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A B ST R A C T

J O H

N

J

.

M

c

A

N E

N Y

.

V

o

l

at

i l i

z at

i

o n o

f

M

i

n e r a

l O il

M

i

st

C

o

l l

e cte

d

on

S

a

m

p

l i

ng F

i l

te rs.

(

U

n

d

e r t

h

e

d i

r e ct

i

o n o

f D

r.

D A V

I D L

E

I T

H

)

E

x

p

o s u re to

m i

n e ra

l

o

il m i

st

h

a s

b

e e n a s s o c

i

ate

d w i

t

h

t

h

e

d

ev e

l

o

p m

ent o

f

a st

hm

a,

d

e r

m

at

i

t

i

s,

l i p i d p

n eu

m

o n

i

a, a n

d

c anc e r s o

f

t

h

e

d

i g

e st

i

ve tr a ct.

T h

e

N I O S

H

an a

l y

t

i

c a

l

m

et

h

o

d f

or s a

m p l i

n

g m i

n e r a

l

o

i l m i

sts s

p

e c

i fi

es o

il m i

st co

l l

ect

i

on o n

fi l

ters

I

n t

h i

s stu

d y

,

m i

n e r a

l

o

U m i

st c o

l l

e ct

i

o n o n

g l

a s s

fi b

e r a n

d p

o

l y

v

i

ny

l

c

h l

o r

i d

e

fi l

te rs

w

as exa

m i

n e

d

t o

d

ete r

m i

n e

i f

s

i g

n

i fi

ca nt

q

u ant

i

t

i

e s o

f m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

v o

l

a t

i l i

ze

fi

^

o

m fi l

ters a

f t

er c o

l l

ect

i

o n.

E

v a

p

o r at

i

v e

l

o s s

fi

-o

m

a n e

l

e ctrostat

i

c

p

r e c

i p i

tator

w

a s a

l

s o e x a

m i

n e

d

.

F i l

t ers

w

ere

p

l

ac e

d

i

n a n o

i l m i

s t

l

o a

d i

n

g

c

h

a

m b

er an

d

r a

p i d l y l

o a

d

e

d w i

t

h

o

il m i

st. T

h

e

fi l

te rs

w

e r e re

m

o v e

d

fi

-o

m

t

h

e c

h

a

m b

e r an

d w

e

i g h

e

d

to

d

eter

m i

n e t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

i l l

oa

d

e

d

on t

h

e

fi l

te r.

A f t

e r

c

l

e a n a

i

r

w

as

dr

a

w

n t

h

r ou

g h

t

h

e

fi l

ter s

f

or

f

ou r

h

o urs, t

h

e

fi l

te rs

w

e re r e

w

e

i g h

e

d

to

d

ete r

m i

n e t

h

e

m

a ss o

f

o

il l

o st to e v a

p

o r at

i

on .

A

s

i m i l

a r

p

ro c e

d

u re

w

a s

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d f

or t

h

e

e

l

e ctr o sta t

i

c

p

re c

i p i

tator .

F

r e s

h m i

ner a

l

o

i l

o n

g l

a s s

fi b

er an

d p

o

l y

v

i

n

y l

c

h l

or

i

de

fi l

ters

l

ost

a

p p

r o x

i

m

ate

l y 3 5

%

o

f it

s o r

i

g i

n a

l

m

a s s

;

u s e

d

m

in e r a

l

o

i

l l

o st a

p

p

r o x

i

m

ate

l y 12

%

.

E

v a

p

o rat

i

v e

l

o s s e s

fi

^

o

m

t

h

e e

l

e ctro stat

i

c

p

re c

i p i

tator

w

e re s

i g

n

i fi

ca nt

l y l

es s.

T h

e s e

fi

n

d i

n

g

s su

g g

est

m i

ner a

l

o

i l

vo

l

at

i l i

ze s

fi

^

o

m p

o

l y

v

i

ny

l

c

hl

o r

i d

e a n

d g l

a ss

fi b

er

fi l

ter s

i

n

s

i g

n

ifi

c a nt

q

u a nt

i

t

i

es

d

u r

i

n

g

t

h

e c o

l l

e ct

i

on o

f

a n

8

-

h

our

p

e r son a

l

sa

m p l

e,

w

h i

c

h w

ou

l d

r e su

l

t

i

n s

i g

n

i fi

c a nt u n

d

ere st

i m

at

i

o n o

f w

o r

k

e r ex

p

o s u r e to o

i l m i

st.

(2)

A C

K

N O

W

L E D G E

M

E N T S

T h i

s

i

n v e st

i g

at

i

on

w

a s c on

d

u cte

d

a s

p

art o

f

a

g

r a

d

u ate tra

i

n

i

n

g p

ro

g

ra

m

an

d w

as

su

p p

orte

d i

n

p

a rt

b y

t

h

e

N

at

i

o n a

l I

nst

i

tute s

f

o r

O

ccu

p

at

i

ona

l S

a

f

et

y

an

d

H

ea

l

t

h

,

g

rant

n u

m

b

er

5

-

5

2

8 8

0

.

