INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS
TEXT AND REF. BOOKS
Text Book:
Peter Norton (2011),
Introduction to
Computers
, 7 /e, McGraw-Hill
Reference Book:
Gary B (2012),
Discovering Computers
, 1/e,
South Western
Deborah (2013),
Understanding Computers
,
14/e, Cengage Learning
June P & Dan O (2014),
New Perspective on
Computer
, 16/e
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Presented by: Asma Khan
OUTPUT DEVICES
Learning Outcome
What is Output
What is an output device
Monitor, Printer, Plotter & Voice output
Multifunction Output Devices
What is Ergonomics
Ergonomics Applies to
Benefits of Ergonomics
Controlling Ergonomics Hazards
Moving Information in Computer
What is Output ?
Any information that has been
processed
and comes from a
computer
or computer
device is considered as
output
When someone is viewing output, they're
seeing it on an
output device
such as a
computer monitor or a hard copy print
out.
Output Device
An
output
device
is
any
piece
of
computer
hardware
equipment
used to communicate the results of
data
processing
carried
out
by
an
information
processing
system (such as a
computer
) which
converts the electronically generated
information into human-readable form
Output Devices
Processed data from a computer
Text, graphics, photos, audio, video
Common output devices
Monitor
Printer
Plotter
Voice
Monitors
10
Most frequently used output
device
Size is measured by diagonal of
screen
Common sizes: 15, 17, 19, 21
inches
Clarity is indicated by resolution
Measured in pixels
Monitor Standards
Resolution capabilities indicated by a monitor’s
standard
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA)
Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
Super Extended Graphics Array (SXGA)
Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA)
Monitor Types
Cathode-Ray Tubes (CRT)
Most common
Flat-panel monitors (LCD)
Passive-matrix
images created by scanning the entire screen
Active-matrix (TFT)
each pixel is individually activated
eBook readers
Data projectors
Printers
Produces hard copy output
Ink-jet printer
Inexpensive and for home use
Sprays droplets of ink
Produce very sharp images
Laser printer
More expensive, fast printing speed
Laser produced excellent letter and images
Laser Printing
Printers
Thermal printer
Heated element produce image on heat
sensitive paper
Originally seen in research labs
Very expensive and require special paper
Near-photographic output
Other Printers
Dot-matrix
Series of pins on print head
Inexpensive, not high quality
Chain/Line printer
Used on networks
Plotter
Maps, architectural drawings
Audio Output Devices
Translate computer data into understandable sounds
Windows machines need special
Sound card
Speaker/Headphone for audio output.
Macintosh has audio playback built in.
Audio output is useful for:
Music
CD player is a computer.
Most personal computers have CD players that can access both music CDs and CD-ROMs.
Multimedia
Output Devices
Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD
CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to
represent a binary 1.
Two main types of CDs:
CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
CD-WR (Compact Disk – Re-Writable)
It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
Combination Input/Output
Devices
Devices are combined into one device
Save room
Specialized applications
Fax machine
Multifunctional device
Terminals
Fax Machine
Facsimile transmission machine
Sends and receives images across
telephone lines
Fax/modem board
Give computer same capability
Multifunctional Device
Combines
Scanner
Printer
Fax machine
Copying machine
Cost effective
Saves space
Popular in small offices or home
ERGONOMICS
WHAT IS “ERGONOMICS”?
In Greek
Ergos
= work
Nomos
= laws
Ergonomics = the laws of work
Ergonomics Mean
Designing jobs, equipment, and work tasks
to fit human physical characteristics and
energy limitations
It considers body dimensions, mobility, and
the body’s stress behavior
“Make the work fit the person, not the
person fit the work”
Designing
jobs
,
equipment
, and
work tasks
to fit human
physical
characteristics and
energy limitations
It considers body
dimensions
,
mobility
, and
the body’s
stress
behavior
“Make the work
fit
the
person
, not the
person fit the work”
Benefits of Ergonomics
Safer jobs with fewer injuries
Increased efficiency and
productivity
Improved quality and fewer errors
Improved morale
Controlling Ergonomic
Hazards
25
Workstation Design—(desks, chairs, space, layout)
Working in Prolonged Positions Sitting/Standing--(alternate postures, footwear, floors)
Work Organization (Pace, Breaks, Variety)
Tools, Equipment, and Furniture Design---(body size, height, gender, promoting neutral postures, reduced vibration, exposure to acceptable lighting, noise, temperature
Manual Materials Handling—(lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing, carrying and holding materials)
Tips for Working on the
Computer
26
Head: held straight & squarely over shoulders
Eyes: top of computer screen should be at or slightly below eye level
Shoulders: relaxed, not raised or hunched
Arms: supported comfortably & close to the body
Wrists: naturally straight and flat
Elbows: bent approximately 90 degrees and positioned close to the body
Back: sufficiently supported to maintain its natural curve
Hips: bent approximately 90 degrees
Knees: bent approximately 90 degrees.
Laptops: The New
Hazard?
Laptops should only be used for short periods of
time if not ergonomically retrofitted
Retrofitting means adding a full size keyboard,
external mouse and raising the laptop to eye level
to promote neutral body postures
Consider transporting your laptop in a roller cart, or
ergonomically designed bag
Moving Information in the Computer
How do binary numerals move into, out of,
and within the computer?
Information is moved about in bytes, or
multiple bytes called words.
Words
are the fundamental units of information.
The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:
30
Bits that compose a word are
passed in parallel from place to
place.
Bus/Ribbon cables
:
Consist of several wires,
molded together.
One wire for each bit of the
word or byte.
Additional wires coordinate the
activity of moving information.
Each wire sends information in
the form of a
voltage pulse.
Moving Information in the Computer
Example of sending
the word WOW over
the ribbon cable
Voltage pulses
corresponding to
the ASCII codes
would pass through
the cable.
Any Questions !!!
END OF LECTURE