Faculty of Business & Economic Sciences
Managing tomorrow
Student Name: Qaqamba Sontundu
Student Number: 210055707
EDS 504
Title: Recapitalisation and Development Programme for
Cattle Producing Farmers in the Eastern Cape
Supervisor Name: Deon Pretorius
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DECLARATION
FULL NAME: QAQAMBA SONTUNDU STUDENT NUMBER: 210055707
QUALIFICATION: MASTERS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
In accordance with Rule G4.6.3, I hereby declare that the above thesis/dissertation is my own work and that it has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other university for assessment. This is my own work starting from design and in execution of the project and that all the material contained herein has been duly acknowledged.
QAQAMBA SONTUNDU
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to first of all thank the almighty God; my dearest Father if you were not by my side throughout the way, my research completion would not be possible. To Professor Deon Pretorius, thank you so much for your patience, determination and priceless advice. I have made it possible to complete and submit through your efforts. To my family, colleagues and friends who encouraged, advised and supported me throughout this work, thank you very much, you are a blessing in my life. To my son Lathitha Sontundu, my mother Nomzi Sontundu and my three brothers who have been tirelessly supporting me, sacrificed their quality time for me to do research and also their believing in me is highly acknowledged. To the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (Joe Gqabi and Chris Hani region) grant recipients of the selected farms who participated on this research, I thank you for being willing to participate and granting me with the permission to conduct this research.
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ABSTRACT
This thesis examines the impact of the recapitalisation and development programme on cattle producing farmers in Joe Gqabi and Chris Hani Districts. This research is based on the insight that most of the Eastern Cape cattle producing farmers are facing financial problems and their farms are dilapidated even though there are interventions from the Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and Land Reform through programmes such as CASP and RADP for rescuing the cattle producing farmers.
The major challenges faced by the cattle producing farmers into getting the funding will be established in this study.
The main focus is on the farms that have already got the funding and also on the ones that are still in the pipeline for being funded by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform.
To a lesser extent, the thesis draws on findings from careful considerations of case studies comprising ten farms, thus five farms from Joe Gqabi and five from Chris Hani Districts. The research methods under this research design yielded data that was descriptive and exploratory based on human experiences and are associated with discovering changes in situations.
The research findings show that delays in releasing recapitalisation and development funds for land reform beneficiaries have been recognised as one of the main reasons for the collapse of land reform projects. In most cases the funds are arriving long after they were needed for important faming activities. The delays are also leading to permanent closure of the farms. Therefore, it is essential for the success of land reform programmes to ensure that the production model is designed so as to generate benefits for land reform beneficiaries.
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This thesis is concluded by making recommendations to the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in order to address the identified Recapitalisation and Development Funding challenges as well as to identify what can be considered as effective financial support to the land reform projects.
v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii ABSTRACT ... iii LIST OF FIGURES ... ix LIST OF TABLES ... x
CHAPTER ONE:NTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The rationale and background to the study ... 1
1.2 Aims and objectives of the study ... 6
1.3 Research question ... 6
1.4 Objectives of the study ... 7
CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE REVIEW... 9
2.1 Introduction ... 9
2.2 Recapitalisation as a concept ... 12
2.2.1 The Recapitalisation and Development Programme... 12
2.2.2 Operation of the RADP ... 14
2.2.3 Recapitalisation and Development route movement ... 14
2.2.4 Three main Acts governing RADP ... 15
2.3 Concept of Strategic Partnership OR Joint Ventures ... 17
2.3.1 Mentorship ... 18
2.4 Additional projects to provide post-settlement provision ... 20
2.5 The roles and functions of the stakeholders in the implementation of Land Reform Programme in South Africa ... 21
2.5.1 Department of Rural Development of Land Reform ... 21
2.5.2 Department of Agriculture ... 22
2.5.3 Land Bank ... 22
2.5.4 The National Developing Agency (NDA) ... 23
