A
b
st
r a ct
N
e
w Y
o
rk C i
t
y
c
u r r e nt
l y
re c e
i
ve s
i
t
s
w
at
er
fr
om
t
h
r e
e r el
at
iv
e
l y p
ri
s
t
in e
w
at
e r sh
ed
s o ut
s
i d
e of
t
h
eC i
t y
l i
m
i
t
s.T h
ew
at
e rfr o
m
t
h
eC
at
sk i l l
a
nd D
el
aw
a r ew
at
e r sh
ed
sis r e
p
o rt
ed
t
ob
e of
s u ch h i
g
h
q
u al i
t
y
t
h
at
t
h
eC i
t y
d
o e s n ot
ow
n o r op
e r at
e ac o n v e n
t
io n a
l d
ri
nk in
g w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
f
ac
i l i
t
y f
o rt
h i
s sy
st
em
.T
h
e o nl
y
f
o rm
of
t
r e at
m
e nt p
r o vi d
ed is
d i
si
nf
e ct
io n
w i
t
h fr
e e ch l
o ri
n e.T
h
eS
u rf
a c eW
at
e rT
r e at
m
e nt
R
ul
e(
S
W
T
R
)
e st
ab l i
sh
ed
c ri
t
e ria
t
h
a
t
r eq
uir e
d f
il
t
r at
io n o
f
s u rf
a c ew
at
e r s up p
l i
e s u nl
e s st
h
at
s
y
st
em
c a nm
ee
t
el
e v e n c ri
t
e ri
a c o n c e r nin
g t
h
eq
ua
l i
t y
of
t
h
e sy
st
em
's s o u r c e
w
at
e r;
m i
ni m
um l
e v el
s of d i
si
nf
e ct
i
o n;
a nd
sy
st
em
s op
e r at
i
o n a nd p
r ot
e ct
i
o n of
t
h
ew
at
e r sh
e
d
T
h
eI
nt
e ri m E
nh
a n c ed S
u rf
a c eW
at
e rT
r e at
m
e nt
R
ul
e(
l
E
S
W
T R
)
,p
r om
ul
g
at
ed in
19 9 6
,r e
q
uir
e
st
h
at
ut
i l i
t
i
e s a ch i
e ve a
t
l
e a st
a2
-lo
g i
n a ct
i
v at
i
o n of C
ry
p
t
o sp
o ri d iu
m
.C
om
p
l i
a n c ew i
t
h
t
h is r e
q
uir e
m
e nt
c a rm
ot
b
em
et
b
y
d i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nw i
t
h
ch l
o ri
n e alo n e
.T
h
e r ef
o r e,t
h
eC i
t y
of N
ew Y
o rk is
i
nt
e r e st
ed i
n u si
ng
al
t
e r n at
iv e
di
sin
f
e ct
a nt
s,s u c
h
as
o z o n e a nd
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e,t
om
e et
t
h
e r eq
ui
r em
e nt
s of
t
h
el
E S
W
T
R
a nd
st
i l l
a v o
i d
t
h
e c o n st
r u ct
i
o no
f
afi l
t
r at
i
o np l
a nt
.T h i
s st
ud
y
e x am
i
n ed
t
h
ei
m
p
a ct t
h
at t
h
r e ea
l
t
e r n at
i
v ed i
si
nf
e ct
io n
s
c e n a ri
os
w
o ul d h
a v e o nt
h
ew
at
e rfr
om
t
h
eC
at
sk i l l
a nd
D
el
aw
a r ew
at
e r sy
st
em
.T h
e s c e n a ri
o s e x am
i
n ed w
e r e al
ow d
o s e of
o z o n ew i
t
h
ah i g h
e rc o n
t
a ct
t
i m
e, ah i g h
e rd
o s e of
o z o n ew i
t
h
a sh
o rt
e r c o nt
a ct t
i m
e, a nd
t
r e at
m
e nt
w i
t
h
c
h lo r
i
n ed i
o xi d
e.A ft
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
,t
h
e s ew
at
e r sw
e r e s ub
s eq
u e nt
l
y
ch l
o rin a
t
ed
t
o sin
i
ul
at
et
h
e c o nd i
t
i
o n sfo u n
d i
nt
h
ed i
st
ri b
ut
i
o n sy
st
em
.T h
e sp
e ci f
i c ob
j
e ct
i
v e s of
t
h
e st
ud