A d d i

t

i

ona

l

su

p p

o rt

w

a s re c e

i

ve

d fr

o

m

t

h

e

F

or

d

M

otor

C

o

m p

an

y

an

d

t

h

e

U

n

i

te

d

A

uto

W

o r

k

e r s.

I w

o u

l

d

n e v e r

h

av e

b

e en a

b l

e to

fi

n

i

s

h

t

h i

s r e

p

ort

w i

t

h

out t

h

e su

p p

ort o

f m y f

a

m i l y

a n

d fr i

en

d

s.

T h

e a

d

v

i

c e, enc ou r a

g

e

m

ent, an

d

c a

m

a r a

d

e r

i

e t

h

e

y h

a v e

p

ro v

i d

e

d

ove r t

h

e

pa st t

w

o ye a r s no t o n

l y h

e

l p

e

d m

e c o

m p l

ete t

h i

s

p

r o

j

e c t,

b

ut a

l

s o

h

e

l p

e

d m

e

f

o r

m

v er

y

f

o n

d m

e

m

or

i

e s t

h

at

I w i l l

n eve r

f

or

g

et. I

w

o u

ld

es

p

ec

i

a

l l y l ik

e t o t

h

a n

k

m

y

a

d

v

i

s ors,

D

a v

i

d

L

e

i

t

h

a n

d

M

ar

y

an n e

B

o u n

d

y,

w h

os e enc ou r a

g

e

m

ent,

g

u

i d

a n c e, a n

d p

at

i

e n c e

w

e r e

i

nva

l

u a

b l

e.

F

i

n a

ll

y

,

I w

o u

l

d lik

eto t

h

an

k

m y

r e a

d

e r s,

M

i

k

e

F l y

n n a n

d

M

i k

e

Sy m

o n s,

f

o r

(3)

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

L I ST O F F I G U R E S

v

I N

T

R O D

U

C

T I

O

N

1

B A C K G R O U N D

3

M

E T

H

O D S

5

R E SU L T S

8

D I S C

U

S SI O

N

1 0

C O

N

C L

U

SI O

N

S

12

R E

F E

R

E

N

C

E

S

1 4

A P P E N

D

I

X A

E

X

PE R I

M

E N T A L D A T A

2

0

A P

P

E N D

K

B ST A N D A R D OP

E R

A T I N G P

R

O C

E

D U

R

E

2 3

A P P E N

D

I

X

C

S T

A

T I S T I C A L A

N

A L Y SI S O F D A T A

3

2

A P P E N

D

I

X

D

D I S C

U

S SI ON

O F

P

R O

P

O S

E

D F

I

E L D ST U D Y

3 5

(4)

L I ST O F F I G U R E S

F i g

u r e

1

:

O il

M

i

st

L

oa

d i

n

g A p p

arat u s

16

F ig

u re

2

:

A p p

a ratu sto

i

n ve st

i g

ate eva

p

orat

io n

fr

o

m fi l

te rs

17

F i g

ure

3

:

P

e r c enta

g

e o

f

o

i l l

o st

fr

o

m fi l

ters an

d

E SP

18

(5)

I

N

T R O D U C T I O

N

T h

e

F

or

d

M

oto r

C

o

m p

a n

y

a n

d

t

h

e

U

n

i

te

d A

ut o

W

or

k

e r s

h

a v e

b

e en su

p p

o rt

i

n

g

U

n

i

v e rs

i

t

y

o

f

N

o rt

h C

aro

l i

n a r e s earc

h

o

f

o

il m i

st c o

l l

ect

i

on

d

ev

i

c e s t

h

at are u se

d i

n

a uto

m

o

b i

le

m

a n u

f

a ctu r

i

ng

f

a c

i l i

t

i

e s. T

h i

s r e s e a r c

h h

a s s ug ge ste

d m i

n e r a

l

o

il m

ay

vo

l

at

i l i

z e

fr

o

m

t

h

e

fi l

ter

m

e

d i

a u s e

d i

n

m i

st c o

l l

e ct

i

o n

d

e v

i

c e s.

T h

e

N

I

O S

H

an a

ly

t

i

c a

l

m

et

h

o

d f

o r sa

m p l i

ng

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l i

n t

h

e

w

o r

k p l

a c e to

d

ete r

m

i

n e co

m p li

a n c e

w i

t

h

o ccu

p

at

i

o n a

l

ex

p

o su r e st an

d

a r

d

s s

p

e c

i fi

e s sa

m p l

e c o

l l

e c t

i

on on

p

o

ly

v

i

n

y l

c

h l

or

i d

e,

m i

x e

d

c e

l l

u

l

o s e e s te r, o r

g l

a s s

fi b

e r

fi l

ters.

