Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number 0

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Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number 0

GCSE SCIENCE A

FOUNDATION TIER (Grades G-C)

BIOLOGY 1 – Adaptation, evolution and body maintenance SPECIMEN PAPER

(1 hour)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.

Answer all questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.

You are reminded that assessment will take into account the quality of written

communication used in your answer to question 11.

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1. Lemmings are small mammals that are found in the Arctic. Their main predator is the Arctic fox.

The graph shows the population of lemmings and Arctic foxes between 1988 and 2002.

(a) What happened to the number of lemmings when the number of Arctic foxes was at its lowest?

Suggest a reason. [2]

Answer ...

Reason ...

...

(b) State two reasons for lemming numbers decreasing naturally, other than

predation. [2]

...

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2. Carbon dioxide gas constantly passes into and out of the air.

(a) Complete the boxes in the diagram of the carbon cycle by choosing the

correct terms from the list below. [3]

feeding, photosynthesis, respiration, burning.

(b) Scientists think too much carbon dioxide is going into the atmosphere.

Suggest how humans can help to reduce this problem. [1]

...

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3. The map shows the world distribution of both the Arctic and Fennec foxes and the

mean annual temperatures where these animals are found. The Arctic fox is found

throughout the Arctic and sub-Arctic tundra whilst the Fennec fox is found in the

Sahara and Arabian deserts.

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Using the information given, compare the features of both the Arctic and Fennec foxes and explain how the features allow them to survive in their environments. [3]

...

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4. Members of a clone of 'Bizzy-Lizzy' seedlings were planted at various distances from a north facing garden wall. The diagram shows the variation between the plants six weeks after planting.

(a) What is meant by the term variation? [1]

...

(b) Suggest two reasons why the plants showed variation in height after six

weeks. [2]

...

(c) (i) Underline below, the type of variation shown by the plants. [1]

genetic environmental genetic and environmental

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to (c) (i). [1]

...

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5. (a) Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects about 10 000 people in Britain.

State the cause of cystic fibrosis. [1]

...

(b) British researchers are to carry out large scale trials of a new gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.

The treatment involves inhaling a fine spray of liposomes into the airways of the lungs.

The diagram below shows the process.

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(i) In early use of gene therapy for treating cystic fibrosis it was very difficult to get the normal gene into the cells lining the lungs. How does this new method overcome this problem? [1]

...

(ii) This large scale trial follows smaller trials on animals.

Suggest one reason why organisations such as animal rights groups oppose the use of animals for such purposes. [1]

...

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6. The diagram below (not drawn to scale) shows how soya bean plants have been

genetically modified (GM) so that they are resistant to a herbicide (weedkiller) called

'Roundup'.

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(a) State why the GM soya plant develops resistance to the weedkiller 'Roundup'.

[1]

...

(b) Explain the advantages to a farmer from growing a soya bean crop

genetically modified for herbicide resistance. [2]

...

(c) In 1999 the UK government asked researchers to investigate how growing GM herbicide resistant crops might affect farmland wildlife.

The research involved investigating and reporting on 266 field trials in the UK.

In 2003 the researchers reported that there were differences in the abundance of wildlife between GM and non-GM crops.

Compared to the numbers found in the non-GM crop, the researchers found the following:

Numbers compared to crops not genetically modified GM crop plant

Wildlife GM winter rape GM beet GM maize

Bees and butterflies fewer fewer more

Springtails (soil insects) more more more

(i) In March 2004 the UK government announced that two of the above crops would not be grown in the UK in the near future. Suggest which

two crops they are: [1]

... and ...

(ii) Suggest the reason for the government's decision. [1]

...

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7. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of alcohol on reaction times.

A 100cm rule was placed above the finger and thumb of an adult volunteer as shown.

When released, the rule fell downwards between the finger and thumb. The volunteer was asked to catch the rule as soon as possible after its release. The distance travelled by the rule before it was caught was recorded. Just before each test, except for the last one, the volunteer drank one unit of alcohol. The maximum amount of alcohol the body can get rid of is one unit per hour.

Here are the results:

Time from start / minutes Distance fallen by rule / cm

0 8

20 11

40 15

60 23

80 30

100 42

120 75

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(a) Explain how the results show that drinking alcohol before driving could be

dangerous. [2]

...

(b) Sima said that if the volunteer had drunk the same units spread equally over a 6 hour period then there would not have been any effect. Do you agree

with Sima? Explain your answer. [2]

...

(c) Suggest one improvement to the method which would have increased the

confidence in the results. [1]

...

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8. In North Wales there is a lake which is used for leisure activities such as fishing and water sports. The surrounding land had nitrate-based fertiliser added to it. As a result, the natural ecosystem has altered. It led to an increased population of insects called midges which breed in the lake and feed on water plants.

