A B ST R A C T
J O H
N
J
.M
cA
N EN Y
.V
ol
ati l i
z ati
o n of
M
i
n e r al O il
M
i
stC
ol l
e cted
onS
am
pl i
ng Fi l
te rs.(
U
nd
e r th
ed i
r e cti
o n of D
r.D A V
I D LE
I TH
)
E
xp
o s u re tom i
n e ral
oil m i
sth
a sb
e e n a s s o ci
ated w i
th
th
ed
ev el
op m
ent of
a sthm
a,d
e rm
ati
ti
s,l i p i d p
n eum
o ni
a, a nd
c anc e r s of
th
ed
i g
e sti
ve tr a ct.T h
eN I O S
H
an al y
ti
c al
m
eth
od f
or s am p l i
ng m i
n e r al
oi l m i
sts sp
e ci fi
es oil m i
st col l
ecti
on o nfi l
tersI
n th i
s stud y
,m i
n e r al
oU m i
st c ol l
e cti
o n o ng l
a s sfi b
e r a nd p
ol y
vi
nyl
ch l
o ri d
efi l
te rsw
as exam i
n ed
t od
ete rm i
n ei f
si g
ni fi
ca ntq
u anti
ti
e s of m i
n e r al
oi l
v ol
a ti l i
zefi
^o
m fi l
ters af t
er c ol l
ecti
o n.E
v ap
o r ati
v el
o s sfi
-o
m
a n el
e ctrostati
cp
r e ci p i
tatorw
a s al
s o e x am i
n ed
.F i l
t ersw
erep
l
ac ed
i
n a n oi l m i
s tl
o ad i
ng
ch
am b
er and
r ap i d l y l
o ad
ed w i
th
oil m i
st. Th
efi l
te rsw
e r e rem
o v ed
fi
-o
m
th
e ch
am b
e r and w
ei g h
ed
tod
eterm i
n e th
em
a s s of
oi l l
oad
ed
on th
efi l
te r.A f t
e rc
l
e a n ai
rw
asdr
aw
n th
r oug h
th
efi l
ter sf
orf
ou rh
o urs, th
efi l
te rsw
e re r ew
ei g h
ed
tod
ete rm i
n e th
em
a ss of
oil l
o st to e v ap
o r ati
on .A
si m i l
a rp
ro c ed
u rew
a sf
ol l
ow
ed f
or th
ee
l
e ctr o sta ti
cp
re ci p i
tator .F
r e sh m i
ner al
oi l
o ng l
a s sfi b
er and p
ol y
vi
ny l
ch l
ori
de
fi l
tersl
osta
p p
r o xi
m
atel y 3 5
%
of it
s o ri
g i
n al
m
a s s;
u s ed
m
in e r a
l
oi
l l
o st ap
p
r o xi
m
atel y 12
%
.E
v ap
o rati
v el
o s s e sfi
^o
m
th
e el
e ctro stati
cp
re ci p i
tatorw
e re si g
ni fi
ca ntl y l
es s.T h
e s efi
nd i
ng
s sug g
estm i
ner al
oi l
vol
ati l i
ze sfi
^o
m p
ol y
vi
nyl
chl
o ri d
e a nd g l
a ssfi b
erfi l
ter si
ns
i g
nifi
c a ntq
u a nti
ti
esd
u ri
ng
th
e c ol l
e cti
on of
a n8
-h
ourp
e r son al
sam p l
e,w
h i
ch w
oul d
r e su
l
ti
n si g
ni fi
c a nt u nd
ere sti m
ati
o n of w
o rk
e r exp
o s u r e to oi l m i
st.A C
K
N O
W
L E D G E
M
E N T S
T h i
si
n v e sti g
ati
onw
a s c ond
u cted
a sp
art of
ag
r ad
u ate trai
ni
ng p
rog
ram
and w
assu
p p
orted i
np
a rtb y
th
eN
ati
o n al I
nsti
tute sf
o rO
ccup
ati
onal S
af
ety
and
H
eal
th
,g
rantn u
m
b
er5
-5
28 8
0.
A d d i
ti
onal
sup p
o rtw
a s re c ei
ved fr
om
th
eF
ord
M
otorC
om p
any
and
t
h
eU
ni
ted
A
utoW
o rk
e r s.I w
o ul
d
n e v e rh
av eb
e en ab l
e tofi
ni
sh
th i
s r ep
ortw i
th
out th
e sup p
ort of m y f
am i l y
a n
d fr i
end
s.T h
e ad
vi
c e, enc ou r ag
em
ent, and
c am
a r ad
e ri
e th
ey h
a v ep
ro vi d
ed
ove r th
epa st t
w
o ye a r s no t o nl y h
el p
ed m
e c om p l
ete th i
sp
r oj
e c t,b
ut al
s oh
el p
ed m
ef
o rm
v ery
f
o nd m
em
ori
e s th
atI w i l l
n eve rf
org
et. Iw
o uld
esp
eci
al l y l ik
e t o th
a nk
m
y
ad
vi
s ors,D
a vi
d
L
ei
th
a nd
M
ary
an n eB
o u nd
y,w h
os e enc ou r ag
em
ent,g
ui d
a n c e, a nd p
ati
e n c ew
e r ei
nval
u ab l
e.F
i
n all
y
,I w
o ul
d lik
eto th
ank
m y
r e ad
e r s,M
i
k
eF l y
n n a nd
M
i k
eSy m
o n s,f
