Sci 30 Chem B1 Review Question Booklet Sept 2014

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S

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You may find the following Internet sites useful:

• Alberta Education, http://www.education.gov.ab.ca

• Learning Resources Centre, http://www.lrc.education.gov.ab.ca

• Tools4Teachers, http://www.tools4teachers.ca

Science 30

Unit B: Chemistry and the Environment Assignment Booklet B1

Chapter 1 Assignment

summary

Teacher’s comments

Total Possible

Marks

Your Mark

Chapter 1

Assignment 100

Exploring the electronic information superhighway can be educational and entertaining. However, be aware that these computer networks are not censored. Students may unintentionally or purposely find articles on the Internet that may be offensive or inappropriate. As well, the sources of information are not always cited and the content may not be accurate. Therefore, students may wish to confirm facts with a second source.

This document is intended for

Students ✓

Teachers ✓

Administrators

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Copyright © 2007, Alberta Education. This resource is owned by the Crown in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Education, Alberta Education, 10155 – 102 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 4L5. All rights reserved.

This resource was developed by or for Alberta Education. It may be reproduced in any form, including photocopying, without written permission from Alberta Education provided that associated copyright notices are also reproduced.

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assignmenT BookleT B1

science 30: UniT B

chapTer 1 assignmenT

This Assignment Booklet is worth 100 marks out of the total 172 marks for the assignments in Unit A. The value of each assignment and each question is stated in the left margin.

Read all parts of your assignment carefully, and record your answers in the appropriate places. If you have difficulty with an assignment, go back to the textbook and review the appropriate lesson. Be sure to proofread your answers carefully before submitting your Assignment Booklet.

chapter 1 assignment: acid Deposition

For questions 1 and 2, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

1. What product of the combustion of a hydrocarbon occurs only when the supply of oxygen is limited?

A. carbon dioxide B. carbon monoxide C. nitrogen dioxide D. sulfur dioxide

2. Which of the following emission(s) occurs when any fuel is burned at a high temperature in the presence of air?

A. CO gas B. NO_x gases C. particulates D. oxides of sulfur

3. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. combustion ii. greenhouse gas iii. hemoglobin iv. oxide

a. a chemical substance consisting of oxygen atoms and other types of atoms

b. a rapid chemical process involving oxygen whose products are a major source of emissions

c. a substance in the blood that normally transports oxygen but which readily binds with carbon monoxide

d. carbon dioxide or another substance in the atmosphere that absorbs infrared radiation (heat), thereby preventing its loss

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4. In the investigation “Comparing the Effects of the Products of Cellular Respiration and Combustion,” the gaseous products of cellular respiration and combustion were bubbled through a solution of bromothymol blue and water. Explain why the solution colour changed.

5. Balance the following equations by providing the whole number coefficients in each blank.

a. C₉H₂₀(g) + O₂(g) Æ CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)

b. C₆H₁₄(g) + O₂(g) Æ CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)

6. List four natural processes that add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

7. Several factors are used to establish environmental quality standards in Alberta. List four of these factors.

Return to page 4 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.2. 3

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For questions 8 to 15, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

8. Which of the following improves the validity of an experiment?

A. performing frequent calibration checks

B. repeating tests with both positive and negative experimental controls C. practising techniques and using equipment before the experiment

D. performing the experiment using methods others have successfully used in the same situation

9. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride was found to be a conductor of electricity. When the solution was tested with both blue and red litmus paper, neither one changed colour. Based on these observations, the salt solution is

A. acidic and ionic B. basic and molecular C. neutral and ionic D. neutral and molecular

10. The following acids were prepared with a concentration of 0.10 mol/L and at a temperature of 25°C.

I. oxalic acid II. benzoic acid III. boric acid

IV. hydrofluoric acid

According to the “Table of Acids and Bases,” which of these acids is the strongest?

A. I B. II C. III D. IV

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11. Use the following chart to complete this question.