The insects were sprayed with a pesticide which killed 99% of them. The population recovered within 3 years. Now the pesticide has no effect on them.

Small fish ate the midges and were found to have 200 parts per million (p.p.m.) of pesticide in their bodies. Eventually it resulted in the deaths of over 1000 birds which ate small fish in the area. The birds had 1600 p.p.m. of the pesticide in their bodies.

(a) Explain how the fertiliser resulted in the increase in midges. [3]

...

(b) The amount of dissolved oxygen in the lake has decreased over the last few years. If this continues, suggest how leisure activities on the lake would be

affected. [1]

...

(c) Explain the difference in the level of pesticides in the fish and the birds. [3]

...

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9. In 2008 some year 11 students investigated the level of pollution in a stream running through a small town in South Wales. They had the information in Table A.

They sampled a 10 m length of the stream for the presence of four indicator species.

Their results are shown in the bar chart below, along with earlier results from the same stream.

Table A

Indicator species Pollution Level

Mayfly nymph Clean

Caddis fly larva Low

Water louse High

Sludgeworm Very high

(a) What can you conclude from the results about the level of pollution in the

stream? Give your reasons. [3]

...

20

15

10

5 0 2000 2004 2008

Year

Numb er Sludge wo rm

Wate r lous e

Caddis fly larva

Ma yfl y n ym ph

Sludge wo rm

Wate r louse

Caddis fl y larva

Ma yfl y n ym ph Ma yfl y n ym ph Caddis fl y larva Wate r louse Sludge wo rm

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(b) Nona said that these samples should be taken at the same time each year but Rhys said it doesn’t matter.

State who you think is right, giving a reason. [1]

...

(c) State one other non-biological factor that could be measured and used as an indicator of the level of pollution in the stream. [1]

...

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10. Seven types of foxes are listed below. Their scientific names are given next to their common names.

Common name Scientific name

Arctic fox Alopex lagopus

European fox Vulpes vulpes

Bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis

Fennec fox Fennecus zerda

Sand fox Vulpes velox

Grey fox Urocyon cinereoargentus

Kit fox Vulpes ruppelli

(a) State three foxes which you would expect to have the most similar DNA. [1]

...

(b) In the 18

^th

century Carl Linnaeus developed the system of giving all living organisms a two word scientific name.

How does this system help scientists in different countries who are studying

these animals? [1]

...

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11. The diagram shows a section through the skin.

Describe and explain how the blood vessels and sweat glands help to control body

temperature in hot conditions. [6 QWC]

...

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12. An investigation was carried out into the energy content of three different types of

foods using apparatus A and apparatus B. The change in temperature of the water

was measured using a thermometer in A and B. The rise in temperature was used to

calculate the energy released by the food, in kilojoules.

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The results were as follows:

Type of food

Energy content / kJ g

^-1

Apparatus A Apparatus B

Carbohydrate 10.3 19.3

Fat 21.0 28.0 Protein 10.4 19.3

(a) Use the diagram to explain the higher numbers in the results for apparatus B.

[3]

...

(b) Why is it important to the health of people that the labels on food containers

give information about energy content? [1]

...

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13. Gregor Mendel made important discoveries on how characteristics or traits are passed from parents to offspring.

In one of his experiments he crossed pea plants that produced seeds with round coats with plants that produced seeds with wrinkled coats.

The result of this cross were plants (F1) that only produced round coated seeds.

Mendel explained this by saying that pea plants passed on factors (alleles) from one generation to the next. He also said the factor for round seeds is dominant over the factor for wrinkled seeds.

Use the information in the passage and your knowledge to answer the following questions.

(a) The following shows how the F1 plants were produced in Mendel's experiment where:

R = allele for round seeds r = allele for wrinkled seeds

Complete the Punnett square to show the genotypes produced in this cross. [2]

F1

gametes

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(b) (i) Mendel then crossed two of these F1 plants together. Draw your own Punnett square and complete it to show the genotypes of the offspring

that would be produced. [2]

(ii) What is the ratio of round to wrinkled seeds produced above? [1]

... round: ... wrinkled

(iii) When Mendel carried out the cross shown on the previous page he repeated the experiment hundreds of times. These are some of the results he

obtained:

Experiment number

Number of seeds obtained

Round Wrinkled 1 27 8 2 24 7 3 32 11 4 74 24 5 17 6 How do the results of Mendel's experiments compare to your answer in (b)(ii)?

[1]

...

(c) Why was the importance of Mendel's discovery about inheritance not

recognised until long after his death? [1]

...