o rT A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
L I ST O F F I G U R E S
vI N
TR O D
U
C
T IO
N
1B A C K G R O U N D
3
M
E T
H
O D S
5
R E SU L T S
8D I S C
U
S SI O
N
1 0
C O
N
C L
U
SI O
N
S
12
R E
F E
RE
N
C
ES
1 4A P P E N
D
I
X A
E
X
PE R I
M
E N T A L D A T A
20
A P
P
E N D
K
B ST A N D A R D OP
E R
A T I N G P
R
O C
E
D U
R
E
2 3
A P P E N
D
I
X
C
S T
A
T I S T I C A L A
N
A L Y SI S O F D A T A
3
2A P P E N
D
I
X
D
D I S C
U
S SI ON
O F
PR O
PO S
ED F
IE L D ST U D Y
3 5
L I ST O F F I G U R E S
F i g
u r e1
:O il
M
i
stL
oad i
ng A p p
arat u s16
F ig
u re2
:A p p
a ratu stoi
n ve sti g
ate evap
oratio n
fr
om fi l
te rs17
F i g
ure3
:P
e r c entag
e of
oi l l
o stfr
om fi l
ters and
E SP
18
I
NT R O D U C T I O
N
T h
eF
ord
M
oto rC
om p
a ny
a nd
th
eU
ni
ted A
ut oW
ork
e r sh
a v eb
e en sup p
o rti
ng
U
ni
v e rsi
ty
of
N
o rth C
arol i
n a r e s earch
of
oil m i
st c ol l
ecti
ond
evi
c e s th
at are u sed i
na uto
m
ob i
lem
a n uf
a ctu ri
ngf
a ci l i
ti
e s. Th i
s r e s e a r ch h
a s s ug ge sted m i
n e r al
oil m
ayvo
l
ati l i
z efr
om
th
efi l
term
ed i
a u s ed i
nm i
st c ol l
e cti
o nd
e vi
c e s.T h
eN
IO S
H
an aly
ti
c al
m
eth
od f
o r sam p l i
ngm i
n e r al
oi l i
n th
ew
o rk p l
a c e tod
ete rm
i
n e com p li
a n c ew i
th
o ccu
p
ati
o n al
exp
o su r e st and
a rd
s sp
e ci fi
e s sam p l
e c ol l
e c ti
on onp
oly
vi
ny l
ch l
ori d
e,m i
x ed
c e
l l
ul
o s e e s te r, o rg l
a s sfi b
e rfi l
ters.T h
u s, t
h
eq
u esti
o n n atu ral l y
aro s e a s tow h
eth
erm i
ner al
oil m
ay
vol
atil i
ze to a sig
ni fi
c a nt e xtentfr
om fi l
te r sd
uri
ng
th
e c ol l
e cti
o n of
an8
-h
ou rp
e r so n al
s am
p l
e.T h
ew
o rk
r ep
orted h
er e sh
ow
s th
atfr
e sh m i
neral
oi l
o ng l
a ssfi b
er and p
ol y
vi
ny l
c
h l
o ri d
e(
P V C
)
fi l
t ersl
o st ap p
r o xi m
atel y
3 5%
of i
ts ori g i
nal m
a ss,w h i l
e u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l
l
o st ap p
r o xi
m
at el y
1 2%
,d
u e top
as s ag
e of
cl
e a n ai
r th
r o ug h
th
el
oad
ed fi l
te rs.T h i
ssu
gg
e stsm i
ne r al
oil
vol
ati l i
z e sfr
om
gl
a s sfi b
e r a nd
PV C fi l
te rsm
si
gni fi
c a ntq
u a nti
ti
e sd
u ri
ng
th
e c oll
e cti
o n of
a n8
-h
o u rp
e r s o n al
s am p l
e.S
u ch
v ol
ati
l
i
zati
o nw
o uld
r ed
u c e th
em
a s s of
oil
o n th
efi l
te r a nd
r e s ul
ti
n th
e u nd
e r e sti
m
ati
o n of
w
o rk
e r e xp
o s u r et
om
i
n e r al
oil
m i
st.E l
e ctr ostati
c col l
e cti
o n of
th
e s e s am
e oi l m i
st s e xhi b i
ted l
e s s e v ap
or ati
v el
o s s.
T h
e s e r e s ul
ts ne ed
tob
e c onfi
rm
ed b y
ap l
antfi
el d
stud y w i
th
si m
ul
tane ou s s am p l i
ng b y
fi l
te rs and
a n el
e ctr o stati
cp
r e ci p i
tator.T h
eb
od
y of
th i
s rep
orti
sb
ei
ng
sub m i
t ted
a s am
anu sc ri p
t toA pp l i
ed O
c c up
ati
o n al
a n
d E
nvi
r o nm
e ntal H
yg i
e n e.T h
e c o n str ai
nts of m
a n uscri p
tf
orm
atp
r e v e nt c ertai
ni
nf
o rm
ati
o nfr
om
ap p
eari
ng i
n th
em
ai
n te xt, a si
tw
o ul d b
ei
n ap p
rop ri
atef
or aj
ou r n al
a rt
i
cl
e.H
ow
ever, th i
si
nf
orm
ati
o ni
s c ontai
ned i
n th
e ap p
end i
ce s of
thi
s r ep
o rt.
