Å (100%); 100: 4.49Å (73%); 110: 3.66Å (44%) The tilt of the 00l reflections to the fiber axis is ≈17° Note that the equatorial reflections of the two structures have very similar spacings. The most visible difference is to be found in the fiber patterns: the angle between the 00l rows of reflections next to the meridian, which indicates the tilt of the (001) plane to the chain axis. This same tilt is found in lamellar single crystals since the (001) plane is the lamellar surface of the single crystals. Kohji Tashiro and Yoshioka performed crystal structure minimizations on nylon 1010 with the same Cerius 2 package, but using the Compass set of potentials. The cell geometry arrived at (at 0°K) is: a=4.824Å, b= 4.046Å; c=27.665Å = 70.45° = 104.74° = 76.22°. This cell geometry calls for two observations: (a) The alpha angle is ≈ 70°, which corresponds to the smaller shift of layers illustrated here in the right‐hand diagram. It differs from the starting, standard alpha phase structure. This same geometry has been used by the authors in their modeling of the diffraction pattern. The a parameter is significantly shorter than in our minimization. Beyond the difference in temperatures considered (O°K and RT) this difference may be the mark of a significant weakness of the set of potentials used in the present work.
The pleated and rippled sheets of proteins
The major features of the pleated and rippled sheet structures are recalled in these two diagrams, using mostly material extracted from the book of R. Dickerson and Geis (“The Structure and Action of Proteins”. New York: Harper and Row; 1969). The conformational energy maps illustrate the allowed to forbidden conformations (from dark to light) and the so‐called “ plateau” located for poly‐L and poly‐D peptides in the upper left and lower right corners of the energy map, respectively. The comparable map of polyglycine has wider allowed conformations and is symmetrical due to the absence of side group [polyglycine is nylon 2). The rippled sheet structures are less familiar in (chiral) proteins ( A recent analysis of all these protein sheet structures is available in Rastakov, J. A. A DFT study of structure and stability of pleated and rippled cross‐ sheets with hydrophobic sidechains, Biopolymers (in press)]. Rippled sheets may apply for nylons. The families of models (both rippled and pleated sheets) with antiparallel stems are possible only for the even‐even nylons of formula 2n, 2n+2. The equal length of their diacid and diamine aliphatic segments allows completion of the H bonds.
Supporting Information S4
The crystal structure of Polyglycine I: an antiparallel rippled sheet
Crystal structure of polyglycine (Nylon 2). The hydrogen bonded sheets are made of antiparallel chains that are conformational isomers (mirror images, right view, along the hydrogen bonds direction). This possibility is offered by the fact that, with its hydrogen as a side chain, polyglycine differs from all other amino‐acids with bulkier side chains that are chiral. Left: the unit‐cell determined by minimizing the packing energy (in color) compared with the structure established in 1974 by electron diffraction. (Lotz, B. J. Mol. Biol. 1974, 87, 169‐180) Reproduced with permission. Copyright (1974) from ElsevierA pleated sheet structure with 130° torsion angles.
The energy minimized pleated sheet crystal structure of PA66, with torsion angles at both NH and CO links set at ≈130°. Note that the inter‐sheet distance (010 reflection at 3.47Å) becomes smaller than in the standard alpha phase (3.7Å). Unit‐cell parameters (Å, °): a=5.01, b=4.13, c=16.96, =95.47, =84.06, =122.9
Supporting information S6.
The twinned pleated sheet structures
The two possible orientations of the pleated stems in the unit‐cell and their (common) diffraction patterns. Although the two cells are true twins (cf. bottom figure), it is convenient to keep a common orientation of the unit‐cell to illustrate the fate of the major structural elements: preservation of the H bonds direction, opposite tilts to the c axis of the amide groups and different orientation of the aliphatic parts C‐C‐C planes.
PA66: Experimental unit-cell parameters.
PA66: Energy minimized structures.Supporting information S8.
PA28: Shifted pleated structures with different torsion angles
Figure S8 (a). PA28 with torsion angles of 105° (NH side) and 125° (CO side) Unit‐cell dimensions: a=5.08Å, b= 5.35Å; c=14.54Å; = 118.1°, = 85.7°, = 120.6°. Energy: Total: ‐23.60 kcal/mol (vdW: ‐18.70, H bonds: ‐4.90)This model appears to fit all the experimental data. It is consistent with the powder X‐ray spacings (observed: 4.24Å and 3.97Å as reported by Jones et al. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Physics Ed. 1997, 35, 675‐688). It accounts also for the major experimental finding obtained on sedimented mats of single crystals: the 3.98Å reflection is tilted at some 30‐32° to the lamellar surface that is presumably the (001) plane. Also, the 001 reflection is stronger than the 002 reflection, which imposes increasing the torsion angle at the NH‐CH2 link. PA28: A means to discriminate between models with identical and different torsion angles
Figure S8(b). PA28. A possible way to discriminate between very similar structural models in which CO‐CH2 and NH‐CH2 torsion angles are identical or different, illustrated here with PA28.