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2.6.1 Brazil ... 23
2.6.2 Colombia ... 25
2.6.3 The Philippines ... 26
2.7 Conclusion ... 27
CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY ... 28
3.1 Introduction ... 28
3.2 Area of study ... 28
3.3 Research methodology and design ... 29
3.3.1 Research Design ... 30
3.4 Data collection tools ... 31
3.4.1 Interviews ... 33
3.4.2 Questionnaire ... 33
3.5 Data Analysis ... 34
3.5.1 Measuring Instrument to be used ... 34
3.5.2 Validity and Reliability ... 34
3.6 Ethical considerations ... 35
3.7 Conclusion ... 35
CHAPTER FOUR:PRESENTATION OF RESULTS ... 37
4.1 Introduction ... 37
4.2 Background of the farms interviewed ... 38
4.3 Main purpose of the farms ... 38
4.3.1 Household ... 39
4.3.2 Land Ownership and Use ... 40
4.3.3 Farm assets ... 41
4.3.4 Strategic risk ... 42
Table 4.3: Strategic risk review of the farms ... 42
4.3.5 Financial risk ... 44
Table 4.5: Financial risk review ... 44
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4.3.7 Hazard risk... 45
4.3.8 Cattle producers ... 47
4.4 Access to information on Recapitalisation Funding Programme ... 48
4.5 Access to Recapitalisation Funds ... 48
4.6 Number of years for the recapitalisation application to be approved ... 49
4.7 Challenges faced by the farmer on his farm ... 49
4.8 Recapitalisation as the tool for graduating farmers from being small scale to become commercial farmers ... 50
4.9 Current financial status of the farms ... 51
4.10 Recapitalisation improving the economic viability of the farm ... 51
4.11 Development of skills and creation of employment through RADP programme ... 52
4.12 Role of the Department of Agriculture on RADP ... 52
4.13 Technical advice on cattle producing farmers ... 52
4.14 Perceptions of small scale cattle producing farmers on Recapitalisation Programme ... 53
4.12 Producing cattle in large quantities for the market ... 54
4.13 Conclusion ... 54
CHAPTER FIVE:RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ... 56
5.1 Introduction ... 56
5.2 Summary of chapter outcomes ... 56
5.2 Recommendations ... 57
5.3 Recapitalisation improving the economic viability of the farm ... 58
5.4 Recapitalisation as a tool for graduating farmers from being small scale to become commercial farmers ... 58
5.5 Provisions of agricultural extension and advisory support services ... 59
5.6 Access to markets and credit facilities ... 60
5.7 Training and capacity building ... 60
5.8 Lessons from land reform efforts of other countries ... 62
5.8.1 Successful land reform requires proper and well-coordinated post-settlement support ... 62
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5.8.2 Land reform programmes need to be properly funded to include non-land
costs and to create certainty about availability of funds ... 62
5.8.3 Financial assistance provided to land reform beneficiaries by the public sector is often insufficient and, therefore, measures need to be put in place to enable beneficiaries to access additional funds from private sources ... 63
5.8.4 Restrictions on land use, particularly the sale and rental of land, tend to limit the success of land reform programmes ... 63
5.8.5 Many countries that have implemented land reform programmes often succeed in redistributing land but the production model adopted often fails to generate benefits for land reform beneficiaries... 63
5.8.6 A wrong choice of farms may lead to land reform beneficiaries failing to meet their financial obligations ... 64
5.8.7 Prompt release of funds to land reform beneficiaries is crucial to the success of land reform programmes ... 64
5.8.8 Access to land must translate into tangible benefits within a short period of time ... 64
5.8.9 Access to land opens growth opportunities for farmer-beneficiaries, if it is accompanied by appropriate post-settlement support ... 65
5.9 Conclusion ... 65
References ... 67
Annexure A: Turn It in Report ... 75
Annexure B: Questionnaires ... 76
Annexure C: Editors Letter ... 102
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 The Development Sequence for the RADP comprises the following: ... 17 Figure 2.2: Principal mentorship basic procedure outline ... 19 Figure 4.1 Farming Data (LRAD and PLAS Farms) ... 41
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: The demographic profile of the participants ... 39
Table 4.2: Age of the respondents ... 40
Table 4.6: Operational risk review ... 45
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 The rationale and background to the study
The South African Land Reform Programme (LRP) was implemented after 1994 by the Government in an attempt to redress imbalances in land ownership which had emanated from the racially biased policies of the apartheid Government prior to 1994 (Lubambo, 2011:1).
The Restitution directorate’s objective is to bring back the land for the people who were evicted from their land after 19 June 1913
The Redistribution directorate deals with different kinds of land related requirements and needs for the urban and rural people with more of an emphasis on reducing poverty and also contributing to the economic growth through farming.