T h
efi
r stp
r o ced
u ref
o r th
e se exp
e ri
m
e nts, th
e th i
rd
co ntai
n s stati
sti
c al i
nf
orm
atio
n, and
th
ef
o u rth i
sB A C K G R O U N D
M
etal
-w
ork i
ng fl
ui d
sc a nb
eg
r oup
ed i
ntof
o u rm
aj
or c ateg
o rie
s: str ai g h
t c utti
ng
o
i l
s,w h i
ch
a r e u nd i l
uted m
in e r al
a nd
fat ty o ils; s olub
lem
etal
-
w
o rk in
g
fl
ui d
s,w h i
ch
a r ew
ater em
ul
si
on s of m i
n e ral
and f
atty
oi l
s; sy
n th
etic
m
etal
-w
ork i
ng fl
ui d
s,w
h i
ch
arec
h
em i
c al
s ol
uti
on s of
o rg
anic
com p
ou nd
s a nd i
n o rg
ani
c sal
tsi
nw
at er; a nd
s em i
¬s
y
n th
eti
c s,w h i
ch
a re em
ul
si
o n s of m in e r a
l
oi l w i
th w
ate r a nd
th
e ch
em i
cals
f
o u nd i
ns
y
nth
eti
c s/
^^T h
e s efl
ui d
s a r e used i
nm
etal w
ork in
g
op
e rati
o ns tolu
b ri
c ateg ri
nd in
g
conta ct s ur
f
ac e s, tod i
s sip
ateh
e at, and
to r em
oveg
r ound m
ateri
al fi
-o
m
th
em
e tal w
ork i
ng
cont a ct sit e
/
S
tr ai g h
tm i
neral
oil
s a r ep
etr ol
e um d
eri
v ati
ves, and
ared i
s ti
ng
ui
sh
ed fr
om f
at ty
oi l
sd
eri
v ed fi
rom
ani m
al
o r v eg
etab l
e s o u r ces/
^^ Extr e
m
ep
r e s s u r e ad d i
tiv e s s u c
h
a s s ul fu r
fl
o ur a nd
ch l
ori
n ated f
ats c anbe
ad d
ed
tom i
n e ral
oil
s toh
el p m i
ni m i
zefr i
cti
on and h
eatb
ui l d
-up
at th
e cut ti
ng
s u rf
a c e/
^^A p p li
cati
on of
th
e s em i
ne r al
oi l
s t o cutti
ng
su rf
ac esr e s u
l
tsin
th
eg
e n e r ati
o n of
a n oil m i
st.A
erosol i
zed m in
eral
oi
l
m
ay
c ontri b
u te to th
ed
evel
op m
e nt of
asth
m
a,d
e rm
ati
ti
s, a nd l i p i d p
neum
oni
a.^ '' '
R
e ce nt ep i d
em i
olo
g i
cal
e vi d
e n c eh
as sh
ow
n si g
ni fi
c ant and
cum
ul
ati
ve exp
o su re-r e
l
ated
a s s o ci
ati
o nsb
etw
een ca n c e r s of
th
ed i g
e s tiv e
tract and
exp
o su r e tom i
n eral
oi l
s/
^'^^H
ow
eve r, th
ep
otenti
al
c a r ci
n og
e ni
ci
ty
of
am i
n e r al
oi
l i
s af
u ncti
on of i
ts r efi
nem
ent/
^^
T
hu s
the
A
C
G
I
H
h
a s r e c om m
e nde
d
tw
o thr
e sho
ld
l i m i
t val
u esf
o rm i
ner al
oi l m i
stin
th
e19 9 3
-1 9 9 4
N
ot
i
c e of I
ntend
ed C h
ang
e s, v^
th
th
eh i g h
e r v alu
e of 5 m g /
m
^
p
rop
o sed f
o rm
o r e se v er ely
r efi
n ed
oi l
s, and
th
el
ow
e r v al
ue of
0.2m g /m
^d
e si g
n ati
on,f
o rm i l dl y
r efi
ned
oi l
s.A
s o v e r6 m i l l i
onw
o rk
e rsi
n th
eU
ni
ted St
ates a r ee x
p
os ed
tom i
neral
oi l
s, a c c u ratem
oni
torin
g
of
oi l m i
st c on c e ntr ati
onsi
s es s e nti
al
/
^^T h
eN I O S
H
a n aly
ti
cal m
ethod f
o rm i
n e r al
oi l m i
st sp
eci fi
es sam p l
e col l
e cti
o n o npol yv
in
y l ch lori d
e(
PV C
)
,m
ixed
c el lulo s e e ste r, o r g la s s f i be r fi lte r s follo
w
ed b
yextra c t
i
on of
th
e oi l w i
th
tri
ch l
o r otri fl
u r o eth
a n e a nd i
nfi
"a r e
d
a n al y
sis
/
^H
ow
e v e r, r e centr e s e a r c
h
b
y R
am
a ch
a nd
r a n and L
eit
h
s ug g
e sts s om
em i
n e r al
oi
l
sm
ay
v ol
ati l
i
z efi
-o
m fi lt
e rm
ed i
a/
*^T h
ey
u s ed
g
l
a s sfi
b
e rfi l
te r s a nd
an el
e ctr o stati
cp
r e ci p i
tato r to s am p l
es
i
m
ult
ane o u sl
yfi
r om
a ch
am b
e r vwth
u ni f
o rm
oi l m i
st c o n c e ntr atio n
a nd f
o u nd
e x c el l
e nta
g
re em
entb
etw
e e n th
e tw
om
eth
od
sf
o r n o n-vol
ati led i
-o cty l p h
th
al
ate.H
ow
e v er,w h
e nsa
m p li
ng
am i
neral
oi l
u s ed i
nm
achi
ni
ng
op
er ati
on s, c o n centrati
on sd
eterm i
n ed fi
'
o
m
s a
m p li
ng
o ntog l
a ssfi b
e rfi l
te rsw
ere sub
s ta ntial ly l
ow
e r tha n
c on c e ntr ati
onsd
ete rm i
ned
u s
in
g
th
e ele
ctr o stati
c s am p l
er.T h
e a uth
orsh yp
oth
e si
z ed
that th i
sd i ff
e r enc ew
a sdu
e tot
h
e evap
orati
o n of
c ol l
e c t ed
oi l fi
"o
m
th
eg l
a s sfi b
erfi l
te r.I
n an ev al
u ati
on of
a n oi l m i
stfi lt
rati
on c ol l
e ctor,R
ay
n or al
s of
o und
evi d
enc eth
atm i
n er al
oi l m
ay
ev ap
or atefi
rom fi l
term
edi
ab y
th
e c ontin
ual p
a ssag
e of
ai
r th
roug h
th
efi l
ter, t
h
u s r em
o vi
ng
th
em
o r e vol
ati l
ec o
m p
onents of
th
e c ol l
e cted
oi l
. ^^^I f