T h

u s

, t

h

e

q

u est

i

o n n atu ra

l l y

aro s e a s to

w h

et

h

er

m i

ner a

l

o

il m

a

y

vo

l

at

il i

ze to a s

ig

n

i fi

c a nt e xtent

fr

o

m fi l

te r s

d

ur

i

n

g

t

h

e c o

l l

e ct

i

o n o

f

an

8

-h

ou r

p

e r so n a

l

s a

m

p l

e.

T h

e

w

o r

k

r e

p

orte

d h

er e s

h

o

w

s t

h

at

fr

e s

h m i

nera

l

o

i l

o n

g l

a ss

fi b

er an

d p

o

l y

v

i

n

y l

c

h l

o r

i d

e

(

P V C

)

fi l

t ers

l

o st a

p p

r o x

i m

ate

l y

3 5

%

o

f i

ts or

i g i

na

l m

a ss,

w h i l

e u s e

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

l

o st a

p p

r o x

i

m

at e

l y

1 2

%

,

d

u e to

p

as s a

g

e o

f

c

l

e a n a

i

r t

h

r o u

g h

t

h

e

l

oa

d

e

d fi l

te rs.

T h i

s

su

gg

e sts

m i

ne r a

l

o

il

vo

l

at

i l i

z e s

fr

o

m

g

l

a s s

fi b

e r a n

d

P

V C fi l

te rs

m

s

i

gn

i fi

c a nt

q

u a nt

i

t

i

e s

d

u r

i

n

g

t

h

e c o

ll

e ct

i

o n o

f

a n

8

-

h

o u r

p

e r s o n a

l

s a

m p l

e.

S

u c

h

v o

l

at

i

l

i

zat

i

o n

w

o u

ld

r e

d

u c e t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

il

o n t

h

e

fi l

te r a n

d

r e s u

l

t

i

n t

h

e u n

d

e r e st

i

m

at

i

o n o

f

w

o r

k

e r e x

p

o s u r e

t

o

m

i

n e r a

l

o

il

m i

st.

E l

e ctr ostat

i

c co

l l

e ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e s e s a

m

e o

i l m i

st s e x

hi b i

te

d l

e s s e v a

p

or at

i

v e

l

o s s

.

T h

e s e r e s u

l

ts ne e

d

to

b

e c on

fi

r

m

e

d b y

a

p l

ant

fi

e

l d

stu

d y w i

t

h

s

i m

u

l

tane ou s s a

m p l i

n

g b y

fi l

te rs an

d

a n e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

r e c

i p i

tator.

T h

e

b

o

d

y o

f

t

h i

s re

p

ort

i

s

b

e

i

n

g

su

b m i

t te

d

a s a

m

anu sc r

i p

t to

A pp l i

e

d O

c c u

p

at

i

o n a

l

a n

d E

nv

i

r o n

m

e nta

l H

y

g i

e n e.

T h

e c o n str a

i

nts o

f m

a n usc

ri p

t

f

or

m

at

p

r e v e nt c erta

i

n

i

n

f

o r

m

at

i

o n

fr

o

m

a

p p

ea

ri

n

g i

n t

h

e

m

a

i

n te xt, a s

i

t

w

o u

l d b

e

i

n a

p p

ro

p ri

ate

f

or a

j

ou r n a

l

a rt

i

c

l

e.

H

o

w

ever, t

h i

s

i

n

f

or

m

at

i

o n

i

s c onta

i

ne

d i

n t

h

e a

p p

en

d i

ce s o

f

t

hi

s r e

p

o rt

.

T h

e

fi

r st

(6)

p

r o ce

d

u re

f

o r t

h

e se ex

p

e r

i

m

e nts, t

h

e t

h i

r

d

co nta

i

n s stat

i

st

i

c a

l i

n

f

or

m

at

io

n, an

d

t

h

e

f

o u rt

h i

s

(7)