y
w
e r et
od
et
e rm
i
n et
h
ele v e
l
so
f
o xi d
at
i
o nb
y
-p
r od
u ct
s a nd b i
od
eg
r ad
ab l
e o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e rp
r odu c e
d
t
h
r o ugh d i
si
nf
e ct
io
n
w i
t
h
o z o ne
a nd
ch l
o rin e
d i
o xi d
e;
a nd
t
o a s s e s st
h
ee x
p
e ct
ed l
e ve
l
s
of h
alo
g
e na
t
ed d i
si
nf
e ct
i
o
nb y
-p
ro
d
u ct
s(
D B F
s)
f
o rm
at
i
o nw h
e nt
h
eo z o n a
t
ed
a nd
ch l
o ri
n
ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed w
at
e r a r e ch l
o rin a
t
ed
t
op
r o vi d
e a r e si d
u al
d i
si
nf
e ct
a nt
i
nt
h
ed i
st
ri b
ut
i
o ns
y
st
em
.T
h
e r e su
l
t
s sh
ow
ed
t
h
at
o z o n at
io n
of
t
h
eC
at
sk i l l
a nd
D
ela
w
a r e r aw w
at
e rp
r od
u c ed l
e v el
s of
o xi d
at
i
o n-b
y
-p
r od
u ct
st
h
at
w
e r em
u ch
l
ow
e rt
h
a nt
h
el
e v el
s s e e nin
p
ub l i
sh
ed l i
t
e r at
u r e.T
h
o s e s am
p
l
e st
h
at
w
e r e e xp
o s ed
t
oh i
g h
e r c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s of
o z on
ec o n s
i
s
t
e nt
l
y
p
r od
u c ed
t
h
el
a rg
e st
q
u a nt
i
t
i
e s of
o xi d
at
i
o nb
y
-p
r od
u ct
s.A d d i
t
i
o n al l
y
,t
h
ec o
m
p
a r ed f
a v o r ab l
y
w i
t
h
t
h
efi
ni
sh
ed w
at
e rf
r om
a r o u nd
t
h
e c o un t
ry
a sd
et
e rm i
n ed f
r om
a r e c e n
t
s u r v ey
.C h l
o ri
n ed io x
i d
et
r e at
m
e nt
al
s of
o rm
ed
s om
eo
xi d
at
i
o n -b y
-p
r od
u ct
s;
h
ow
e v e r,t
h
ey
w
e r e at
c o n ce
ntr a
t
i
o n s si
g
ni f
i c a nt
l
y
lo
w
e rth
a nth
e o z o n at
ed w
ate r s
.O
z o n e a nd
ch lo r
i
n ed i
o xi d
e a r ek
n ow
nt
op
r od
u c et
h
ei
n o rg
a ni
cb
y
-p
r od
u ct
sb
r om
ate
, ch lo r
i
t
e a nd
ch l
o r at
ew h
e n u s ed
t
ot
r e at
n at
u r al w
at
e r s.Si
n c et
h
eb
r om i d
ec o n c e n
t
r ati
o n of
t
h
e r aw w
at
e rw
a sl
ow
, n ob
r om
at
ef
o rm
at
io n
w
a sd
et
e ct
ed
.T h
ec o n c
e
nt
r at
i
o n s of
ch l
o rit
ef
o rm
ed w h
e nt
h
e r aw w
ate r
w
a st
r e at
ed w it
h
ch l
o
rin e
d io x
i d
ew
a s c o n si
st
e nt
l
y
b
el
ow
t
h
em
a xim
um
co
nt
am i
n a nt
le v e
l
(M
C L
)
of
1
.0
m
g
/L
.T
h
e r ew
a s n o si
g
ni f
i c a nt
ad
v a nt
ag
ein
ch
o o si
ng
o z o n e o v e r ch lo r
in e
d i
o xi d
ei
nt
e rm
s of D
B P
c o nt
r ol
.T h
e c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s of
t
ri h
al
om
et
h
a n e s(
T H
M
s)
i
nt
h
e ch l
o rin a
t
ed
o z o n e-
t
r e at
ed
s am p l
e sw
e r el
ow
e rt
h
a ni
nt
h
e ch l
o rin e
d io x
i d
e-t
r e a
t
ed w
at
e r s,b
ut
n ot
s
i g
ni fi
