ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board
J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France
R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England
L. GOLDBERG. Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A. C. DE 1 AGER, University of Utrecht, Holland
Z. KOPAL. University of' Manchester, Manchester, England
G. H. LUDWIG. NOAA. National Environmental Satellite Service, Suitland, Md., U.S.A.
R. LusT. Institutfur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching-Munchen, Germany
B. M. McCORMAC. Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif., U.S.A.
H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
L. I. Swov. Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SYESTKA, Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Secretary of the Editorial Board
W. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland
MAPPING
OF THE MOON
Past and Present
ZDENEK KOPAL
Professor of Astronomy, University of Manchester, England
and
ROBERT W. CARDER
Chief, Aerospace Charting Branch , U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, Aerospace Center, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-88592 ISBN 978-94-010-2135-7 ISBN 978-94-010-2133-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-2133-3
Ali Rights Reserved
Copyright© 1974 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland in 1974
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974
No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
Chapter 1 History of Lunar Mapping: 1600-1960
Chapter 2 Rotation and Librations of the Moon 50
Chapter 3 Se1enographic Coordinates 61
Chapter 4 Shape of the Moon 72
Chapter 5 Relative Elevations on the Moon 93
Chapter 6 U.S. Air Force Lunar Mapping 114
Chapter 7 Lunar Mapping at Lowell Observatory 147
Chapter 8 U.S. Air Force Space Support Mapping 168
Chapter 9 U.S. Army Lunar Mapping 189
Chapter 10 U.S.S.R. Lunar Mapping 213
Chapter 11 National Geographic Lunar Mapping 229
PREFACE
The aim of the present book has been to provide an outline the first of its kind -of the history -of the human efforts to map the topography -of the surface -of our satellite, from the days of pre-telescopic astronomy up to the present.
These efforts commenced modestly at the time when the unaided eye was still the only tool at the disposal of men interested in the face of our satellite; and were con-tinued since for more than three centuries by a small band of devoted friends of the Moon in several countries. Many of these were amateur astronomers, and almost all were amateur cartographers; though some highly skilled in their art. The reader interested in the history oflunar mapping between 1600 and 1960 will find its outline in the first chapter of this book; and can follow the way in which the leadership in the mapping of the Moon, the cradle of which stood in Italy, passed successively to France, Germany, and eventually to the United States.
All efforts described in this chapter were wholly superseded by subsequent devel-opments since 1960, largely motivated by logistic needs of a grand effort which cul-minated with repeated manned landings on the Moon between 1969-1972- a feat which will remain for ever one of the glories of our century. Its urgency was created by the success of the initial Russian lunar missions in 1959 - the second of which :Luna 3) unveiled for us the principal topographic features of the Moon's far side for the first time. In the United States a comprehensive lunar mapping program was initiated in 1959 by two Department of Defense (DOD) mapping agencies- the U.S. Air Foroe Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and the U.S. Army Map Service (AMS). This coordinated DOD program was accomplished in support of, and funded by, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
In the course of this program- the greatest in the history of our subject- the cause of lunar mapping enlisted for the first time the services of professional cartographers experienced in the production of terrestrial maps of highest quality; and the out-;;ome of their efforts speedily relegated all previous work into obsolescence. The methods and results of this work have been described in Chapters 6-9 of this book; while in the preceding Chapters 2-5 we laid down the underlying principles of phys-ical selenodesy, including the definition of lunar coordinates and the methods for a ietermination of three-dimensional coordinates of lunar surface features.
The first to photograph the Moon's far side, and the first to compile a map showing wme of the far side features, were the Russians. Their first map was published in 1960, and is described in Chapter 10 along with other U.S.S.R. lunar maps that were re-leased throughout the 1960s. The final Chapter 11 gives account of one of the best
VIII PREFACE
and most popular lunar maps of the space-age, published in 1969 by the National Geographic Society of the United States.
Most of the illustrations and other supporting data related to the maps produced by the U.S. Government agencies in the 1960s were secured from ACIC, AMS, or NASA; and the authors are greatly indebted for a permission to reproduce them in this book. Especial appreciation is extended to Messrs William Cannell and Law-rence Schimerman of ACIC for their material help in Chapters 3 and 7. In addition, our thanks are due to Dr Yu. N. Lipsky of the Sternberg State Astronomical Insti-tute in Moscow for providing many of the U.S.S.R.lunar maps which are reproduced in Chapter 10, and to Mr David Cook who willingly placed at our disposal the illus-trations pertaining to the National Geographic Society Lunar map.
Last but not least, the authors take pleasure in expressing their sincere apprecia-tion to Miss Ellen B. Finlay (now Mrs R. Carling) at Manchester, and Mr Joseph Lomuto of St. Louis, for invaluable editorial assistance in preparation of this book; and to Mrs Ruth Beesley (St. Louis) and Miss Fiona Holt (Manchester) who typed most part of the MS for the press.
