HumandiseasesSTD9.pdf

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HUMAN DISEASES

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Types Of Diseases

1. Communicable Diseases :- Those diseases that spread through contact. For example :

Ringworm.

2. Non Communicable Diseases :- Those

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How Diseases Spread?

1. Through food and water.

2. Through Spitting, Coughing & Sneezing. 2. Through Spitting, Coughing & Sneezing.

3. Through Vectors.

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Cholera

Cholera is a severe

diarrheal

disease

caused by the bacterium

Vibrio cholerae

.

The toxin released by the bacteria causes

increased secretion of water in the

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A perfectly healthy person can die of Cholera in 24 hours

The primary symptom

of the disease

is a massive diarrhea

which lethally drains the

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H

ow Cholera vibrio infects the body

The cholera microorganisms are ingested by drinking contaminated water.

Several thousand microbes Several thousand microbes are necessary for the

disease to result.

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SYMPTOMS

Watery diarrhea - usually severe but painless

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Treatment Of Cholera

Bed rest

Tetracycline

Sulphonamides

Electrolytes

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Preventive Measures

Purchasing food

1. Do not buy food from unlicensed food premises or illegal hawkers.

hawkers.

2.Pay attention to hygienic condition of shops and the holding temperature of food.

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INFLUENZA

•This is an air borne disease spreads from patient to healthy person by sneezing, coughing.

Symptoms

:-•

Sneezing

•

Fever

•

Nasal secretion

•

Body ache

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Prevention and Control

•Always stay away from flu patients.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a

protist Plasmodium_{. It is widespread in subtropical}

regions, including parts of the Americas (22 countries), Asia, and Africa. After a period of between two weeks and several months

between two weeks and several months

(occasionally years) spent in the liver, the malaria parasites start to multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever, and

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Some Symptoms

• Fever • Chills • Sweats • Headache • Body aches • Body aches • Vomiting

• Mild anemia • Mild jaundice

• Larger-than-normal liver • Quicker breather

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Treatment and Prevention

• Different medicine is needed for different types of malaria. • Important to know where the malarial zones are as shown

on slide 13

• Important to know where malaria was picked up: malaria from Africa might be resistant to medicine that malaria from South America is not.

from South America is not.

• Primaquine is the standard medicine for malaria in the liver • Chloroquine is medicine for malaria in blood.

• Some types of malaria are chloroquine resistant, so quinine is used.

• Use bug spray and mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

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DIARRHOEA

This is caused by consumption of

contaminated food by pathogens.

Deficiency of personal health.

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Symptoms

Loose motion

Vomiting

Eyes appear sunken

Irritation

Pulse rate decrease

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Control

•

Use of O.R.S

•

Complete bed rest

•

Use of antimicrobial drugs.

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JAUNDICE/HEPATITIS

It is a disease of liver.

It is transmitted through saliva, blood of the patient.

Use of contaminated injection etc.

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Symptoms

Rise in body temperature.

Nausea

Feeling weak and fatigue.

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Control

Complete bed rest.

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TYPHOID

Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a common worldwide illness, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person, which contain the faeces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium salmonella typhi. The bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall. The

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SYMPTOMS

Light Fever that drops in the morning.

Intestine bleeding

The patient feels weak, chilly and tired.

Headache, backache, diarrhoea, constipation,

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TREATMENT

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT).

Antibiotics, such as ampicellin,

chloramphenicol,

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin and

ciprofloxacin, have been commonly used to

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PREVENTION

Typhoid vaccine gives temporary protection.

Avoid contamined water.

Good Hygiene.

Boil drinking water

Sterilize drinking water

Neat and Clean environment.

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Rabies

Caused by the rabies virus

Transmitted by animal bite

Furious rabies:

Animals are restless then highly excitable

Paralytic rabies:

Animals seem unaware of surroundings

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Symptoms of Rabies

• Abnormal Postures & Thoughts

• Aggressiveness

• Confusion

• Difficulty in Speaking

• Excessive Movements

• Extreme Sensitivity to bright lights, sounds, touch

• Fatigue

• Fever

• Headache

• Increased Production of Saliva

• Irritability

• Loss of Appetite

• Muscle Aches and Spasms

• Nausea

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Treatment Of Rabies

• Tetanus Injection: At the hospital the doctor will first clean the wound thoroughly and make sure that your child's tetanus immunizations are current.

• Wound care: The wounds should be cleaned with mild soap and a virus-killing cleanser

• Human Rabies Immune Globulin: A one-time

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Prevention

Animals with rabies might be aggressive and vicious, or tired and weak so don't approach stray animals.

Don't let pets roam

Remind kids that they should never touch or feed stray

Remind kids that they should never touch or feed stray cats or dogs wandering in the neighborhood or

elsewhere.

Report any stray animals to your local health authorities or animal-control officer.

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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TUBERCULOSIS

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How Does Tuberculosis

Develop?