c a ntl
y
.T h
e r ew
a sn o
d i f f
e r e n c e ob
s e r v ed b
et
w
e e nth
eh
al
o a c eti
c a ci d
s(
H A A
)
f
o rm
at
i
o ni
nt
h
e o z o n at
ed
a nd
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed
s am p l
e s .F
u rt
h
e rm
o r e,
th
e r ew
a sn o r
e
d
u ct
io n
i
n c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n of h
al
og
e n at
ed D B
F
sf
o rm
ed w h
e n ah i g h
e r o z o n ed
o s ew
a s em
p
l
oy
ed
.B
ot
h
s c e n a ri
o sp
r od
u c ed D
B F
f
o rm
at
i
o np
ot
e nt
i
als
t
h
at
a re
l
ow
e rt
h
a nN
ew Y
o rk C i
t
y
's
c u r r e nt t
r e at
m
e nt
p
r a cti
c e of
ch l
o rin e a
l
o n e.D
u
eto
th
e s e r e s ult
s,i
t
i
s r e c om m
e nd
ed
t
h
at
N
ew
Y
o rk
C i
t
>
'
c
h
o o s et
h
el
ow
o z o n ed
o se s
c e n a ri
ow i
t
h
alo n
g
e r c o nt
a ct t
im
e a sit
s alt
e r n at
i
v ed i
sin
f
e ct
io n
st
r at
eg y
.T
h
er e a s o n
in
g i
st
h
at
: o z o n ei
s am
o r ep
ow
e rfu
l d i
sin
f
e cta n
t ; t
h
e r ew
e r e n o s ub
st
an
t
i
al
a
d
va n
t
ag
e st
o u sin
g
ch lo r
i
ne
d i
o xi d
e o v e r o z on
ein
t
e rm
s of
D
B
F
p
r odu c
t
i
o n;
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e u s eh
a sb
e e n a s s o cia
t
ed w i
th
t
a ste
a nd
od
o rp
r ob l
em
s;
a nd i
t
w
a s sh
ow
nt
h
at t
h
ec o n c e n
t
r ati
o n of b i
od
eg
r ad
ab le
o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e rp
r od
u c ed d
u ri
ng
o z o n at
i
o nw
a s n ot
g
r e at
e rT
ab
l
e of
C
o nt
e nt
sL i
st
of
F
i g
u r e si i i
L i
st
of T
ab l
e siv
L i
st
of A b b
r e via
t
io n s
vA
ck
n ow l
ed
g
em
e nt
s vi i
C
h
ap
t
e r1
-
I
nt
r od
u ct
i
o n1
C h
ap
t
e r2
-
L i
t
e r at
u
r eR
e vie
w
5
2
.1 I
nt
r od
u ct
i
o n5
2
.2 R
eg
ul
at
o ry H i
st
o ry
7
2
.2
.1 S
af
e
D
rin
k i
ng
W
at
e rA
ct
7
2
.2
.2 Su
rf
a c eW
at
e
rT
r e at
m
e nt
R
ule
8
2
.2
.3 19 9 6 A
m
e nd
m
e nt
st
ot
h
eSD
W
A
10
2
.2
.4 B
o st
o nP
r e c ed
e nt
1 1
2
.4 N
ew Y
o rk C i
t
y
's
W
at
e rSu
p
p ly
12
2
.4
.1 B
a ck
g
r o u nd
1 2
2
.4
.2 H i
st
o ri
c al
W
ate r
Q
u al i
t
y
15
2
.5 N
at
u r al O
rg
a nic
M
at t
e r15
2
.5
.1 C h
a r a ct
e riz a
t
i
o n16
2
.6 C h
em is
t
ry
of C h l
o
rin e
17
2
.6
.1 U
s ein
W
at
e rT
r e at
m
en
t
17
2
.6
.2 O
xi d
at
io n
R
e
a cti
o n sA
s s o cia
t
ed w i
th C h l
o rin e
19
2
.6
.3 F
o rm
at
io n
of H
al
og
e n at
ed D i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nB y
-
P
r od
u ct
s1 9
2
.6
.4 I
m
p
a ct
of R
e a ct
io n
C
o nd it
i
o n s2
1
2
.6
.4
.1 T i m
e2 1
2
.6
.4
.2 p H
2
1
2
.6
.