The Tenure Reform directorate is aimed at promoting various land tenure related matters which are affecting the safety of tenure for the previously disadvantaged people that are on both urban and rural areas.
According to Kahn, (2007:6) South Africa’s Land Reform Department has to focus more on the above mentioned three pillars in order to overcome the challenges that it is facing, where the main challenge faced is the high rate of poverty that the Redistribution Directorate is mostly dealing with through the funding of the cattle producing farmers and acquisition of land for the cattle producing farmers in order to ensure food security for the nation. The three land reform pillars were envisioned to make a major difference in improvements in terms of production and promoting sustainability in terms of development, when working hand-in-hand with other government stakeholders and non-government organisations with the limited available resources (Rungasamy, 2011:2). However, Lahiff and Li (2012:1) argue that there is little or no confirmation that the land reform programme has made any changes in terms of promoting development, changing of people’s lives for the better, reduction of unemployment rates and economic growth over the past years of democracy.
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Therefore, there is no evidence to indicate change in the cattle producing farmer’s way of production that is making a difference in their lives in terms of enabling them to be self-reliant, increase their income rates, get high yields of production and food security for all for the urban and rural people (Lahiff, 2001:4).
Furthermore, the government has been implementing policies which raise many challenges for the implementers and to the beneficiaries as well which is leading to the state being not seen as progressive in terms of their targets as they are not meeting them. In addition, Lahiff, (2000) states that the high rate of acquiring land for the cattle producing farmers would not be seen as making any positive impact in terms of improving the livelihoods of beneficiaries as the cattle producing farmers would be lacking financial support leading to a high rate of unproductive cattle, due to lack of nutritious feed and veterinary related problems that the farmers would not be able to purchase for their cattle as they are lacking capital.
Government’s mandate is, however, not only restricted to the redistribution of land or making land more accessible, it is also responsible for empowering beneficiaries and for ensuring rural livelihoods’ sustainability through the creation of a concrete support foundation (Rungasamy, 2011:5). In practice, viable growth is composed of successful land acquisition and the status of the beneficiaries after they have received the land for farming, the farmers has to be economically viable thus utilising the farms to their full potential and must also be seen to be migrating from small scale to becoming commercial farmers, thus producing at large scale levels (Rungasamy, 2011:53). Therefore, an effective post-settlement support strategy (such as RADP and CASP) and models must be put in place.
The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) and the Department of Agriculture, Rural Development and Land Administration (DARDLA), as part of the Government agencies, are the key departments that have been tasked to implement the land reform programme. DRDLR is responsible for facilitation of land acquisition (pre-settlement support) and DARDLA for post-settlement support, ensuring that the lands or farms that have been delivered, or acquired by land beneficiaries, are economically viable (DLA, 2008).
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In relation to the South African Land Reform Programmes, the post-settlement option is the type of funding that is given to the cattle producing farmers, thus it is a way of supporting the farmers, who are in distress, with the infrastructure and production inputs immediately when they have received the farms in order to sustain them (Van der Elst, 2008:56).
However, this kind of assistance can also be given to the cattle producing farmers through the provision of agricultural extension services support, technical support, demonstrations, skills development, and financial support, infrastructural development, business and marketing as well as technology development.
Van der Elst (2008), further points out that “the assistance must be planned and provided in a sustainable way” (Van der Elst, 2008:56). Beneficiaries must therefore be empowered to utilise land to such an extent that poverty is reduced and their livelihoods become, and remain, sustainable in the medium to long term period (DLA, 2001).
Restoring land ownership without additional complementary support services is meaningless; therefore, there is a challenge of providing farmers with land, as well as supporting the farmers with land that needs to be addressed by the land reform (Rungasamy, 2011:4).
The above orientation furnishes a background to the problem-statement which focuses on the challenges faced by the cattle producing farmers after acquiring the land through the land reform programme, with the main emphasis on the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme and the Recapitalisation Development Programmes which are meant for supporting the farmers. In 2009 it was estimated that out of the farms that were acquired nationally, about 90% were unproductive and became a burden to their owners instead of being a source of improved livelihood. The effect on farm workers, who now were faced with the prospect of losing their jobs, was a reality that government had to deal with supporting platforms such as the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and the Settlement and Implementation Support (SIS) plans were introduced in 2002 and 2008 respectively.