60ºN

30ºN

0º 90ºN

30ºS

60ºS

90ºS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Global Sulfur Emissions (1998)

Percentage

anthropogenic marine

terrestrial volcanic

biomass burning

According to the “Global Sulfur Emissions (1998)” chart, around which latitude is the least anthropogenic emission of sulfur present?

A. 75°N B. 30°N C. 60°S D. 75°S

12. Vinegar has a pH of 2 and milk has a pH of 6. Based on these pH values, how does the hydronium-ion concentration in vinegar compare to that in milk?

A. Vinegar has one-third the concentration of hydronium ions. B. Vinegar has 3 times the concentration of hydronium ions. C. Vinegar has 1000 times the concentration of hydronium ions. D. Vinegar has 10 000 times the concentration of hydronium ions.

13. A sample of rainwater has a pH of 5.30. What is its hydronium-ion concentration?

A. 4.9 ¥ 10-6 mol/L B. 5.0 ¥10-6 mol/L C. 5.3 ¥10-5 mol/L D. 5.5 ¥10-5 mol/L

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14. A shampoo has a hydronium-ion concentration of 1.9 ¥ 10-6. What is its pH?

A. -1.00 B. -5.72 C. 5.72 D. 1.00

15. A student tested a solution with the indicators methyl orange and litmus. During the testing, the student observed that the methyl orange indicator turned yellow and the litmus indicator turned red. The observations suggest that the solution’s pH is between

A. 2.8 and 3.2 B. 3.2 and 4.4 C. 4.4 and 4.5 D. 4.5 and 8.3

16. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Electrolytic solutions conduct electricity.

b. Dissociation occurs due to the electrostatic repulsion between charged ions of the solute and the charges on water molecules.

c. An acid present in a food adds a bitter taste to its flavour.

d. Basic solutions feel slippery.

i. blue litmus paper ii. conductivity meter iii. fire-pit ashes

iv. red litmus paper

a. used to identify acids

b. used to identify bases

c. used to identify electrolytes

d. traditionally used to adjust the colour of dyes from berries, leaves, and bark

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i. acid ii. base

iii. dry deposition iv. ionic compound

v. molecular compound vi. wet deposition

a. a chemical substance formed from a metal and a non-metal

b. a chemical substance formed from non-metals

c. gases or particles removed from the atmosphere that are transported by winds and absorbed by Earth’s surface

d. gases or particles removed from the atmosphere that dissolve in water

e. the substance that accepts or gains a hydrogen ion from another substance during a chemical reaction

f. the substance that donates or loses a hydrogen ion to another substance during a chemical reaction

19. During the production of fertilizer, NH₃(aq) reacts with H₃PO₄(aq). For this chemical reaction, match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. acid ii. base

iii. conjugate acid iv. conjugate base

a. H₂PO₄-(aq)

b. H₃PO₄(aq)

c. NH₃(aq)

d. NH₄+(aq)

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20. Based on Arrhenius’s theory, explain why CaCl₂(aq) can be considered a neutral solution rather than an acidic solution or a basic solution.

21. In an experiment, ammonia gas NH₃(g) was bubbled through distilled water.

Some of the dissolved ammonia gas, NH₃(aq), reacted with the water to form the aqueous ammonia ions, NH₄+(aq). When red litmus paper was placed in contact with the aqueous solution, the paper turned blue. This indicated a basic solution.

Use the “Table of Acids and Bases” on page 173 of the textbook to complete the following questions.

a. Identify the acid and base in the reaction between dissolved ammonia gas, NH₃(aq), and water. Explain your answer.

b. Identify the conjugate acid and conjugate base of the reaction. Explain your answer.

c. Write the complete chemical equation for the reaction between NH₃(aq) and H₂O(l).

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22. The oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen can be harmful when released into the atmosphere. Why are these oxides so harmful? Give one reason that applies to all these oxides.

Return to page 6 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.3.

For questions 23 to 29, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

23. A student sketched a graph of the relationship between the hydronium-ion concentration and the concentration of nitrates in rainwater.