4
.3
D
is
in
f
e ct
a nt
D
o s e2 1
2
.6
.4
.4
T
em
p
e r at
u r e2 2
2
.6
.4
.5 N O
M
P
r e c u r s o rM
at
e ria
l
2 2
2
.6
.4
.6 B
r om
i d
e2 3
2
.6
.4
.7 S
e a s o na
l V
a
ri
at
i
o
n s2 3
2
.6
.5 U
ni f
o rm F
o rm
at
i
o n a nd S i m
ul
at
ed D i
st
ri b
uti
o nS
y
st
em C
o nd it
i
o ns
...2 3
2
.7
O
z o n e2 4
2
.7
.1 H is
to r
y
an
d B
a si
cU
s e s2 4
2
.7
.2
O
z o n eF
o rm
at
i
o n a nd D
e c om
p
o sit
i
o n2 5
2
.7
.3 B
y
-
P
r od
u ct
s of O
z o n at
io n
2
7
2
.7
.4 C
o nt
r ol
of O
z o n at
i
o nB
y
-
P
r od
u ct
s3 0
2
.7
.5 U
s e of O
z o n et
oD
e str o
y
D B P P
r e c u r s o r s3 2
2
.8 C h l
o ri
n eD
i
o xi d
e3 3
2
.8
.1
B
a si
cP
h
y
si
c al
a nd C h
em
ic a
l
P
r op
e rti
e s3 3
2
.8
.2 G
e n e ra
t
io
n3 5
2
.8
.3 I
n o rg
a ni
cB
y
-
P
r od
u ct
s of C h l
o ri
n eD i
o xi d
e3
7
2
.8
.4
O
rg
a ni
cB y
-P
r odu c
t
s of
C
h l
o ri
n eD i
ox
i d
e3 8
2
.8
.5 T
a st
e a nd O d
o rI
s s u e sw it
h C h lo r
i
2
.9 S
um m
a ry
of
t
h
eA d
v a nt
ag
e s/
D
i
s ad
v a nt
ag
e s of
E
a ch O
xi d
a nt
/D
i
si
nf
e ct
a nt
4 1
2
.9
.1 C h l
o rin e
4 1
2
.9
.2 O
z o n e4 2
2
.9
.3 C h l
o rin e
D
i
o xi d
e4 3
C h
ap
t
e r3
-
M
at
e ria
l
s a nd
M
eth
od
s4 5
3
.1 In
tr o
d
u ct
io n
4 5
3
.2 G l
a s sw
a r e4 7
3
.3 O
z o n at
i
o nP
r o c ed
u r e s4 7
3
.4 C h lo r
in e
D i
o xi d
eP
r o c ed
u r e s5 0
3
.4
.1 G
en
e r at
io n
5 0
3
.4
.2 St
a nd
a rd i
z at
i
o n of
t
h
eC h l
o ri
n eD i
o xi d
eSt
o ck So
l
ut
i
o n52
3
.4
.3 D
o
si
ng P
r o c ed
u r e53
3
.5 C h lo r
i
n at
io n
P
r o c ed
u r e s5 3
3
.5
.1 C h l
o rin e
Sto c
k S
ol
uti
o n5 3
3
.5
.2 C h lo r
in e
T
r e at
m
e nt
54
3
.5
.3 C h lo r
i
n eD
em
a nd
E
xp
e ri
m
e nt
s5 5
3
.5
.4
F i
n al C h l
o ri
n ati
o
n5 5
3
.6 C
ol l
e ct
i
o n an
d H
a nd l i
ng
of D i
st
ri b
ut
i
o nS
y
st
em Sa
m
p
l
e s56
3
.7 A
n al y
t
ic a
l
M
et
h
od
s5 6
3
.7
.1 T O C
a nd D O C
M
e a s u r em
e nt
s5 6
3
.7
.2 U l
tr a v
i
ol
et
A b
s o rb
a n c eM
e a s u r em
e nt
s5 8
3
.7
.3
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of T H
M
s5 8
3
.7
.3
.1 A
n
al
y t
i
c al Pr o c e
d
u r e5 8
3
.7
.3
.2
Q
u al i
t y
C
o nt
r ol
6 0
3
.7
.4
M
e a su
r em
e nt
of H A A
s6 1
3
.7
.4
.1 A
n al y
t
i
c al
P
r o c ed
u r e6 1
3
.7
.