B A C K G R O U N D

M

eta

l

-

w

or

k i

n

g fl

u

i d

sc a n

b

e

g

r ou

p

e

d i

nto

f

o u r

m

a

j

or c ate

g

o r

ie

s: str a

i g h

t c utt

i

n

g

o

i l

s,

w h i

c

h

a r e u n

d i l

ute

d m

in e r a

l

a n

d

fat ty o ils; s olu

b

le

m

eta

l

-

w

o r

k in

g

fl

u

i d

s,

w h i

c

h

a r e

w

ater e

m

u

l

s

i

on s o

f m i

n e ra

l

an

d f

att

y

o

i l

s; s

y

n t

h

et

ic

m

eta

l

-

w

or

k i

n

g fl

u

i d

s,

w

h i

c

h

are

c

h

e

m i

c a

l

s o

l

ut

i

on s o

f

o r

g

an

ic

co

m p

ou n

d

s a n

d i

n o r

g

an

i

c sa

l

ts

i

n

w

at er; a n

d

s e

m i

¬

s

y

n t

h

et

i

c s,

w h i

c

h

a re e

m

u

l

s

i

o n s o

f m in e r a

l

o

i l w i

t

h w

ate r a n

d

t

h

e c

h

e

m i

ca

ls

f

o u n

d i

n

s

y

nt

h

et

i

c s

/

^^

T h

e s e

fl

u

i d

s a r e use

d i

n

m

eta

l w

or

k in

g

o

p

e rat

i

o ns to

lu

b ri

c ate

g ri

n

d in

g

conta ct s ur

f

ac e s, to

d i

s s

ip

ate

h

e at, an

d

to r e

m

ove

g

r oun

d m

ate

ri

a

l fi

-o

m

t

h

e

m

e ta

l w

or

k i

n

g

cont a ct sit e

/

S

tr a

i g h

t

m i

nera

l

o

il

s a r e

p

etr o

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/

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H

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d

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N I O S

H

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ly

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)

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e o

f

t

h

e t

h

re e

w

e

i g hi

n

g

s.

Su

b

tr a ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

in

it

ia

l m

as s o

f

t

h

e

fi l

te r

fr

o

m

t

h i

s aver a

g

e

w

e

i g h

t

y i

e

l d

e

d

t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

i l

r e

m

a

in

i

n

g

a

ft

e r

f

o u r

h

ou r s.

A l l fi

n a

l

m

a s se s

w

ere c orrecte

d f

or an

y

c

h

an

g

e s

i

n t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

t

h

e c ontr o

l fi l

te r.

T hi

s

p

ro c e

d

u re

w

a s

p

er

f

or

m

e

d

at

l

e a st t

w ic e

f

or e a c

h

o

i l

-

fi l

te r c o

m b i

nat

i

o n to o

bt

a

in

at

le

ast

f

o u r

d

ata

p

o

i

nts

f

o r e ac

h

o

i l

-

fi l

t

er c o

m b i

n at

i

o n.

T h

e

g

r av

i m

et

ri

c

p

roc e

d

u r e u se

d h

e r e to

d

ete r

m i

ne t

h

e

m

as s o

f

o

il

o n a

fi l

ter

d

ev

i

ate s

fr

o

m

t

h

e

N

I O SH

s

p

e c

ifi

c at

i

on o

f

s o

l

ve nt e xtra ct

i

on

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d

b

y i

n

fr

a r e

d

s

p

e ctr o

g

ra

p h i

c ana

l y

sis.

T

o

d

ete r

m in

e the

m

a s s

lo s

t

f

ro

m

a

fi l

ter

, an

i

n

i

t

ia

l

an

d fi

na

l m

a s s

a r e r equ

ir e

d

. B ec a u s e s o

lv e n

t ex tr ac t

i

o n r e

m

o v e s t

h

e o

il fr

o

m

the

fi lt

e r

, t

h

e

N

I

O SH

e xtr act

io n

m

et

h

o

d

c o u

l d

n ot

b

e us e

d

to

m

on

i

tor t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

i l

o n t

he s a

m

e

fi l

te r

b

ot

h

(11)

E l

ectr o stat

i

c

P

r e c

i p i

tat or

T h

e o

i l m i

s t

lo a

d i

n

g

a

p p

a ratu s

i

n

F i g

u r e 1

w

a s

m

o

di fi

e

d

to a c c o

m m

o

d

ate an

e

l

ec tro stat

i

c

p

rec

i p i

tator

(M

SA C

o ,

P it

ts

b

u r

g h,

P A

)

.

A

n ex

p

e r

i m

e nta

l

c o

l l

e ct

i

o n c

y l i

n

d

er

an

d

c o ntr o

l

cy

lin

d

e r

w

e r e

w

e

i g h

e

d i

n

it

i

a

l l

y on a

M

et t

l

e r

A E

2 0 0

b

a

l

a n c e.

T h

e

e x

p

e r

i

m

ental c

y l i

n

d

er

w

as

p l

ace

d i

n t

h

e

h

e a

d

a s s e

m b l y

o

f

the

p

re c

ip i

tator an

d p l

ac e

d i

n the

m i

st

lo a

d

in

g

a

p p

ar atu s.

T h

e e

l

e ctro stat

ic

p

r e c

ip i

tator ran

f

or

3 0 m i

nute s at

8 5 l it

ers

p

er

m i

nut e, the

p

re c

i p i

ta t or '

s

d

e s

i g

n e

d fl

o

w

.

T h

e n t

h

e e x

p

e r

i m

enta

l

c

y l i

n

d

e r

w

a s re

m

o v e

d

fi

-o

m

t

h

e

h

ea

d

ass e

m b l

y a n

d

r e

w

e

i g h

e

d

to

d

eter

m i

n e t

h

e

m

a ss at t

i m

e z e ro .