Hydr

onium Ion Concentration

Concentration of Nitrates

Concentration of Nitrates in Rainwater Versus Hydronium-Ion Concentration

According to this graph, the connection between the variables is best described as

A. a direct variation B. an exponential variation C. an indirect variation D. no relationship

24. Which rock type is common to areas with the highest potential to reduce acid deposition?

A. intrusive B. metamorphic C. sedimentary D. volcanic

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25. Which of the following regions or provinces of Canada has the greatest proportion of soils or bedrock with high buffering capacity?

A. Alberta B. Quebec

C. southern Ontario

D. coastal mountains of BC

Use the table “Agricultural Plants and Soil pH for Optimal Growth” to complete questions 26 and 27.

Plant Soil pH for Optimal Growth

alfalfa 6.5 to 7.0

barley 6.3 to 6.5

blueberries 4.5

canola 5.5 to 8.3

clover 5.8 to 6.2

corn 5.8 to 6.2

oats 5.8 to 6.2

pasture grass 5.5 to 6.2

sugar beets 6.5 to 8.0

potatoes 5.2 to 8.0

wheat 5.5 to 6.5

AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND SOIL pH FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH

26. Which crop best tolerates a highly acidic soil?

A. blueberries B. canola C. clover D. corn

27. Which of the following crops can grow optimally in a highly alkaline soil?

A. alfalfa B. canola C. potatoes D. sugar beets

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28. What insoluble substance do hydronium ions chemically interact with in soil to produce aluminium ions?

A. aluminium sulfate B. aluminium oxide C. aluminium hydroxide D. sodium hydroxide

29. In the Arctic food chain, polar bears consume seals, seals consume fish, fish consume krill, and krill consumes phytoplankton. Which level of this food chain has the highest concentration of mercury?

A. fish B. krill C. polar bear D. seal

i. alkaline

ii. biomagnification iii. buffering

iv. buffering capacity v. jet stream

vi. leaching

a. a measure of the amount of acid that can be neutralized by surface water or soil

b. an air current located at the boundary between major air masses

c. having the properties of a base

d. the extraction of a substance from a solid by dissolving the substance in a liquid

e. a chemical reaction to minimize a change to the hydronium-ion concentration in soil or water

f. the tendency of a pollutant to appear at higher concentrations at higher levels in a food chain

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31. According to a student’s hypothesis, the pH of rainwater near emissions of sulfur oxides would be less than the normal pH of 5.6. Explain why the student’s hypothesis is reasonable.

32. Explain why the wind from the northeastern United States often carries polluted air into Ontario and Quebec.

33. When you made observations for the investigation “Acid Deposition and Its Effect on Simulated Lake Water—Demonstration” on page 191 of the textbook, samples of simulated lake water were exposed to SO₂(g). Two graduated cylinders containing samples of simulated lake water had CaCO₃(s) added. Describe the effect of the added CaCO₃(s).

34. Explain how calcium carbonate functions as a buffer. Include a chemical reaction in your explanation.

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35. Explain why a change in soil pH can make soil nutrients unavailable to plant roots.

36. Mercury is one metal that can reach toxic levels in ecosystems. Mercury can reach such toxic levels through leaching brought about by acid deposition. List four other metals that can reach toxic levels through acid deposition.

37. Name an organism (or a group of organisms) that is negatively affected by a high concentration of aluminium ions in the soil or water. Describe the effect.

For questions 38 to 40, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

38. Which of the following information items provides qualitative data rather than quantitative data?

A. average number of spots present on leaf surfaces B. cloudiness of fish eyes

C. population of deer D. soil pH

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39. In the following table, a student recorded the data from titrations performed by four groups in her class.

VolUme oF sTanDarD solUTion

Trial Final (ml) initial (ml) added (ml)

1 13.1 1.20 1.

2 13.20 1.2 11.

3 13. 1.2 12.30

21. .0 11.