4
.2
Q
u al it
y
C
o nt
r ol
6 5
3
.7
.5
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of T O X
6 6
3
.7
.6
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of C
a rb
o xy
l i
cA
ci d
s6 7
3
.7
.7
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of A l d
eh
y
d
e s6 8
3
.7
.8
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of A l d
o-a n
d K
eto a c
i d
s7 0
3
.7
.9
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of B
r om
ate
7 1
3
.7
.10
M
e a s u r em
e nt
of C h l
o ri
t
e,
C h l
o r at
e, a nd R
e si d
u al C h l
o ri
n eD i
o xi d
e7 2
C h
a
p
t
e r4
-
R
e s ul
t
s a nd D i
s c u s si
o n7 4
4
.1 R
aw
W
ate r
Q
u al i
t y
74
4
.2 D B P F
o rm
at
i
o nP
ote n
t
i
al
of R
aw
W
ate r
7 4
4
.3 C h lo r
in e
P
r e -T
r ea
t
ed
W
at
e r s7 8
4
.4 O
z o n e -T
r e a
t
ed
W
at
e r s84
4
.5 C h lo r
in e
D i
o xi d
e-
T
r e ate
d
W
at
e r s9 3
4
.6 C
om
p
a ri
s o nA
m
o ng
D i f f
e r e nt
T
r e at
m
e nt
s1 0
0
4
.7
B D
O C C
o n c e nt
r at
i
o n sin
t
h
eT
r e ate
d
W
at
e r s1
0 3
4
.8
D
i
st
ri b
ut
i
o nS
y
st
em D i
sin
f
e cti
o nB y
-P
r o
d
u ct
s10 5
4
.9
I
m
p
l i
c at
io n s
10 8
C h
ap
t
e r5
-
C
o n cl
u si
o n s a nd
R
e c om m
e nd
ati
o n sI l
l
5
.1 S
u
m m
a ry
an
d C
on
cl
u
si
on
sI l
l
R
ef
e r e n c e sC
it
ed
1 1 6
A
p
p
e nd ix
A
-
I
n st
ru
ct
io n s
f
o rS
am p l
eC
ol l
e ct
io n
a nd Sh i p m
e nt
12 2
A
p
p
e nd ix
B
-
T H
M
E
xt
r a ct
i
o nW
o rk
sh
e et
12 4
L i
st
of F i g
u
r e sF i g
u r eN
um b
e rT i
tl
eP
ag
e2
-1
M
ap
of N
ew Y
o rk C it
y
's
w
at
e r s up p l
y
sy
st
em
14
2
-2
O
xi d
at
i
on
r e a ct
i
o n s of
c om
p
o u nd
sd
u ri
ng
o z o n at
io n
of w
at
e r2
6
2
-3
T h
e
p
rin c
i
p
le r e a c
t
i
o n sin v o
l
v ed i
nt
h
ef
o rm
at i
o n of
o z o n at
i
o nb
y
¬p
r od
u ct
s2 8
2
-4
Su
m m
a ry
of
a v e r ag
e o xi d
at
i
o nb
y
-p
r od
u ct
y
i
el d
sf
r om
p
ub l is
h
ed
l i
t
e
r at
u r e2 9
2
-5
P
ath w
ay
s of b
r om
at
ei
o nf
o rm
at
i
o n3
1
3
-1
Sc
h
em
at
ic o
f
th
e o z o n e ap p
a r at
u s4
8
3
-2
I
nle
t
a nd
o ut
l
et g
a s-p
h
a s e o z o n e c o n c e nt
r at
io n
p
r of
il
e sd
u rin
g b
at
ch
o z o n a
t
i
o n s50
3
-3
Sc
h
em
at
ic o
f
th
e ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
eg
en
e r at
i
o n sy
ste
m
5 1
4
-1
T H
M
f
o rm
at
io n
p
ot
e nt
i
al
of
r aw w
at
e r7 6
4
-2
H
A A f
o r
m
ati
o np
ote n
t
ia
l
of
r aw w
at
e r7
6
4
-3
T O X f
o r
m
at
io n
p
ot
e nt
i
al
of
t
h
e r aw w
at
e rw i
t
h
r el
at
i
v e c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s o
f
T H
M
s a nd H A A
si
nC l
-eq
uiv a
l
e nt
u nit
s7 7
4
-4
C
om
p
a ri
s o n of
t
ot
al T H
M
f
o rm
ati
on
b
et
w
e e nth
e ch l
o ri
n ep
r e-tr e a
t
ed
a n
d
t
h
e r aw w
at
e rf
o rm
at