v ola
ti l iz
ati
o n of m i
neral
oil fi
r om
afi l
ter o c cu rsd
u ri
ng
th
e c ol l
e cti
on of
a n8
-h
ourp
er s o n al
s am p l
e, oi l m i
st exp
o sur e of
th
ew
o rk
e rw
o ul
d b
e u nd
ere sti m
ated
.F
acto r sthat c ontr
i b
ute to th i
s e v ap
o r ati
onin
cl
ud
e tem p
eratu r e,d
eg
re e of
ai
r s aturati
onw i
th
o r
g
a ni
c vap
o r s, v el
o ci
ty
of
air a c r
o s s th
efi l
te r, c om p
o si
ti
on of
th
e oi l
, a nd
th
e si
z ed i
stri b
uti
o n of
th
e oi l m i
stT h
ep
u rp
o s e of
th i
sp
ap
e rw
a s toi
n ve sti g
ate th
e extent th
atm in
e r al
oi l
evap
or ate sfi
'o
m P V C
and g l
a s sfi b
erfi l
ters und
er c o ntr ol l
ed l
ab
o r atory
c o n
d i
tio n s
. In ad d i
ti
on, c o
l l
e cti
on via
el
ec tr ostati
cp
r e ci p i
tati
o nw
a si
n vesti g
ated
t oM
E TH
O D S
G
r a vi
m
e tri
cA
n al
ysi
sT h
re e ty p
e s of
oi l w
e r e u s ed
i
n th i
s study
:fr
e sh m i
n eral
oi l
, u s ed m i
ner al
oi l
, a nd
o
l
ei
c a ci d
.T h
efr
e sh m i
ne r al
oi l
(
M
etal L
ub ri
c a ntsC
o ,D
etr oi
t,M
I
)
w
a s a n un u s ed
s a
m
pl
e of
a n oi l
u s ed i
n a n eng i
n em
an uf
a cturi
ng p l
a nt,w h
er e a s th
e u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l h
ad
b
e en re cl
ai
m
ed fr
om
a s um p
at th
e eng i
n ep l
ant.O l
ei
c a ci d
(
F i
sh
erS
ci
enti fi
c,P i
ttsb
u rg h
,P A
)
w
a s u s ed
a s a ch
e ck f
o rl
o s s esw i
th
a r el
ati
vel y
non-vol
ati l
efl
ui d
.
E
a ch
oi l w
astested
o n 4 7
m
m
g l
assfi b
e rfi l
te r s(
E
PM
2
00
,W
h
atm
a nI
nte r n ati
on al L
td
.,
M
ai d
sto n e,E
ng l
a nd
)
,a n
d 4 7 m
m
P V C fi l
tersw i
th
a5 j
im p
o re si
z e(
G
el l m
a nS
ci
e n c e s,A
nnA
rb
or,M
E
)
.F
o r e ach
e xp
eri m
e nt, tw
o ex
p
eri m
e ntal fi l
te r s a nd
a co ntr ol fi l
te r eq
uil i b
ra ted w i
th
r o o
m
c o nd i
ti
o n sf
o r atl
e a st 1h
o u r. ^^ °'^ ^^T
h
efi l
te r sw
e r ep
a s s ed
o v e r ap
ol
oni
um
s our c eto r e
m
o v e st a ti
c ch
a rg
es a nd w
eig h
ed
on aC
ah
nM
od
el
27
el
e ctr ob
al
a nce.T h
ei
ni
ti
al
m
a s s, a s a n ave r ag
e of
th
re ew
ei g hi
ng
s,w
a s r e c ord
ed
.T h
e tw
o exp
eri m
ental fi l
te r sw
er ep l
a c ed i
n s ep
a r ate op
e n-f
a c ed
c a s s et teh
ol
de r s
(
ef fe c
ti
v ed
i
am
ete r3 9m m
)
a nd
i
ntr odu c e
d
i
nto th
e oi l m i
stl
o ad i
ng
ap pa r atu s sh
ow
ni
nF i g
u r e 1.T h
e oi l m i
stl
o ad i
ng
ap p
a ra tu sw
as a cy l i
nd ri
cal
ch
am b
er5 1
cm i
nd i
am
eter and
13
7c
m
tal l
.T h
e sb
c-j
etC
ol l i
s on neb
ul i
ze r(
B G I I
n c.,
Wa
l
th
am
,M
A
)
and
th
ehi g h
v ol
um
esa
m p l
e rw
ere s et atp
revi
ousl y d
ete rm i
ned
ai
rp
re s su re and fl
ow
rate s tol
o ad 5 m g
of
oi l
ont o t
h
efi l
t er si
n ab
ou t s evenm i
n ute s.T h
e s am p l
e sw
e rel
o ad
ed
as rap i d ly
a s r eason ab l y
p
o s si b l
e tom i
ni m i
z e a ny
e v ap
o r ati
vel
o s sd
uri
ng l
o ad i
ng
.T h
ep
u rp
ose of
th
eh i g h
vol
um
es a
m p l
e rw
asto stab
i l i
ze th
e a ero s ol
c onc entrati
on s and
tom
i
x th
e ai
ri
n th
e ch
am
be
r.F i
vesa
m p l
ew
e r e tak
en at2 L p m f
o r 8h
ou r s at th
e c u r r e ntA C G I H
th
r e sh
ol d l i m i
t v al
u e of
5m g / m
^f
orm i
n er al
oi l m i
st.A f t
e rl
oad in
g
, th
efi h
e r sw
e re r em
o v ed fr
om
th
e ch
am b
e r a nd i m m
ed ia
tel
yw
ei g h
ed
o n t
h
eC
ah
nm i
cr ob
al
a n c e t od
eterm i
n e th
em
a s s of
th
el
oad
ed fi l
te r.Su
b
tr ac tio n
of
th
ei
nit
i
al
m
a s s of
th
efi l
te rfr
om
th
em
a s s of
th
elo a
d
ed fi lt
e r yie
l d
ed
th
em
a s s of
oil
on th
efi l
ter .T h
en th
e exp
erim
ental fi l
te r s and
th
e c ontrol fi l
terw
er ep l
a c ed i
n cl
o s ed
-
f
a c ed fi lt
e rc a sset t es
i
n th
e exp
eri m
ental
ap p
a r atu s sh
ow
nin
Fi g
u r e2
,w h
e r e ai
rfl
ow
ed
ac ro ss ea ch
fi l
t erf
o r 4h
ou r s at 1.5 l it
e rsp
erm i
nu t e. Th is
fl
ow
r ate r ep
re s entsth
em i d p
oin
t of
th
er e co
m
m
e nd
ed fl
ow
r ang
egi
v eni
n th
eN I O SH
anal
y tic a
l m
eth
od f
orm i
ner al
oil
; th
e tim
ep
eri
od
r ep
r e s ents th
e a v erag
e a sp i
r ati
on tim
ef
o r an8
-h
o ur s am p l
e.