The final readings were made as close as possible to the endpoint. To use only the three most consistent results, which trial should not be used in the student’s analysis?

A. Trial 1 B. Trial 2 C. Trial 3 D. Trial 4

40. Which acid is the weakest?

A. phosphoric acid B. oxalic acid C. nitric acid D. methanoic acid

41. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Sulfuric acid is a weak acid.

b. Methyl orange is a weak acid.

c. Hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonic acid stabilize the pH of human blood.

d. Hydrochloric acid is a weak acid.

e. Bromothymol blue is an acid-base indicator.

f. A weak acid reacts more quickly with magnesium metal than does a strong acid.

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i. Erlenmeyer flask ii. burette

iii. weak acid iv. strong acid

v. titration vi. indicator

a. a conical-shaped glass container in which the test solution and indicator are swirled during a titration

b. a graduated tube-shaped piece of glassware used to release a standardized solution to a test solution during a titration

c. a substance used in a titration to indicate when the endpoint is reached

d. a technique used to find the concentration of a test solution by adding a standardized solution to it

e. a type of acid that completely reacts with water

f. a type of acid that only partially reacts with water

43. Among Canada’s First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people there is a kind of holistic knowledge. When dealing with environmental issues, this knowledge serves as a valuable complement to the knowledge obtained through methods used by scientists. Indicate the term used to refer to this holistic type of knowledge.

44. To identify which contains more acid—vinegar or lemon juice—neutralization with sodium hydroxide can be used. Explain how.

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45. In a titration to determine the concentration of hydronium ions in a test solution, the test solution was titrated with a 0.250 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Over several titrations using 40.0 mL of test solution each time, an average of 10.5 mL of sodium hydroxide solution was used to reach the endpoint.

a. Calculate the molar concentration of thehydroniumion in the test solution. Show your work.

b. Determine the pH of the test solution. Show your work.

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46. Strong and weak acids are produced from sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. List two weak acids and two strong acids resulting from these emissions.

For questions 47 and 48, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

47. Which of the following 0.100 mol/L solutions has the lowest ability to remove acid-forming gases from a mixture of gases?

A. sodium hydroxide B. sodium chloride C. sodium carbonate D. ammonia

48. Suppose a catalyst in a catalytic converter becomes “poisoned” by lead or sulfur in the fuel. Which gaseous component would be found in a greater concentration in the exhaust as the result of a poisoned catalyst?

A. O₂(g) B. NO_x(g) C. H₂O(g) D. CO₂(g)

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i. catalytic converter ii. electrostatic precipitator iii. fly ash

iv. lime v. limestone vi. scrubber

a. a device that removes one or more components from a mixture of gases by passing the mixture through other substances in which selected components are absorbed and separated from the other gases

b. a device that uses electric fields to collect particles suspended in exhaust gases when pulverized coal is burned

c. an emission-control device used to remove NO_x, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust

d. calcium carbonate

e. calcium oxide

f. small particles of sand and other unburned material that remain suspended in exhaust gases when pulverized coal is combusted

50. In liming, calcium hydroxide may be added to soil to improve its pH. Write the balanced chemical equation that describes the neutralization of the hydronium ions in the soil by calcium hydroxide.

51. Approximately 15 million tonnes of sulfur are produced annually by sulfur-removal processes used in the oil sands near Fort McMurray. Some of this sulfur is used as a

feedstock to make useful products, but much of the sulfur remains to be stockpiled in blocks. Explain why these piles of sulfur can lead to environmental problems.

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52. Describe four personal behaviours you can think of that would reduce emissions.

53. Clean-coal technologies (CCTs) could counter the harmful environmental effects of coal use. There are advantages to the people of Alberta in developing CCTs.

a. Describe one benefit from an economic perspective.

b. Describe one benefit from an ecological perspective.

Submit your completed Assignment Booklet B1 to your teacher for assessment. Then return to page 17 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide,

and begin the Chapter 1 Summary. 2

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