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The Farmer Support Programme provides support to cattle producing farmers for the improvement of the economy, growth and market growth to be able to gain high rates of returns which would assist in ensuring permanency, affordability, development and revolution of the cattle producing sector.
The South Africa government introduced the Recapitalisation and Development Programme (RADP) in late 2009. The objectives of this programme were to provide assistance to the farms acquired since 1994 and help them produce efficiently and to acceptable levels. The programme introduced the concept of strategic partnership and mentorship through which farmers would be assisted. In order for the RADP to be operational it requires its beneficiaries to be trained on farm management so that they may be able to operate the farms up to their full potential and be able to generate sustainable income and to reduce the rate of unemployment.
The FAO (2006) as cited in Tilley and Lahiff, (2009) suggests that the development of the rural setup, developed technologies and the provision of training to the rural farmers might lead to more lasting chances of increased economic and ecological growth that would be the results of the land reform programme.
Adams et.al and Anaafo, (2013) indicate that the objectives and aims of the Department of Rural Development and Land reformare to improve the rural areas and to enable integration to the native markets, thus going an extra mile rather than only purchasing the land for the rural people but also aiming at providing technical advice and support in terms of agricultural development to the newly engaged farmers. The kind of support to be given to the farmers will include infrastructural development, technical advice, funding support for the purchasing of their implements, equipment, production inputs and machinery to enable the farmers to produce to the maximum and also be exposed to markets.
It is argued that “the South African Government has an obligation to empower land distribution beneficiaries as to create an effective support foundation that ensures that sustainable development takes place” (Van der Elst, 2008:1).
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The need for post-settlement support was identified as early at the inception of the White paper on Land Reform Policy (Department of Land Affairs, 2006).
The Land Reform Policy states:
“Government has a responsibility to provide assistance with farm credit, farm-inputs and marketing. Advice and assistance may be needed to facilitate the productive use of the land, as well as the provision of rural infrastructure (for example, water supplies, drainage, power supplies, and roads.”
The Department of Land reform’s White Paper concerning the South African Land Policy differentiates among reasonable land delivery and the provision of support to the cattle producing farmers in distress (Jacobs, 2003:8).
However, the development supporting facilities as specified in the White Paper, (1997) involves the key functional areas of support, which are:
Extension and advisory services: technical advice, encouragement and assistance;
Capability and capacity development: different kinds of training services are provided to the cattle producing farmers which includes farm management, animal handling, business plans and mentorship programmes that aimed for the transfer of skills from the mentor to the farmers;
Economic assistance: financial funding given to the cattle producing farmers in the form of RADP by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform and CASP by the Department of Agrarian Reform in order to support the farmers with farming processes;
Infrastructural provision: the departments are constructing and renovating the farmers’ dilapidated houses and roads, building of production structures like animal handling facilities, shearing sheds, water sources and fencing; and
Market share: easy access to feasible markets.
The combination of these factors will yield sustainable cattle producing farmers. It is further argued that the success of the LRP is dependent on effective and efficient
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systems and processes of distributing land and on the proper post-settlement support for those projects acquired through the LRP, where beneficiaries are generating income and making profits (Tilley, 2007:3).
The attainment of sustainable development outcomes also depends on the provision of settlement support which should not be added at the end of the land reform process but should form an integral part of the entire process of land reform through the planning, transfer and post-transfer phases in an integrated manner involving all role-players (land reform beneficiaries, government departments, private sector partners, etcetera) natural, financial and human resources (Rungasamy, 2011:53).
1.2 Aims and objectives of the study
The aims and objectives of this research would be geared towards evaluating whether the policy plan was appropriate in relation to the set objectives. They also seek to explore the impact of the recapitalisation funding programme on cattle producing farmers in terms of development. However, the challenges faced by the cattle producing farmers like being able to access the funds and also challenges faced by the department of Rural Development and Land Reform after funding the cattle producing farmers will be reflected upon. The study will also find ways on how to manage and avoid the challenges faced within the framework starting from policy formulation up to the implementation stage and the monitoring stage.
1.3 Research question
The following research questions are aimed at addressing the effectiveness of the recapitalisation programme in terms of economic funding; training and capability building; selling and commercial development; farm structure as well as the technical and advisory assistance.