S

u

b

tr a ct

io

n o

f

t

h

e

in

i

t

i

a

l m

a s s o

f

t

h

e tu

b

e

f

ro

m

t

h

e

m

ass at t

i m

e z er o

y i

e

l

d

e

d

t

h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

i l

c o

l le c

te

d

on

t

h

e c

>

'

l i

n

d

er.

T h

e c

y l i

n

d

e r

w

a s r etu rn e

d

to t

h

e

h

e a

d

a s s e

m

b

l y

a n

d

r o o

m

a

i

r

p

a s s e

d

t

h

r o u

g

h

it

an

d

a c ontr o

l

cy

l i

n

d

e r

f

o r

f

ou r

h

ou r s at

8 5 l it

e rs

p

e r

m i

n ute.

A

ft

e r

f

o u r

h

o u rs , t

h

e

cy

l i

n

d

e rs

w

e r e r e

w

e

i g h

e

d

to

d

ete r

m i

ne t

h

e

fi

na

l m

a s s on e ac

h

tu

b

e.

T h

e

m

a s s

l

o st

w

as

d

e t er

m i

ne

d

b

y

t

h

e

d i f f

eren c e

b

et

w

e en t

h

e

i

n

i

t

ia

l

an

d fi

na

l m

as s es.

C h

a n

g

es

i

n t

h

e

w

e

i g h

t

o

f

t

h

e c ontro

l

c

y l i

n

d

e r

w

er e u se

d

to cor r e ct t

h

e

fi

n a

l m

a s s on t

h

e e x

p

e

ri m

enta

l

c

y l i

n

d

er.

Si

ze

D

i

st

ri

b

ut

i

o n

T h

e s

i

ze

d

i

st

ri

b

ut

i

on o

f

e a c

h

o

il m

i

st

w

a s

m

e a s u r e

d

u sin

g

an

A

ero s

iz er

(

A

m

h

erst

P

r oce s s

I

nstru

m

e nts,

I

n c.,

H

a

d le

y

,

M

A

)

.

T h

e s e

m

e a sur e

m

ents

w

ere

m

a

d

e

i

n t

h

e o

i l m i

st

lo

a

d i

n

g

c

h

a

m b

e r un

d

e r c on

d it

i

ons a

p p

r ox

i

m

at

i

n

g

t

h

o s e o

f

t

h

e ex

p

e

ri m

ents.

V

a

p

or

P

res s ure

T h

e v a

p

o r

p

re s su r e o

f

t

h

e

f

re s

h

an

d

u s e

d m i

ner a

l

o

i

l w

ere

m

e a s ur e

d

u s

i

n

g

a

M

c

L

e o

d

ga u

g

e an

d

va cuu

m p

u

m p

. T

h

e va

p

o r

p

r e s s u re o

f

t

h

e o

l

e

ic

a c

i d w

a s c a

l

c u

l

ate

d

fi

(12)

R E SU L T S

F

i g

u r e 3 s

h

o

w

s t

h

e

p

e r centa

g

e o

f

o

i l l

o st

fr

o

m

t

h

e

g l

a s s

fi b

er an

d P V C fi l

te r s a n

d

fr

o

m

t

h

e e

l

ectrostat

i

c

p

re c

i p i

tato r.

T h

e

fr

e s

h m i

ner a

l

o

i l h

a

d

a n a v er a

g

e

l

o s s o

f

a

p p

r ox

i

m

ate

l

y 3 5

%

f

o r t

h

e

P V C

a n

d g l

a s s

fi b

e r

fi l

te r s,

w h

e r eas t

h

e u s e

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l l

o st

a

p p

r o x

im

ate

l y 12

%

.

T h

e re

l

at

i

v e

l y

non

-vo

l

at

i l

e o

l

e

i

c a c

i d l

o st on

l y 6

%

o

f i

ts or

i g i

na

l

m

a s s.

F i g

ur e

3

s

h

o

w

s t

h

e o

i l l

o ss

f

o r t

h

e e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

r e c

i p i

tato r

w

a s a

b

ou t

h

a

l f

o

f

t

h

at

f

or t

h

e

fi l

te rst

h

at c o

l l

e cte

d fr

e s

h

o r u s e

d m i

nera

l

o

i l

.

T h

e re

w

a s no a

p p

a rent

d i f f

er enc e

b

et

w

een

l

o s s

f

or t

h

e e

l

e ctro stat

i

c

p

r ec

i p i

tat or an

d l

os s

f

o r

b

o t

h fi l

te rs

f

o r o

l

e

i

c ac

i d

.

A

n a

l y

s

i

s o

f

var

i

a n ce

w

a s u se

d

to

d

eter

m i

n e

i f

t

h

e tr e n

d

s

i

n

F i g

u r e

3 w

er e

st at

i

st

i

ca

ll y

s

i g

n

i fi

can t.