A ft
erf
o u rh
ou rs e a ch
fi l
te rw
as rew
ei g h
ed
th
r e e ti m
es on the
m i
c rob
al
a n c e a nd
th
e r e sp
e ctiv
em
a ss of
ea ch fi lt
e rw
a s r e c o rd
ed
a s th
e aver ag
e of
th
e th
re ew
ei g hi
ng
s.Su
b
tr a cti
o n of
th
ein
it
ia
l m
as s of
th
efi l
te rfr
om
th i
s aver ag
ew
ei g h
ty i
el d
ed
th
em
a s s of
oi l
r em
ain
i
ng
aft
e rf
o u rh
ou r s.A l l fi
n al
m
a s se sw
ere c orrected f
or any
ch
ang
e si
n th
em
a s s of
th
e c ontr ol fi l
te r.T hi
sp
ro c ed
u rew
a sp
erf
orm
ed
atl
e a st tw ic e
f
or e a ch
oi l
-fi l
te r c o
m b i
nati
o n to obt
ain
atle
astf
o u rd
atap
oi
ntsf
o r e ach
oi l
-fi l
ter c o
m b i
n ati
o n.T h
eg
r avi m
etri
cp
roc ed
u r e u sed h
e r e tod
ete rm i
ne th
em
as s of
oil
o n afi l
terd
evi
ate sfr
om
th
eN
I O SH
sp
e cifi
c ati
on of
s ol
ve nt e xtra cti
onf
ol l
ow
ed
b
y i
nfr
a r ed
s
p
e ctr og
rap h i
c anal y
sis.T
od
ete rm in
e them
a s slo s
tf
rom
afi l
ter, an
i
ni
tia
l
and fi
nal m
a s sa r e r equ
ir e
d
. B ec a u s e s olv e n
t ex tr ac ti
o n r em
o v e s th
e oil fr
om
thefi lt
e r, t
h
eN
IO SH
e xtr act
io n
m
eth
od
c o ul d
n otb
e us ed
tom
oni
tor th
em
a s s of
oi l
o n the s a
m
efi l
te rb
oth
E l
ectr o stati
cP
r e ci p i
tat orT h
e oi l m i
s tlo a
d i
ng
ap p
a ratu si
nF i g
u r e 1w
a sm
odi fi
ed
to a c c om m
od
ate ane
l
ec tro stati
cp
reci p i
tator(M
SA C
o ,P it
tsb
u rg h,
P A
)
.A
n exp
e ri m
e ntal
c ol l
e cti
o n cy l i
nd
eran
d
c o ntr ol
cylin
d
e rw
e r ew
ei g h
ed i
nit
i
al l
y on aM
et tl
e rA E
2 0 0b
al
a n c e.T h
ee x
p
e ri
m
ental cy l i
nd
erw
asp l
aced i
n th
eh
e ad
a s s em b l y
of
thep
re cip i
tator and p l
ac ed i
n them i
stlo a
d
in
g
ap p
ar atu s.T h
e el
e ctro static
p
r e cip i
tator ranf
or3 0 m i
nute s at8 5 l it
ersp
erm i
nut e, thep
re ci p i
ta t or 's
d
e si g
n ed fl
ow
.T h
e n th
e e xp
e ri m
ental
cy l i
nd
e rw
a s rem
o v ed
fi
-o
m
th
eh
ead
ass em b l
y a nd
r ew
ei g h
ed
tod
eterm i
n e th
em
a ss at ti m
e z e ro .S
ub
tr a ctio
n of
t
h
ein
i
ti
al m
a s s of
th
e tub
ef
rom
th
em
ass at ti m
e z er oy i
el
d
ed
th
em
a s s of
oi l
c ol le c
ted
ont
h
e c>
'l i
n
d
er.T h
e cy l i
nd
e rw
a s r etu rn ed
to th
eh
e ad
a s s em
b
l y
a nd
r o om
ai
rp
a s s ed
th
r o ug
h
it
and
a c ontr ol
cyl i
nd
e rf
o rf
ou rh
ou r s at8 5 l it
e rsp
e rm i
n ute.A
ft
e rf
o u rh
o u rs , th
ecy
l i
nd
e rsw
e r e r ew
ei g h
ed
tod
ete rm i
ne th
efi
nal m
a s s on e ach
tub
e.T h
em
a s sl
o stw
asd
e t erm i
ned
b
y
th
ed i f f
eren c eb
etw
e en th
ei
ni
tia
l
and fi
nal m
as s es.C h
a ng
esi
n th
ew
ei g h
to
f
th
e c ontrol
cy l i
nd
e rw
er e u sed
to cor r e ct th
efi
n al m
a s s on th
e e xp
eri m
ental
cy l i
nd
er.Si
zeD
i
stri
b
uti
o nT h
e si
zed
i
stri
b
uti
on of
e a ch
oil m
i
stw
a sm
e a s u r ed
u sing
anA
ero siz er
(
A
m
h
erstP
r oce s sI
nstrum
e nts,I
n c.,H
ad le
y
,M
A
)
.T h
e s em
e a sur em
entsw
erem
ad
ei
n th
e oi l m i
stlo
ad i
ng
ch
am b
e r und
e r c ond it
i
ons ap p
r oxi
m
ati
ng
th
o s e of
th
e exp
eri m
ents.V
ap
orP
res s ureT h
e v ap
o rp
re s su r e of
th
ef
re sh
and
u s ed m i
ner al
oi
l w
erem
e a s ur ed
u si
ng
aM
cL
e od
ga ug
e and
va cuum p
um p
. Th
e vap
o rp
r e s s u re of
th
e ol
eic
a ci d w
a s c al