i
o np
ot
e nt
i
als
80
4
-5
C
o
m p
a ri
s o n of
t
ot
al H A A
c o n c e ntr a
t
i
o n sb
et
w
e e nth
e ch l
o ri
n ep
r e-tr e a
te
d
a nd
th
e im
tr e a
te
d
r aw f
o rm
at
i
o np
ot
e nt
i
al
s82
4
-6
T O X f
o r
m
at
io
np
ot
e nt
ia
l
of
th
e ch l
o ri
n ep
r e-t
r e a
t
ed
r aw w
ate r
, al
o ng
w i
th
t
h
eT O X
c o nt
ri b
ut
i
o n s of
t
h
eT H
M
s a nd H A A
s83
4
-7
C
om
p
a ri
s o no
f T H
M
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n sin
th
e ch l
o ri
n at
ed
o
z o n e-t
r e at
ed
w
ate r s
w i
t
h
t
h
e ch lo r
i
n ate
d
r aw w
at
e r8
8
4
-8
C
o
m
p
a ri
s o n of H
A
A
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s
i
nt
h
e ch l
o ri
n at
ed
o z o ne
-t
r e at
ed
w
ate r s
w i
t
h
t
h
e ch lo r
i
n ate
d
r aw w
at
e r9 0
4
-9
T O X f
o rm
at
io
np
ot
e nt
i
al f
o rth
e
ch l
o ri
n
at
ed
o z o n e-t
r ea
t
e
d w
at
e rw i
t
h
t
h
er e
l
at
iv e
T O X
c o ntr
i b
ut
i
o n s of T H
M
s a nd
H A
A
s9 2
4
-10
C
om
p
a ri
s o n of
T
H
M
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n sb
et
w
e e n ch lo r
i
n ate
d
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed w
ate r s a n
d
t
h
e r aw
ch l
o rin a
t
ed w
at
e r9 7
4
-1 1
C
o
m
p
a ri
s o n of H A A
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s
b
et
w
e e n ch l
o ri
n at
e
d
ch l
o rin e
d i
o xi d
e
-t
r e at
e
d w
ate r s a
n
d
t
h
e ch l
o ri
n ated
r aw w
ate r
9 8
4
-12
T O X f
o rm
at
io n
p
ot
e nt
i
al f
o rt
h
e ch l
o ri
n at
ed
ch l
o rin e
d i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed
w
ate r s
w i
t
h
t
h
e r ela
t
iv e
T O X
c o nt
ri b
ut
i
o n s of T H
M
s a nd H A A
s10 0
4
-1
3
T H
M
c om
p
a ris o n
am
o ng
t
h
ed i ff
e r e nt
d i
si
nf
e ct
io n
al
t
e r n at
iv e s
1
0
1
4
-1 4
H
A A
c om
p
a ri
s o n am
o ng
t
h
ed
i
f f
e r e nt
d
i
si
nf
e ct
i
o n al
te r n a
ti
v e s1 0 2
4
-1 5
T
O X
c om
L i
st
of T
ab
l
e sT
ab l
eN
um b
e
rT
it
l
eP
ag
e2
-1
S
um
m
a ry
of m
aj
o rd i
si
nf
e ct
io
n
b
y
-p
r odu c
t
sf
o rm
ed du r
in
g
d i
sin
fe c
ti
o n of
d
ri
nk in
g
w
at
e r6
2
-2
Su
m
m
a ry
of
t
h
eA
v e r ag
eC
at
sk i l l/ D
el
aw
a r ew
ate r
q
u al i
t
y
1
6
2
-3
C
om
m
e r ci
al l
y
a v ai l
ab l
e ch lo r
i
n ed i
o xi d
eg
e n e r at
o r s3 6
3
-1
D i
si
nf
e ct
a nt
d
o s e s a nd
c o nt
a ct t
i m
e sf
o r e a ch
s e a s o n4 6
3
-2
P
a r a
m
et
e r sf
o rth
e a n al y
sis o
f T H
M
s u si
ng g
a s ch
r om
at
og
r ap h y
6 0
3
-3
P
a r am
et
e r sf
o rth
e a n al
y
si
s of H A
A
s u si
ng g
a s ch
r om
at
og
r ap
h
y
6 5
3
-4
P
a r am
et
e r sf
o rth
em
e a s u r em
e nt
of
al d
eh
y
d
e s u si
ng g
a s ch
r om
at
og
r ap
h
y
6 9
4
-1
Su
m m
a ry
o
f
r aw w
ate r
q
u al i
t y
7
4
4
-2
Su
m
m
a r
y
of
t
h
eC
at
-D