T h

e a n a

l y

s

i

s o

f

var

i

a n c er e

q

u

i

r e s t

h

e var

i

anc e o

f

t

h

e

d

e

p

en

d

e nt v a r

i

a

b l

e

i

n t

h

e

g

rou

p

s

b

e

i

n

g

co

m p

are

d

to

b

e t

h

e sa

m

e.

T h i

sr e

q

u

i

re

m

ent

w

as

m

et a

ft

er ta

k i

n

g

t

h

e

l

o

g

s o

f

t

h

e

d

ata,

w h i

c

h

sta

bi l i

z e

d

t

h

e v a r

i

a nc e

i

n t

h

e

d

e

p

en

d

ent v a r

i

a

b l

e.

T

w

o

m

o

d

e

l

s

w

e r e ana

l y

ze

d

T h

e

fi

rst

m

o

d

e

l

exa

m

i

ne

d l

o s s

fr

o

m

t

h

e

fi l

te r s :

In

(

%

o

f

oil ma s s lo st

)

= oil typ e +

f

i

l

te r ty pe +

(

oi

l

typ e*

fi

lte r ty

p

e

)

+ ma s s ori gin al ly o n

fi

lte r

O il

t

y p

e

w

a s t

h

e o n

l y

s

i g

n

i fi

c ant

f

a c t or

i

n t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

(

p

<

0

.

0 0 0 5

)

.

F

r e s

h m i

n er a

l

o

i l l

o st

m

or e

m

a s st

h

an t

h

e u s e

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

(

p

< 0.0 0

0 5

)

an

d

o

l

e

i

c a c

i d

(

p

<

0

.

0 0

0

5

)

; u s e

d m i

ner a

l

o

i l l

o st

m

ore

m

as s t

h

an o

l

e

i

c ac

i d

(

p

=

0

.

0 0 4

)

.

T h

e

m

a s s o

f

o

i l

or

i g i

n a

l ly

on t

h

e

fi l

ter

d i

d

not s

i g

n

i fi

c a nt

ly

a

f f

e ct t

h

e

p

e r c e nta

g

e o

f m

a s s

l

o st

(

p

=

0

.

5 0 0

)

.

A l

t

h

ou

g h F i g

u re

3

s u

g g

ests t

h

at

m

or e o

i l

w

a s

l

o st

fr

o

m

t

h

e

P V C fi l

te rs, t

h i

s

di f f

e renc e

w

a s not s

i g

n

i fi

c ant

(

p

=

0

.5 9 4

)

(13)

I

n

(

%

oi

l m

as s

l

o st

)

= c o

l l

e cto r t

y p

e + o r i

g

in a

l m

as s

l

oa

d

e

d

on c o

l l

e cto r

A

na

l y

sis o

f

v a

ri

a n c e re v e a

l

e

d

a s

i g

n

i fi

c ant

d i ff

e r e n c e

b

et

w

e en e

le c

tr o stat

i

c an

d fi l

te r

co

l l

ec t

i

o n

(

p

=

0

.0

1

3

)

f

or

fi

^

e s

h m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

,

w i

t

h

t

h

e e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

rec

i p i

ta t or

l

o sin

g l

e s s

o

i l

. T

h

e s a

m

e a n a

l

ys

i

s fo r o

l

eic a c

i d

r e v e a

l

e

d

n o

d

i

ff

e r e n c e

b

etw e e n e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

r ec

i p i

tat

i

on a n

d fi l

te r c o

l l

ect

i

on

(

p

= 0 4 2

6

)

.

O

n e o

f

t

h

e

f

ou r

d

ata

p

o

i

nts

f

or t

h

e e

le

ctr o stat

i

c

p

r ec

i p i

t ator an

d

use

d m i

nera

l

o

i l

w

a s a n e

g

at

i

ve

p

erc e nt r e

m

ov a

l

(

i

e. t

h

e c

y l i

n

d

e r

w

e

i g h

t

i

n cr e a s e

d

s

l i g h

t

l y

)

D

e

le

t

in

g

t

h is

d

ata

p

o

i

nt an

d

u s

i

n

g

t

h

e

p

r ev

i

ou s

m

o

d

e

l

reve a

l

e

d

a s

i g

n

i fi

cant

d iff

e r e n c e

b

et

w

e en

e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

r e c

i p i

tat

i

o n a n

d fi l

te r c o

l l

e ct

i

o n

(

p

= 0.0 3

8

)

,

w i

th t

h

e e

l

e ctr o stat

i

c

p

r ec

i p i

t ator

l

o s

i

n

g l

e s s o

il

to eva

p

or at

i

o n

T h

e o

ri gi

na

l m

a s s

l

o a

d

e

d w

a snot s

ig

n

i fi

c a nt

f

or a n

y

o

f

t

h

e o

i l

s te ste

d

,

p

=

0

.