The research questions are as follows:
Are the cattle producing farmers developing into commercial farming?
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What role is played by the recapitalisation and development programme in developing the skills of the cattle producing farmers?
What improvement does the technical advice bring to the success of the cattle producing farmers?
What are the cattle producing farmers’ perceptions about the recapitalisation programme?
Are the cattle producing farmers willing to produce in large quantities for the market?
1.4 Objectives of the study
The research study is based on the premise that most of the Eastern Cape cattle producing farmers are still facing financial problems and their farms are still dilapidated even though interventions have been done by the Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and Land Reform like CASP and RADP which were introduced as the programmes for rescuing the cattle producing farmers from the challenges they are facing, which makes them not unviable economically. Therefore, this research seeks to achieve the following objectives:
To evaluate whether the programme design was appropriate in relation to the set objectives.
To evaluate whether the programme is being implemented effectively and efficiently (focusing on the implementation strategies).
To investigate the failures of the previous funding programmes such as the CASP programme.
To assess the challenges faced by the cattle producing farmers in getting the funding.
To assess the challenges faced by the department after funding the farmers.
To assess the impact of recapitalisation programmes after the funding support has been done to the farmers and the development thereafter.
To determine the interventions that should be put in place to ensure the future viability and sustainability of these farmers.
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Recommendations will be made based on the findings of this research.
This chapter provided an introduction to the study. This included the orientation and problem statement. The main objectives of the research study and research question were also discussed. The next chapter will examine various viewpoints on the term “recapitalisation” and the different forms in which it has been used in both policy and academic writing. A focus on the application of the concept to address contemporary national or regional developmental problems, looking specifically at the impact of the recapitalisation and development funding programme on cattle producing farmers in terms of development will be done.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
This section is dedicated to the evaluation of the theoretical and strategy writings in order to anchor relevant concepts in theory and prior practice as a way of validating the approach of this study. The first part of the chapter will examine the various viewpoints on the term “recapitalisation” and the different forms in which it has been used in both policy and academic writing.
Following that, the literature review will focus on the application of the concept to address contemporary national or regional developmental problems, looking specifically at the impact of the recapitalisation and development funding programme on cattle producing farmers in terms of development. As is well known, the recapitalisation programme is being implemented as a strategy for improving the performance of the cattle producing farmers. Therefore, the literature will be examined in relation to the experience with such development strategies for the land reform programmes.
Thirdly, systematic investigations into the use of the recapitalisation strategy to address the problems of cattle producing farmers within a programme of land and agrarian reform will therefore be examined. Lastly, the type of strategy from the department of Agrarian reform is known as the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), and this will be put into the spotlight as well.
This programme was anticipated to increase the establishment of support to the small scale farmers and to enable development through agricultural production with the special target being the recipients of the Land Reform and Agrarian Reforms programmes (Minister, 2004).
The Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme was intended to improve the delivery of funding services in order to encourage and assist in development of
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agriculture and to increase the National household food security.This programme was directed to the recipients of the Department of Land Reform and Agrarian Reform.
The Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme beneficiariesare typically small scale farmers as well as the recipients of the Land Redistribution and Agricultural Development and other strategic programmes; for example, SLAG, restitution, redistribution and tenure reform beneficiaries were assisted with farm level support. The grant recipients were assisted through once off funding for the development of agricultural related infrastructure.
According to the progress report about the execution of the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), the CASP could be efficient only be if the service provision constraints could be resolved. One of the constraints is the fact that the CASP policy is not implemented practically in a correct manner. The 2003 Intergovernmental Fiscal Review Process on Agriculture has concluded the following according the below authors:
Vink, (2001) asserts that the delivery and implementation of the various governmental procedures, guidelines and programmes, as well as operative provision structures are not executed practically. However, the implementation of all the regulations and programmes is a very critical matter in order to improve the agricultural environment. According to Deiniger, Lavadenz, Bresciani and Diaz, (2001) the above allegations constitute the main concern and challenge for all the organisations that are assisting in developing the agricultural sector.
The current flawed process of providing isolated farmers with capital and infrastructure puts the beneficiaries into a challenging position, ending up with them engaging in low-input agriculture in order to finance themselves and they also take part in joint projects with community or private organisation associates.