The two structures are nearly identical. They differ by the torsion angles at the aliphatic parts‐ amide NH and CO junctions. In the left model, the angles are equal (≈115°). In the right model they are different (105 and 125°, respectively). The aliphatic part in the diamine side is therefore more tilted to the chain axis than in the diacid part (visible by the different tilt of the H atoms in the right model. In the left model, the tilt is identical for all CH2s). As a
consequence, the COs in the right model are closer to each other, which impacts the intensities of the 00l reflections. 001 is weaker than 002 in the left fiber pattern, it is stronger in the right one, in agreement with experimental evidence. In addition, the 00l reflections are tilted at some 33° to the fiber axis, which is the exact measure determined on sedimented mats of solution grown PA28 single crystals (it is 27° for the model with torsion angles ≈115°). For nylons with longer aliphatic segments, the dihedral angles are more probably equal. If not, the sheet might be exceedingly “corrugated” when seen, as here, along the a axis. This feature may explain the structural specificity of the nylons 2,2n family in which the diamine segment is reduced to two carbon atoms. In this 105‐125 model, the aliphatic segments packing is different: the density on the NH side is 1.132, on the CO side it is less: 1.041 – which may reflect the lower mobility of the segments on the amine side observed by Hirschinger et al. (Macromolecules 1990, 23 (8), 2153−2169). PA28: pleated sheet unit‐cell geometry deduced from morphology Figure S8c. In the experimental diffraction pattern (part a) of sedimented crystals of nylon 28 examined by Atkins et al., (with the X‐ray beam parallel to the substrate), the 00l reflections are along the meridian of the diffraction pattern, indicating that the 001 plane is parallel to the crystal surface – a logical situation because it enables completion of all possible hydrogen bonds within the crystal core. The 010 reflection (and the assumed 1‐10 one) is located at ≈30° to the equator, indicating a ≈30° tilt of the sheets in the crystal relative to the fold surface normal.
The orientation of this reflection indicates that in the crystal structure the sheets are staggered along the b axis much as in the alpha phase of nylons.
The original pattern was indexed using an alpha phase unit‐cell, modified to fit the observed spacings. Given the stagger of the sheets in the alpha phase, a tilt of the 010 reflection is expected, but at a larger angle (≈40°) than is observed. The 100 arc corresponds to two 100 reflections located slightly above and below the equator of the pattern. In the alpha phase, the 1‐10 reflection has the same spacing as the 010 one. This indexing has been added here to the original diffraction pattern. The low angle diffraction pattern included in part (a) as an insert indicates an interlamellar periodicity of ≈55Å. The pattern illustrated in part (b) is calculated for sedimented crystals made of pleated sheets. The calculated spacings match the experimental ones for an energetically minimized structure and unit‐cell with sheared layers. The pattern is similar to the experimental one. The indexing is however different. The reflection at 3.9Å at 30° is due to the sole interlayer 010 planes. The spread‐out equatorial reflection combines the 100 and 1‐10 with very similar spacings and at slightly different tilts to the lamellar normal.
The analysis of the presence of subsidiary maxima and the splitting of the 002 reflection marked in part (a) was made by Jones et al. It remains valid for the present structure.
Part (a) is reproduced and adapted from Jones et al. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Physics Ed. 1997, 35, 675‐688, with permission. Copyright (1997) John Wiley & Sons.
Minimized structures of PA46.
Supporting information S10.
PA1010: Crystallization evolution with time at Tc=176°C
Successive powder diffraction patterns obtained during the early crystallization process of nylon 1010 at 176°C, as reported by Tashiro et al. (Journal of Physics: Conference Series 184
(2009) 012002). IR results indicate that in the early stages the diacid part becomes organized while the diamine part is still disorganized.
The crystal structure obtained was not reported. The X‐ray patterns were taken on the beamline BL40B2of Spring‐8 in Japan, with, presumably, its “standard”wavelength of 1Å. The peaks observed in the WAXS pattern (not deconvoluted) are at 13.7° and 14.45°. The lower angle peak is sharper, which suggests planes linked by H‐bonds (accordingly, the indexing of the 010/110 and 100 phase peaks should be interchanged). The corresponding spacings are 4.20Å and 3.98Å. These spacings (and their ratio) are close the 4.2 and 3.9Å spacings of the pleated sheet, which would rule out the alpha phase. It is thus probable that the structure that was formed is a pleated sheet, possibly with sheared layers. The thermal history is fully compatible with a self‐seeding process that results in pleated sheets structures: the material was first melted/annealed “above the melting point” (implicitly: of the alpha phase) at 210°C.
Analysis of a fiber pattern of PA1010 at 190°C
after two heating/cooling steps.