c ul
ated
fi
R E SU L T S
F
i g
u r e 3 sh
ow
s th
ep
e r centag
e of
oi l l
o stfr
om
th
eg l
a s sfi b
er and P V C fi l
te r s a nd
fr
om
th
e el
ectrostati
cp
re ci p i
tato r.T h
efr
e sh m i
ner al
oi l h
ad
a n a v er ag
el
o s s of
a
p p
r oxi
m
atel
y 3 5%
f
o r th
eP V C
a nd g l
a s sfi b
e rfi l
te r s,w h
e r eas th
e u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l l
o sta
p p
r o xim
atel y 12
%
.T h
e rel
ati
v el y
non
-vo
l
ati l
e ol
ei
c a ci d l
o st onl y 6
%
of i
ts ori g i
nal
m
a s s.F i g
ur e3
sh
ow
s th
e oi l l
o ssf
o r th
e el
e ctr o stati
cp
r e ci p i
tato rw
a s ab
ou th
al f
of
th
atf
or th
efi l
te rsth
at c ol l
e cted fr
e sh
o r u s ed m i
neral
oi l
.T h
e rew
a s no ap p
a rentd i f f
er enc eb
etw
eenl
o s sf
or th
e el
e ctro stati
cp
r eci p i
tat or and l
os sf
o rb
o th fi l
te rsf
o r ol
ei
c aci d
.A
n al y
si
s of
vari
a n cew
a s u sed
tod
eterm i
n ei f
th
e tr e nd
si
nF i g
u r e3 w
er est at
i
sti
call y
si g
ni fi
can t.T h
e a n al y
si
s of
vari
a n c er eq
ui
r e s th
e vari
anc e of
th
ed
ep
end
e nt v a ri
ab l
ei
n th
eg
roup
sb
ei
ng
com p
ared
tob
e th
e sam
e.T h i
sr eq
ui
rem
entw
asm
et aft
er tak i
ng
th
el
og
s of
th
ed
ata,w h i
ch
stabi l i
z ed
th
e v a ri
a nc ei
n th
ed
ep
end
ent v a ri
ab l
e.T
w
om
od
el
sw
e r e anal y
zed
T h
efi
rstm
od
el
exam
i
ned l
o s sfr
om
th
efi l
te r s :In
(
%
of
oil ma s s lo st)
= oil typ e +f
il
te r ty pe +(
oil
typ e*fi
lte r typ
e)
+ ma s s ori gin al ly o nfi
lte rO il
ty p
ew
a s th
e o nl y
si g
ni fi
c antf
a c t ori
n th
em
od
el
(
p
<0
.0 0 0 5
)
.
F
r e sh m i
n er al
oi l l
o stm
or em
a s sth
an th
e u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l
(
p
< 0.0 00 5
)
and
ol
ei
c a ci d
(
p
<0
.0 0
05
)
; u s e
d m i
ner al
o
i l l
o stm
orem
as s th
an ol
ei
c aci d
(
p
=0
.0 0 4
)
.T h
em
a s s of
oi l
ori g i
n al ly
on th
efi l
terd i
d
not s
i g
ni fi
c a ntly
af f
e ct th
ep
e r c e ntag
e of m
a s sl
o st(
p
=0
.5 0 0
)
.A l
th
oug h F i g
u re3
s ug g
ests th
atm
or e oi l
w
a sl
o stfr
om
th
eP V C fi l
te rs, th i
sdi f f
e renc ew
a s not si g
ni fi
c ant(
p
=
0
.5 9 4)
I
n(
%
oil m
as sl
o st)
= c ol l
e cto r ty p
e + o r ig
in al m
as sl
oad
ed
on c ol l
e cto rA
nal y
sis of
v ari
a n c e re v e al
ed
a si g
ni fi
c antd i ff
e r e n c eb
etw
e en ele c
tr o stati
c and fi l
te rco
l l
ec ti
o n(
p
=0
.01
3)
f
orfi
^e s
h m i
n e r al
oi l
,w i
th
th
e el
e ctr o stati
cp
reci p i
ta t orl
o sing l
e s so
i l
. Th
e s am
e a n al
ysi
s fo r ol
eic a ci d
r e v e al
ed
n od
iff
e r e n c eb
etw e e n el
e ctr o stati
cp
r eci p i
tati
on a nd fi l
te r c ol l
ecti
on(
p
= 0 4 26
)
.O
n e of
th
ef
ou rd
atap
oi
ntsf
or th
e ele
ctr o stati
cp
r eci p i
t ator and
used m i
neral
oi l
w
a s a n eg
ati
vep
erc e nt r em
ov al
(
i
e. th
e cy l i
nd
e rw
ei g h
ti
n cr e a s ed
sl i g h
tl y
)
D
ele
tin
g
th is
d
atap
oi
nt and
u si
ng
th
ep
r evi
ou sm
od
el
reve al
ed
a si g
ni fi
cantd iff
e r e n c eb
etw
e ene
l
e ctr o stati
cp
r e ci p i
tati
o n a nd fi l
te r c ol l
e cti
o n(
p
= 0.0 38
)
,w i
th th
e el
e ctr o stati
cp
r eci p i
t atorl
o si
ng l
e s s oil
to evap
or ati
o nT h
e ori gi
nal m
a s sl
o ad
ed w
a snot sig
ni fi
c a ntf
or a ny
of
th
e oi l
s te sted
,p
=0
.