In 2009 it was estimated that out of the farms that were acquired nationally, about 90% were unproductive and became a burden to their owners instead of being a source of improved livelihood.
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The effect on farm workers, who now are faced with the prospect of losing jobs, became a reality that government had to deal with. Supporting platforms such as the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and the Settlement and Implementation Support (SIS) plans were introduced in 2002 and 2008 respectively (Lahiff, 2001).
The FAO (2006) as cited in Tilley (2009) suggests that the development of the rural setup, developed technologies and the provision of training to the rural farmers might lead to more lasting chances of increased economic and ecological growth that should be the outcome of Department of Land Reform programmes. One of the objectives and aims of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform are to improve the rural areas and to enable integration with the local markets, thus going an extra mile rather than only purchasing the land for the rural people, but also aiming at providing technical advice and support in terms of agricultural development to the newly engaged farmers (Adams, 1999 and Anaafo, 2013).
The South Africa government presented the Recapitalisation and Development Programme (RADP) in late 2009, the objectives of this programme being to provide assistance to the farmers acquired since 1994 and help them produce efficiently and to acceptable levels. The kind of support to be given to the farmers will include infrastructural development, technical advice, funding support for the purchasing of the implements, equipment, production inputs and machinery to enable the farmers to produce to the maximum and also be exposed to markets.
The programme introduced the concept of strategic partnerships and mentorships through which farmers could be assisted. Therefore, this f aspect of the strategy is well handled in the literature as partnerships. As part of the RADP programme, it is required that a “strategic partnership” should be entered into between the “cattle producing farmers” or land reform recipients and recognised white farmers or commercial farmers with experience in the cattle producing environment, to provide support in the production and marketing of produce in order to assist towards achieving the aims of the Department of Land Reform programmes.
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However, for the RADP to be operational, it requires its beneficiaries to be well-trained on farming administration and cattle control in order to operate the farms to their full potential and be able to generate sustainable income and to reduce the rate of unemployment.
To this end, it is imperative to investigate the impact of recapitalisation programmes after the funding support has been done for the cattle producing farmers. The chapter will end with a review of measurement issues relevant to the discussion and use of recapitalisation as a strategy to rescue cattle producing farmers in different social and economic contexts and the scope for reproduction within the South African context.
2.2 Recapitalisation as a concept
The RADP Policy, (2013) states that the Recapitalisation and Development programme is basically meant for focusing on small scale farmers in terms of building up their capacity levels, development of infrastructure and the production inputs on farms that are in distress and to the newly bought farms through the land reform redistribution (LRAD), restitution and other land reform programmes since the year 1994. This programme (RADP) also caters for the privately acquired farms that are in distress (Hall, 2003; Jacobs, 2003; Wegerif, 2004). The main purpose of this policy is to ensure that the farms are cost-effective and maintainable across the value chain and are in line with the business plan which specifies the comprehensive development and capital requirements of targeted farms for a period of over five (5) years, which is the recapitalisation and development cycle (RADP Policy, 2013).
2.2.1 The Recapitalisation and Development Programme
The Recapitalisation and Development Programme was introduced in 2010 to support the development and maintenance of the acquired farms. According to Kirsten et al., (2005) and Anseeuw and Mathebula, (2008) some of the acquired farms are still unproductive and have not reached their expected production levels, while others are not functioning at all. Therefore, South Africa‘s Land Reform Department has come
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with a mitigation programme in order to achieve the sustainability of the acquired land, thus contributing to improved livelihood for beneficiaries.
2.2.1.1 Objectives and focus of the RADP
According to the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, (2012b), the objectives of the RADP are as follows:
To increase production;
To guarantee food security;
To graduate small farmers into commercial farmers;
To create employment opportunities within the agricultural sector; and
To establish rural development monitors.’’
The above mentioned aims and objectives of the Recapitalisation and Development Programme are meant to add to the accomplishment of Outcome 7: vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities and food security for all. The RADP also adds to the accomplishment of Outcomes 4 and 10: creation of decent employment opportunities through economic growth and ensuring sustainable natural resource management, respectively (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, 2012a).
The Recapitalisation and Development Programme focuses on land reform farms attained since 1994 that have little or no funding but have the potential to be workable. These farms, considered to be in distress, are offered technical and financial support. Thus far, 1807 distressed farms have been targeted for Recapitalisation and Development (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, 2012a).