4 9 7

.

T h

e s

i

ze

d is

t

ri b

ut

i

on

f

or e ac

h

o

i l m i

st

is sh

o

w

n

i

n

F i g

u re

4

.

T h

e

d i

st

ri b

ut

i

on

f

or

t

h

e

fi

-e sh an

d

u se

d m i

n era

l

o

i

l m

atc

h

v er

y w

e

l l

.

R

e

l

at

i

ve to t

h

e

m i

nera

l

o

i l d i

st

ri

b

ut

i

ons,

t

h

e o

l

e

i

c a c

i d d i

st

ri b

ut

i

on

h

a s

f

ew e r

p

a rt

ic

l

e s

i

n t

h

e size ran

g

e s

g

re ater t

h

a n

1

.

5 ]

x

m

, a n

d

m

or e

p

a rt

ic

l

e s

i

n t

h

e s

i

ze ra nge s

l

e ss t

h

an 1.

5

\x

m

.

T h

e v a

p

o r

p

r essu re o

f

t

h

e

fi

^

es

h

a n

d

u s e

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

s

w

a s

l

e s s t

h

a n 1 0 0 |i

m

H

g

at

2

0

°

C

.

T h

e va

p

or

p

re s su r e o

f

o

l

e

i

c a c

i d

at 2 0 °

(14)

D

I

SC U S SI O

N

G

r a v

i

m

et

ri

c

A

n a

l y

s

i

s o

f F i l

te rs

M

i

n e r a

l

o

i l i

s a c o

m p l

ex

m i

x tu r e o

f

or

g

a n

i

c c o

m p

o u n

d

s.

T h

e s

h

o rte r c

h

a

i

n

h y d

r o c ar

b

o n s

i

n

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l h

av e

h i g h

er v a

p

or

p

re s su re s an

d

t

h

u s vo

l

at

i l i

ze

m

or e r e a

d

i ly

t

h

an t

h

e

h

e a v

i

e r

fr

a ct

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ons.

A

s t

h

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l i g h

t er

fr

a ct

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ons a re re

m

ove

d

v \

d

t

h

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, t

h

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i l b

e c o

m

e s

l

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e

l y

to vo

l

at

il i

z e.

T h

e s e tren

d

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i

n

F i g

u re

3

.

T h

e

fr

e s

h m i

n e ra

l

o

i l l

o st

a

p p

r o x

i

m

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l y

3

5

%

o

f i

t s o

ri g i

na

l m

a s s,

w h

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er

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e s

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a n

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as s

fi b

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fi l

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a s

m

ore t

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an t

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at

w i

t

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t

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l

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p

r ec

i p i

tator

(

p

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0 0 13

)

; s

im i l

ar

ly

, t

h

e

l

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f

u s e

d

m i

nera

l

o

i l w

as

m

ore

fi

"

o

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t

h

e

fi l

ter s t

h

an

fi

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m

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e

p

rec

i p i

tato r

(

p

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0

.

0 3 8

)

.

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at

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ly

n o n-v o

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at

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i

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o

w

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d

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b

et

w

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w

o

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et

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o

d

s

(

p

=

0

.

4 2 6

)

.

Sm

a

ll p

art

i

c

l

e s ev a

p

orate

m

o r e re a

di l

y t

h

a n

l

a r

g

e

p

a rt

i

c

l

e s.

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e s

i

z e

d i

s tr

i b

ut

i

on s

o

f fi

-e s

h

an

d

u s e

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l m i

st

m

e a su r e

d b y

t

h

e

A

e ro s

i

zer

w

ere a

l m

ost

i d

e nt

i

c a

l

.

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er e

f

o r e, t

h

e

d i ff

e r enc e

i

n o

i l m

a s s

l

ost

b

et

w

e en t

h

es e t

w

o

i

s not at tr

i b

uta

b l

e to

d

i f f

e r en c e s

i

n t

h

e

d

ro

p l

et s

i

ze.

F i g

u re

4

s

h

o

w

s t

h

at o

l

e

i

c a c

i d h

a

d f

e

w

er

l

ar

g

er

d

ro

p l

ets t

h

an

f

r e s

h

or u se

d m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

; t

h

u s, on t

h

e

b

a s

i

s o

f

s

i

ze

d i

str

i b

ut

i

on a

l

on e, o

l

e

i

c a c

i d

s

h

ou

l d h

a v e

b

e e n

m

or e

p

rone t o

eva

p

or at

i

on t

h

a n t

h

e

m i

nera

l

o

il

s.

H

o

w

eve r,

F ig

u re

3

s

h

o

w

st

h

at

l

e s s r at

h

e r t

h

an

m

o r e

o

l

e

i

c a c

i

d

e v a

p

o r ate

d

t

h

a n o c c u r r e

d f

or t

h

e

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

s.