4 9 7
.T h
e si
zed is
tri b
uti
onf
or e ach
oi l m i
stis sh
ow
ni
nF i g
u re4
.T h
ed i
stri b
uti
onf
ort
h
efi
-e sh an
d
u sed m i
n eral
oi
l m
atch
v ery w
el l
.R
el
ati
ve to th
em i
neral
oi l d i
stri
b
uti
ons,t
h
e ol
ei
c a ci d d i
stri b
uti
onh
a sf
ew e rp
a rtic
l
e si
n th
e size rang
e sg
re ater th
a n1
.5 ]
xm
, a nd
m
or ep
a rtic
l
e si
n th
e si
ze ra nge sl
e ss th
an 1.5
\xm
.T h
e v ap
o rp
r essu re of
th
efi
^es
h
a nd
u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l
sw
a sl
e s s th
a n 1 0 0 |im
H
g
at2
0
°C
.T h
e vap
orp
re s su r e of
ol
ei
c a ci d
at 2 0 °D
ISC U S SI O
N
G
r a vi
m
etri
cA
n al y
si
s of F i l
te rsM
i
n e r al
oi l i
s a c om p l
exm i
x tu r e of
org
a ni
c c om p
o u nd
s.T h
e sh
o rte r ch
ai
nh y d
r o c arb
o n si
nm i
n e r al
oi l h
av eh i g h
er v ap
orp
re s su re s and
th
u s vol
ati l i
zem
or e r e ad
i ly
t
h
an th
eh
e a vi
e rfr
a cti
ons.A
s th
el i g h
t erfr
a cti
ons a re rem
oved
v \d
th
ti m
e, t
h
e oi l b
e c om
e sl
e ssl i k
el y
to vol
atil i
z e.T h
e s e trend
s ar e s e e ni
nF i g
u re3
.T h
efr
e sh m i
n e ral
oi l l
o sta
p p
r o xi
m
a t el y
35
%
of i
t s ori g i
nal m
a s s,w h
e r e a s th
e use
d m i
n e ral
oi l
,w h i
ch h
ad p
ro
b
ab l y
a
l
read y l
o sti
tsl i g h
terfr
a cti
ons to evap
orati
on,
l
o st si g
ni fi
c antly l
e s sm
a s s.P
ai
rw i
s ec o
m p
ari
s o n s c o nfi
rm
ed
th
at th
e s e tr end
sw
ere sta ti
sti
cal ly
si g
ni fi
c a nt.T h
e c o nti
nu al
p
a s s ag
e of
ai
r th
r oug h
th
efi l
te rd
uri
ng
s am p l i
ng
stri p p
ed
off
th
em
ore v ol
ati l
e c om p
one ntso
f
th
e oi l
, a nd
th
er eb y
r ed
u ced
th
e
m
ass o n th
efi l
te r.T h
e s e r esul
t s sug g
e st th
atw
ork
ere x
p
o s u re tom i
n e r al
oi l m i
stm
ay b
e si g
ni fi
c a ntl
y u nd
e r e sti m
ated w h
e n s am p l i
ng m i
ner al
o
i l m i
stw i
th g l
assfi b
e r o r PV C fi l
te r sM
i g
r ati
o n of m i
n eral
oil
th
ro ug h
th
efi l
te r sd
uri
ng
th
e c o urs e of
th
e exp
eri m
e ntsc o u
l d
,i
np
ri
nci p l
e,h
aved i
sto rted
th
e re sul
ts.H
ow
ever , th
e r e s ul
t sfr
om
th
e exp
eri m
e ntssu
g g
e stm i g
r ati
o nw
asi
n cons eq
uenti
al
.I f l
o ss esw
e re af
u ncti
on of m i g
r ati
on th
r o ug h
th
efi l
te r a nd
n ot ev ap
o r ati
on,
l
o s s sh
oul d h
ave
b
e enj
ust a sg
r e atw i
th
th
e rel
ati
vely
n o n¬v o
l
atil
e ol
ei
c a ci d
a sw i
th
th
em i
n e r al
oi l
.F i g
u r e 3 sh
ow
s thi
sw
a s n ot th
e c a s e.F i
n al l
y,
M
eni
chi
ni
^^ "^f
ou nd
th
ei
n c r ea sed w
ei g h
t of b
a ck
-up fi l
ter s, th
atp
re sum
ab l y
c ol l
e cted
m i g
r ated l i q
ui d
,w
a s al w
ay
sl
e s s th
an1
%
of
th
at of
th
efr
ontfi l
te rsw h
e nl
o ad i
ng
up
to1
5m g
of m i
neral
oi l
on3 7 m m g l
a s sfi b
erfi l
ter s.S i
nc e th
e targ
etm
assi
n th
e s eex
p
e ri
m
e ntsw
a s5 m g
, th
ep
ote nti
al f
o rm i g
r ati
o n th
r o ug h
th
e4 7 m
m
fi l
te r s sh
o ul d h
a v eb
e en sm
al l
.E
l
e ctr o stati
c Pr e ci
pi
tat orE l
ectro s tati
c c ol l
ecti
o n r esul
t si
n th
e ac c um
ul
ati
o n of
oi l d
r op l
ets o n th
ei
nsi d
e of
ac
y l i
nd
ri
c al
tub
e.O
n c e on th
e tub
e, t
h
e oi l d
r op l
ets c o al
e scei
nto afi l m
S i
n c e th
e su rf
a c ea r e a o
f
th
efi l m i
sm
u ch l
e s s th
a n th
e ag gr egate s u rf
a c e a r e a of
al l
th
ed
r opl
ets c ol l
e cted
o na
fi l
te r,l
ess e v ap
or at
i
vel
o s si
s e xp
e cted
.I
n ad d i
ti
o n, th
e satu r ati
o n v ap
orp
r es su rere
q
ui
r ed
t om
ai
ntai
n eq
ui li b
ri
um b
etw
ee n th
e v ap
or and li q
ui d i
sg
r eaterw h
en th
el i q
ui d
su r
f
acei
s sh
a rp l y
cu r v ed
th
anf
or afl
atl i q
ui d
su rf
a ce.^ ^
T h
us, th
ef
o rm
ati
on of
afi l m
i
nsi
d
e th
e el