A tentative analysis of the fiber pattern of PA1010 taken at 190°C at the end of successive heating and cooling cycles (RT‐>150°C‐>RT‐>190°C‐>RT‐>190°C). The thermal treatment is therefore different from the isothermal crystallization used in Figure SI10. Left pattern: the original pattern due to Tashiro et al. This “full” pattern has been “reconstructed” from a published, partially cropped one. The top half of the original pattern has been mirrored to generate the bottom half. Also, the original intensity and contrast (left half) have been heavily modified (cf. right half) to highlight the features under discussion. The insert (bottom right) is an enlargement of the center of the original published pattern (cf. the presence of the beam‐ stop) with the 22° angle of the 00l reflections to the meridian indicated. The two right patterns illustrate the fiber diffraction patterns expected for c axis sheared (center) and non‐sheared (right) rippled sheet structures of PA1010. These semi‐transparent patterns are superposed on the experimental one. In the model, the arcing of the reflections has been set at 3°, definitely less than the experimental one, to help differentiate the experimental and calculated reflections. Adapted from: Tashiro, K.; Yoshioka, Y. Conformational disorder in the Brill transition of uniaxially‐oriented nylon 10/10 sample investigated through the temperature‐ dependent measurement of X‐ray fiber diagram Polymer, 2004, 45, 6349‐6353 with permission. Copyright 2004 from Elsevier.
Supporting information S12.
amyloids: morphology
Fibrils grown from A40 solutions in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 24H, 37°C), stained and observed by electron microscopy (scale bar: 100 nm). A: fibrils of ‐ A40; B: fibrils of D‐ A40; C: fibrils of a racemic mixture of A40. The lower right part reproduces the art figure illustrating the cover of the Peptide Science journal, volume 111, Issue 6 (2019). Reproduced from Dutta, S. et al. Peptide Science 2019, 111, e24139 ( https://doi.org/10.1002/pep2.24139 with permission of Wiley.
The triangular crystals of PA66.
A possible chain conformation and crystal structure with a symmetry compatible with triangular crystals. The minimized unit cell parameters are: a=b= 4.95Å c= 15.12Å, =92.67° =87.32° =55.12°. Energy: ‐29.40kcal/mol (vdW: ‐22.98; H bonds: ‐6.42) Cell volume: 338.2Å3, d= 1.111) Triangular crystals of PA66 formed in dilute glycerol solutions. Left (and as a complement to the legend of the figure in the text): two edges are “decorated” by additional growth of small crystals (made on cooling by material that did not crystallize at Tc). The orientation of the overgrowth suggests that the initial crystal structure has transformed by rotation of the amide
groups towards the C‐C‐C plane of the aliphatic parts, i.e. parallel to the (110) plane of the unit‐cell and the lower edge of the crystal. The resulting H‐bonds orientation is revealed by the decoration on the lateral edges of the crystal: the major decoration is horizontal. Remnants of the initial H bonds orientations (cf. the unit‐cell) are suggested by the fewer, tilted components of the decoration pattern, at some 60° to the lower edge of the crystal. Note also in the upper right corner a “lancelet” with its own, specific H bonds decoration pattern. The variety of crystal shapes indicates that seeds of different crystalline forms, all stable at high temperature, can be generated in the self‐seeding procedure (numerous alpha phase crystals also coexist with these less frequent ones).
Right: Triangular crystals of PA66 grown from a self‐seeded glycerol solution from an early, unpublished work by Freddy Khoury (who kindly provided this figure, along with more extensive material and precious insights). These crystals form a large “cluster” of identical entities, which indicates that they correspond to an original crystal structure and unit‐cell rather than some form of twinning, which is a more “local” event and produces individual single crystals.
Poly(benzyl‐L‐aspartate) crystals produced in a solution of HFIP (scale bars: 1m). Their structure is unknown. These triangular crystals and “hour‐glass” crystals are, to our knowledge, the only polymer crystal morphology reminiscent of the triangular crystals of PA66. Their unit‐cell is not a trigonal or hexagonal one (cf. Cartier et al., Macromolecules, 1997, 30, 6313‐6322) since one crystal edge is distinctly different from the other two. Reproduced from Alegre, G.; Munoz‐Guerra, S.; Subirana, J.A. Crystalline structure of Poly(beta‐benzyl‐L‐
Supporting information S14. The high temperature ’ phase of nylon 6
Variation of the powder X‐ray spacings on heating (from RT) a PA6 sample bulk crystallized at 140°C and 180°C. The authors analyze the data as indicating an alpha phase at room temperature that converts to a near pseudo‐hexagonal phase (the PA6 Brill structure) at ≈ 170°C and soon afterwards converts on further heating to an uncharacterized ’ phase that, from its NMR characteristics, is not the phase. Note however that the spacings tend to reach values of the even‐even nylons pleated/rippled sheet structures. A structure derived from, or reminiscent of the pleated sheets could be therefore the answer to this puzzle. Reproduced from Ramesh, C.; Bhoje Gowd, E. High‐Temperature X‐ray Diffraction Studies on the Crystalline Transitions in the ‐ and ‐Forms of Nylon 6 Macromolecules, 2001, 34, 3308‐3313.
IN line with the above analysis, Murthy et al.’s NMR data indicate that although the ’ and phases have nearly the same X‐ray diffraction patterns, they are different phases as judged by the chemical shifts of their aliphatic carbons. Reproduced from Murthy, N. S.et al.