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A104 Biology Problem 7

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Presentation

What is “human”?

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In today’s problem…

You recognized that…

• Humans and robots have similarities and differences. • The main differences lie in the characteristics of life. • Although the external appearance may be similar, the

internal structures and design are different.

What can you infer?

• There are characteristics that define living things. • The human body has internal structures that give its

function.

• There is a need to explore how the human body is organized and designed.

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The approach

• What are the characteristics of life?

• How is the human body organized and designed?

• What type of cells make up the human body?

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What are the 7 characteristics of life?

1. Cellular composition

• All living things consists of cells, either as prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

2. Organization

• All living things are organized according to different levels, from single celled (bacteria) to multicellular organisms (animals, humans)

3. Metabolism

• This refers to the biochemical process of converting one form of energy to another within the organism through anabolism (creating substances from energy) and

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What are the 7 characteristics of life?

4. Responsiveness and Movement

• All living things are able to respond to external and internal stimuli, as well as react to these stimuli.

5. Homeostasis

• This refers to the ability to regulate the internal

environment such as body temperature, water, and chemical levels in the body.

6. Development

• Through its life span, a living thing develops from one stage to another, such as humans developing from a baby to an adult.

7. Reproduction

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How is the human body organized and

designed?

• The levels of organization of the human body are:

• Cell- usually a specialized type of cell • Example: Muscle cell

• Tissue- there are 4 main tissue types in the human body • Example: muscle tissue

• Organ- when different tissues come together to function • Example: Heart, stomach, lungs

• Organ System- Several organs together provide more complex functions in a system

• Example: Respiratory, digestive, nervous system

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Levels of organization of the human

body

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What type of cells make up the

human body?

• All the cells in the human body start from

non-differentiated, pluripotent cells that later mature and differentiate into specialized cells.

• The cell structure is adapted to its function.

TYPE OF CELL UNIQUE CELLULAR STRUCTURE

SPECIALIZED FUNCTION

Muscle cell Contains myofilaments in the cell

Myofilaments allow the cell to contract and relax, allowing movements

Nerve cells Has axons and dendrites Axons and dendrites allow the production and

movement of nerve impulses along the cell.

Red blood cells Has a concave shape, no nucleus and contains hemoglobin

Increase surface area due to cell shape, hemoglobin to carry oxygen in the cell

Intestinal Epithelial cells Has microvilli, is elongated in shape

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Examples of specialized cells

Intestinal epithelial cells are tall,

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Examples of specialized cells

Neurons are specialized cells designed to transmit electrical impulses from one neuron to another.

Sperm cells are specially designed with only half the number of chromosomes, and a flagellum so it can “swim”

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The design of the human body

• The study of the human body’s structure and design is called “human anatomy”

• The main branches of anatomy include: • Microscopic anatomy

• Also known as cytology or histology

• Looks at cell and tissue structure

• Macroscopic anatomy

• Subdivided into gross, regional, systemic, surface

anatomy

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Levels of organization of the human

body and the branches of anatomy

Microscopic anatomy

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Organization of the human body

• The human body is 3 dimensional and contains many organs and tissues inside it.

• These structures are found in various regions and empty spaces called cavities.

• Examples of the main cavities of the body include:

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

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What differentiates us from such robots?

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Humans vs Robots

• The 7 characteristics of life differentiates humans from robots as robots are not living things.

• The design of humans and robots are similar to some extent, such as the compartmentalization of structures.

• The structures in humans and robots may

contribute to similar functions, such as movement, responsiveness, producing energy.

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What have you learnt?

• The 7 characteristics of life help us to distinguish between living and non-living things.

• The human body has a level of organization,

starting from basic cells to complex organ systems. • There are specialized cells that perform specific

functions, such as muscle, nerve and epithelial cells.

• The study the human body’s structure is called human anatomy and has several branches, from microscopic to macroscopic anatomy.