e ctr o stati
cp
r e ci p i
tato r c ol l
ecti
o n cy l i
nd
e r,w h i
ch i
s r el
ati
vel y fl
at c om p
ar ed
tot
h
e s u rf
a c e of
th
e sm
al l d
r op l
ets c ol l
e cted w i
th i
n th
efi l
ter ,m
ay f
u rth
e r r ed
u ce evap
or ati
vel
o ssfi
-o
m
th
e el
e ctro sta ti
cp
re ci p i
tator.T h
e re sul
ts of
th
e el
e ctro stati
cp
reci p i
tati
on exp
eri m
e nts c o nfi
rm
ed
th
e s ee x
p
e ctati
on s.T h
e a v e r ag
el
o s s of fi
"e s
h m i
n e r al
oi l fi
-o
m P V C
a nd g l
as sfi b
e rfi l
te r sw
a sm
ore th
an th
atw i
th
th
e el
e ctro stati
cp
r eci p i
tator(
p
=0 0 13
)
; sim i l
arly
, th
el
o s s of
u s ed
m i
neral
oi l w
asm
orefi
"o
m
th
efi l
ter s th
anfi
-o
m
th
ep
reci p i
tato r(
p
=0
.0 3 8
)
.T h
e rel
ati
v ely
n o n-v o
l
ati
l
e ol
ei
c a cid
sh
ow
ed
n odiff
er e n c eb
etw
e e n th
e tw
om
eth
od
s(
p
=0
.4 2 6
)
.Sm
all p
arti
cl
e s ev ap
oratem
o r e re adi l
y th
a nl
a rg
ep
a rti
cl
e s.T h
e si
z ed i
s tri b
uti
on so
f fi
-e s
h
and
u s ed m i
n e r al
oi l m i
stm
e a su r ed b y
th
eA
e ro si
zerw
ere al m
osti d
e nti
c al
.T h
er ef
o r e, th
ed i ff
e r enc ei
n oi l m
a s sl
ostb
etw
e en th
es e tw
oi
s not at tri b
utab l
e tod
i f f
e r en c e si
n th
ed
rop l
et si
ze.F i g
u re4
sh
ow
s th
at ol
ei
c a ci d h
ad f
ew
erl
arg
erd
rop l
ets th
anf
r e sh
or u sed m i
n e r al
o
i l
; th
u s, on th
eb
a si
s of
si
zed i
stri b
uti
on al
on e, ol
ei
c a ci d
sh
oul d h
a v eb
e e nm
or ep
rone t oeva
p
or ati
on th
a n th
em i
neral
oil
s.H
ow
eve r,F ig
u re3
sh
ow
sth
atl
e s s r ath
e r th
anm
o r eo
l
ei
c a ci
d
e v ap
o r ated
th
a n o c c u r r ed f
or th
em i
n e r al
oi l
s.T h
u s th
ed if f
e r e n c ei
n v ol
ati li
ty
b
etw
e en ol
ei
c a cid
a nd
th
em i
n e r al
oi l
si
s a str o nge rd
ete rm i
n a nt of
e v ap
o r ati
v el
o s s th
a nt
h
edi f f
ere n c e si
n th
ei
r si
zed i
stri b
uti
o n s.C O
N
C L
U
S I O
N
S
A l l
th
e oi l
s u s ed i
n thi
si
n v es tig
ati
o nh
ad l
ow
v ap
o rp
res s u r e s u nd
e r r o om
c on
d i
ti
on s, and
s ow
o ul d
not norm
al l
yb
e th
oug h
t to e v ap
orate.A m i
st of
th
ese oi l
s,
h
ow
ever ,h
as s og
r e at a su rf
ac e are a th
at ag g
reg
ate ev ap
orati
onfr
om
al l d
rop l
etsw
a sa
p
preci
ab l
e.F
r e sh m i
n eral
oi l l
o ad
ed
a s an ae ro s ol
ontog l
assf i b
er orP V C fi l
tersl
o st ab
ou t3 5
%
of i
ts ori
g i
nal m
a s sw h
e n s ub
j
e cted
to afl
ow
r ate of 1
.5 L p m f
o r4 h
o ur s.
T hi
sfi
ndi
ng
s ug g
e s t sw
ork
e r exp
o su re tom i
neral
oi l m i
stm
e a su red
a c c ord i
ng
to th
e cu r r e ntN I O S
H
an al y
ti
cal m
eth
od b y
c ol l
ecti
on ong l
as sfi b
e r orP V C fi l
te r sm
ay
u nd
e resti m
atet
h
e tr u em i
s t c on c e ntra ti
o ni f
th
em i
ner al
oi l
c o ntai
n s v ol
atil
efr
acti
ons.E l
e ctr ostati
cc o
l l
e cti
o n of
oi l m i
st re s ul
ted i
n si g
ni fi
c antl y l
e s s ev ap
or ati
on th
anfi h
er c ol l
e cti
o n.T
h
e s e re s ul
ts n e ed
tob
e c onfi
rm
ed b y
afi
el d
stud y i
n ap l
a ntw h
ere oi l m i
sti
sp
r e s entw i
th
si m
ul
tane o u s s am p l i
ng by fi l
te rs and
an el
ectro stati
cp
r e ci p i
tator .D i
sp
ar atec o n c entr at
i
o nm
e a s urem
e ntsb
et we enfi l
ter and
el
ectro stati
c c ol l
e cti
onm
eth
od
sw
oul d
fi
i rth
er s ug g
e st oi l
v ol
ati l i
zesfr
om
th
efi l
te rs.F
a c t o r sw i
th i
n ap l
ant th
atw
oul d
af f
ect th
em
ag
ni
tud
e of
e v ap
o rati
oni
ncl
ud
ete
m p
e r ature, c onc entrati
o n of
org
a ni
c vap
orsi
n th
e ai
r,m i
n e ral
oi l
c om p
o si
ti
on, and
th
es
i
zed
i
stri
b
uti
o n of
th
e oi
l
m i
st.I
nc r e a s ed
tem p
eratu rew i l l
r esul
ti
nhi g h
er v ap
o rp
r e s s ure s a nd
th
u sm
o r e e v ap
o r ati
o n,w hi l
e th
e s aturat