e
l
r aw w
at
e rT H
M
F P
.H A A F P
a nd T O X F P
7 8
4
-3
R
e s u
l
ts o
f
ch l
o ri
n ep
r etr e a
t
m
e nt
of
r aw w
ate r
7 9
4
-4
T H
M
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n si
nt
h
e ch l
o r
in e
-t
r e at
ed w
ate r s
8
0
4
-5
H A A
c o n c e nt
r at
io n s
i
nt
h
e ch lo r
i
n ep
r e-t
r e at
ed
a nd
th
e u nt
r e at
ed
r aw w
at
e r s8
2
4
-6
Su
m
m
a ry
of w
at
e rq
u al i
t y
c
h
a r a ct
e ri
st
ic s
in
t
h
e o z o n at
ed w
at
e r s8 4
4
-7
Su
m m
a ry
of
o xi d
ati
o n-b
y
-p
r od
uc
t
si
nt
h
e ra
w w
at
e r8 5
4
-8
O
x
i d
ati
o n-b
y
-p
r od
u ct
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s
i
nt
h
e o z o n e-t
r e ate
d w
at
e r s8
6
4
-9
Su
m m
a ry
of
T H
M
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n sin
th
e ch l
o rin a
t
ed
o z o n e-t
r e at
ed w
at
e r s8 9
4
-10
Su
m m
a ry
of
H
A A
c o n c e nt
r at
io n s
i
nt
h
e ch l
o rin a
t
ed
o z o n e-t
r e at
ed w
at
e r s9
0
4
-1 1
Su
m
m
a ry
of
t
h
eT O X
c o n c e ntr a
t
i
o n si
nt
h
e o z o n e-tr e a
te
d w
at
e r s9 1
4
-12
Su
m m
a ry
of w
at
e rq
u al it
y
ch
a r a cte r
i
st
ic s a
f
te r
t
r e at
m
e nt
w i
t
h
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e..9 3
4
-13
Su
m
m
a ry
of
o xy
ch l
o rin e s
p
e ci
e s aft
e r ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
et
r e at
m
e nt
94
4
-14
Su
m
m
a ry
of
o xy
ch l
o rin e s
p
e ci
e si
n ch l
o rin e
d i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed w
at
e r s aft
e rc
h lo r
i
n ati
o n9 4
4
-15
Su
m m
a ry
of
o xi d
at
io n
-b
y
-p
r od
u ct
si
nt
h
e ch lo r
i
n ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed w
at
e r s9 5
4
-16
Su
m m
a ry
o
f
t
h
eT H
M
c o nc
e nt
r at
i
o n sin
th
e
ch l
o rin a
t
ed
ch lo r
i
n ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed
w
at
e r s9 7
4
-17
Su
m m
a ry
of H A A
c o n c e ntr a
t
io n s
i
nt
h
e ch l
o rin a
t
ed
ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi de
-t
r e at e
d
w
at
e r s9
8
4
-1 8
Su
m m
a ry
of T O X
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n sin
th
e ch l
o ri
n ed i
o xi d
e-t
r e at
ed w
ate r s
9 9
4
-19
S
um m
a ry
of
t
h
e a v e r ag
eB D O C i
nt
h
e r aw
an
d
t
r e at
ed w
ate r s
10 4
4
-2 0
S
um m
a ry
of d i
st
ri b
u
t
io n
sy
st
em
T
H
M
s1 0 7
4
-2 1
S
um
m
a ry
of d i
st
ri b
ut
io n
sy
st
em H A A
s10 8
4
-2 2
Si
m m
i a rL
i
st
of
A
b b
r e vi
at i
o n sA O C
B D O C
B O
M
B
rA A
B
r 2A A
B
r jA A
B
rC l A A
B
rC li
A A
B
r aC l A A
B
rO
a "C
at
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el
C H
B
r jC H B
rC
b
C H B
r jC l
C H C I
3C I
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3 "D
P
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