• There are two possible ways

a person can become sick with TB disease:

• The first applies to a person who may have had been

infected with TB but is

• The other way it TB can develop, happens much more quickly. Sometimes when a

person first breathes in infected with TB but is

perfectly healthy. The person can get infected

again if they have a another disease such as HIV or

cancer or they may get infected if they use

drugs/alcohol.

person first breathes in the TB germs, the

body is unable to

protect itself against the disease. The germs then develop into

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SYMPTOMS

feeling weak or sick all the time

coughs that will not go away

weight loss/loss of appetite

fever/night sweats

chest pain

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Who Gets Tuberculosis?

Anyone can get tuberculosis. Some people are at higher risks than others. The people who have

more of a chance getting TB are:

People who share same breathing space

Poor people/homeless people

Prisoners

Alcoholics or Drug users

People with medical conditions (cancer, diabetes)

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Is Tuberculosis Curable?

Fifty years ago, there was no cure or drugs for

tuberculosis. If someone is given the wrong

treatment, it would have been better if they weren’t treatment, it would have been better if they weren’t

given a treatment at all.

Many countries use Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

vaccine as part of their TB control programmes,

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DEFICIENCY DISEASES

• Protein Deficiency.

• Mineral Deficiency.

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KWASHIORKAR

It is a disease caused by due to protein-energy

malnutrition.

This disease is prominent in children between

1-3 years of age.

This happens when child gets less than 1g/kg of

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Symptoms

Loss of appetite, growth stops.

Abdomen swells and liver enlarges.

Eyes bulges out.

Legs become thin, long and curved.

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Control

It can be controlled and cured by giving child

high protein diet like wheat, gram, eggs and

meat etc. meat etc.

Breast feeding of babies is must after birth to

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MARASMUS

This disease happens due to lack of proteins in

children under the age of 1 year.

This disease happens due to early replacement

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Child suffering from

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Symptoms

Loss of weight and dehydration.

Body becomes weak.

Mental retardation.

Extreme thinning of limbs.

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Control and Preventive measures

It can be controlled and cured by giving child

high protein diet like wheat, gram, eggs and

meat etc. meat etc.

Breast feeding of babies is must after birth to

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MINERAL DEFICIENCY

DISEASES

• Anemia

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1. ANEMIA

This disease is caused due to deficiency of iron

in food.

Iron is must for the synthesis of hemoglobin

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Symptoms of Anemia

Low R.B.C count.

Body becomes pale.

Loss of Appetite.

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Control and Prevention

Iron rich supplement food like leafy vegetables,

banana, apple etc should be taken.

Iron containing tonic recommended by doctors

should be taken.

We should always include fruits in our daily

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2. GOITRE

Deficiency of iodine results in this disease.

Iodine is important for the synthesis of thyroid

hormones.

When iodine is insufficient in our body there is

an abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland

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Symptoms

Swelling of neck.

Drop in pulse rate.

Drowsiness.

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Use of iodized salt in daily cooking of food.

It can be prevented by the consumption of

green leafy vegetables and sea food.

A drug called Thyroxin hormone controls this

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VITAMIN DEIFCIENCY

DISEASES

• Scurvy

• Rickets • Rickets

• Beri Beri

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1. SCURVY

This disease is caused due to inadequate

amount of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) in our amount of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) in our

food.

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Symptoms

Bleeding from gums & swelling.

Loosening of teethes & ultimately falling down.

Weakness and fatigue.

Loss of body weight.

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Control and Prevention

Intake of Vitamin ‘C’ rich fruits and

supplement like lemon, oranges, pineapple and

vegetables like spinach, green pepper etc. vegetables like spinach, green pepper etc.

It can be treated by intake of Vitamin ‘C’

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RICKETS

Main cause of this disease is deficiency of

vitamin ‘D’ in childhood.

This Vitamin is synthesized in presence of

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Symptoms

Bowing of patient’s legs.

The knocking of legs makes difficulty in

walking.

Due to deficiency in vitamin ‘D’ calcium

deposits in bones reduces and the bone

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Child should be given high vitamin ‘D’

supplement such as cod liver tablets, milk, fish

and egg yolk etc. and egg yolk etc.

Drugs containing vitamin ‘D’ should be given

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Beri-Beri

• It is a metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₁(Thiamine) in diet.

vitamin B₁(Thiamine) in diet.

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Symptoms

Constipation.

Wasting of muscles.

Enlargement of heart.

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For control food containing high amount of

vitamin B₁ such as pulses, nuts, green leafy

vegetables as well as animal sources like liver, vegetables as well as animal sources like liver,

milk and egg yolk etc should be taken.

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Treatment

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PELLAGRA

A nutritional disorder caused by deficiency of

vitamin B₃ (Niacin).

People suffer from this disease because this

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Symptoms

Inflammation of skin exposed to sunlight.

Mental disturbances.

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Daily intake of food containing niacin.

Peanuts, green leafy vegetables and coffee are

good sources of niacin.

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