T h

u s t

h

e

d if f

e r e n c e

i

n v o

l

at

i li

t

y

(16)

b

et

w

e en o

l

e

i

c a ci

d

a n

d

t

h

e

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

s

i

s a str o nge r

d

ete r

m i

n a nt o

f

e v a

p

o r at

i

v e

l

o s s t

h

a n

t

h

e

di f f

ere n c e s

i

n t

h

e

i

r s

i

ze

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n s.

C O

N

C L

U

S I O

N

S

A l l

t

h

e o

i l

s u s e

d i

n t

hi

s

i

n v es t

ig

at

i

o n

h

a

d l

o

w

v a

p

o r

p

res s u r e s u n

d

e r r o o

m

c on

d i

t

i

on s, an

d

s o

w

o u

l d

not nor

m

a

l l

y

b

e t

h

ou

g h

t to e v a

p

orate.

A m i

st o

f

t

h

ese o

i l

s

,

h

o

w

ever ,

h

as s o

g

r e at a su r

f

ac e are a t

h

at a

g g

re

g

ate ev a

p

orat

i

on

fr

o

m

a

l l d

ro

p l

ets

w

a s

a

p

prec

i

a

b l

e.

F

r e s

h m i

n era

l

o

i l l

o a

d

e

d

a s an ae ro s o

l

onto

g l

ass

f i b

er or

P V C fi l

ters

l

o st a

b

ou t

3 5

%

o

f i

ts o

ri

g i

na

l m

a s s

w h

e n s u

b

j

e cte

d

to a

fl

o

w

r ate o

f 1

.

5 L p m f

o r

4 h

o ur s

.

T hi

s

fi

n

di

n

g

s u

g g

e s t s

w

or

k

e r ex

p

o su re to

m i

nera

l

o

i l m i

st

m

e a su re

d

a c c or

d i

n

g

to t

h

e cu r r e nt

N I O S

H

an a

l y

t

i

ca

l m

et

h

o

d b y

c o

l l

ect

i

on on

g l

as s

fi b

e r or

P V C fi l

te r s

m

a

y

u n

d

e rest

i m

ate

t

h

e tr u e

m i

s t c on c e ntra t

i

o n

i f

t

h

e

m i

ner a

l

o

i l

c o nta

i

n s v o

l

at

il

e

fr

act

i

ons.

E l

e ctr ostat

i

c

c o

l l

e ct

i

o n o

f

o

i l m i

st re s u

l

te

d i

n s

i g

n

i fi

c ant

l y l

e s s ev a

p

or at

i

on t

h

an

fi h

er c o

l l

e ct

i

o n.

T

h

e s e re s u

l

ts n e e

d

to

b

e c on

fi

r

m

e

d b y

a

fi

e

l d

stu

d y i

n a

p l

a nt

w h

ere o

i l m i

st

i

s

p

r e s ent

w i

t

h

s

i m

u

l

tane o u s s a

m p l i

n

g by fi l

te rs an

d

an e

l

ectro stat

i

c

p

r e c

i p i

tator .

D i

s

p

ar ate

c o n c entr at

i

o n

m

e a s ure

m

e nts

b

et we en

fi l

ter an

d

e

l

ectro stat

i

c c o

l l

e ct

i

on

m

et

h

o

d

s

w

ou

l d

fi

i rt

h

er s u

g g

e st o

i l

v o

l

at

i l i

zes

fr

o

m

t

h

e

fi l

te rs.

F

a c t o r s

w i

t

h i

n a

p l

ant t

h

at

w

ou

l d

a

f f

ect t

h

e

m

a

g

n

i

tu

d

e o

f

e v a

p

o rat

i

on

i

nc

l

u

d

e

te

m p

e r ature, c onc entrat

i

o n o

f

or

g

a n

i

c va

p

ors

i

n t

h

e a

i

r,

m i

n e ra

l

o

i l

c o

m p

o s

i

t

i

on, an

d

t

h

e

s

i

ze

d

i

st

ri

b

ut

i

o n o

f

t

h

e o

i

l

m i

st.

I

nc r e a s e

d

te

m p

eratu re

w i l l

r esu

l

t

i

n

hi g h

er v a

p

o r

p

r e s s ure s a n

d

t

h

u s

m

o r e e v a

p

o r at

i

o n,

w hi l

e t

h

e s atu

rat

i

on o

f

a

i

r

w

i

t

h

or

g

an

i

c va

p

ors

w i l

l

(17)

d

e c r e a s e t

h

e a

m

o u nt o

f

e v a

p

o r at

i

o n. In a

d d it

i

o n, t

h

e siz e

d i

st

ri b

ut

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

m i

n e r a

l

o

i l

m i

st

w i l l

aff e ct e va

p

or at

i

o n

b

eca u s e sma

ll d

ro

p l

ets

w i l l

e v a

p

or ate

f

a ster t

h

a n

l

a r

g

e

d

r o

p l

ets.

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