There are two planned involvements that have been approved under the RADP in order to guarantee sustainability of land reform farms. These two involvements are strategic partnerships and mentorships. Unlike in the past, the Department of Rural Development and land reform beneficiaries are playing a critical part in the selection of the strategic partner/mentor. Furthermore, the strategic partner is required to
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contribute his/her own resources and to assist farmers with access to markets, production, capacity building, business plan, and etcetera.
2.2.2 Operation of the RADP
Under the RADP, projects are supported 100%, established on a five-year subsidy model and no submission is accepted without the submission of the complete commercial proposal (Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, 2012a). The capital model is specified as follows:
1) Phase 1: 100% funding for infrastructure and operational costs; 2) Phase 2: 80% funding for development needs;
3) Phase 3: 60% funding for development needs; 4) Phase 4: 40% funding for development needs, and 5) Phase 5: 20% funding for development needs.
The funding shortfall from Phase 2 onward is to be derived from proceeds of the relevant preceding phase. By 2012, a total of 640 farms (530 934 ha) have been placed under the RADP: 264 attached to strategic partners and 117 to mentors. The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, (2012a) states that about 38 strategic partners and 50 mentors have been appointed thus far. Most of the outstanding 259 farms are being targeted for direct track down, as there were no interested individuals who are willing to do mentoring on these farms.
2.2.3 Recapitalisation and Development route movement
The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, (2012a) explains the process flow of the Recapitalisation and Development Programme. The initial phase is to identify the farms that are in distress. The second phase is to be engagement with the grant recipients, whereby possible involvements are being recognised
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together with grant recipients. The third phase is explained as the stage for the employment and selection of partners that are identified for the projects.
The next phase would then be the development of a Business Plan by the identified partner or by the Department of Agriculture economists, together with the grant recipient. The proposed comprehensive business plan would then be presented to and recommended by all the Committees of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, which comprises the relevant participants such as the Farmers Union, Sister Departments (Department of Agriculture, Economic Development etc.), local and District Municipalities, non-government organisations and commodity representatives.
After this phase the signing of agreements between the grant recipients, partners, accountants and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform would be done. The entity and its name need to be registered through the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC) programme and the opening of a joint bank account, with the legal entity name, is done at this stage in order for the Department to be able to manage the funds effectively. In this programme the accountability process is very critical.
After all the committees, such as the District Screening Committee, Provincial Technical Committee, National Land Allocation and Recapitalisation Control Committee, have recommended the funding and the Deputy Director General has approved the funding, the grants would be released. The last phase would be the implementation of the recommended business plan by the grant recipient, accountant and the partner, which would be followed by the monitoring and evaluation to be conducted by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform officers.
2.2.4 According to the RADP policy, (2012b) there are three main acts that are governing RADP
Land Reform: Provision of Land and Acquisition Act, 1993(Act No 126 of 1993)
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The Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 (Act No 62 of 1997).
Lahiff et.al, (2008) claims that there is a concern about the high rate of failing land reform projects since the beginning of the land reform programmes; therefore the South African administration has a challenge of sorting out the problem. Several readings shows that the complaints from the beneficiaries include challenges in accessing facilities such as credit, training, extension advice, transport and ploughing service, veterinary services and access to input and produce markets (Lahiff et.al 2008). Tilley, (2007) states that the philosophies and strategies supporting land reform in various countries have led to the implementation of the various types of post-settlement approaches and recognised preparations, which can be characterised as decentralisation or centralisation and a high level of participation.
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Figure 2.1 The Development Sequence for the RADP comprises the following:
Phase 1: Identification, prioritization and selection of
eligible projects
Phase 2: Engagement with identified projects to facilitate
entry into the RADP process
Phase 3: Assessment of eligible, willing projects to determine level
and nature of constraint
Phase 5: Evaluation, recommendation and approval of RADP submissions
Phase 4: Facilitation of Partnership Arrangement and development of
Business Plan
Phase 6: Reporting and Monitoring Phase 6: Implementation
Phase 7: Handover or Exit Strategy
Process repeated for each phase of Business plan
Evaluation by all partners
Source: RADP manual section B process flow, (2015)
Tilley, (2007) states that issues of availability, access to social and economic institutions, control, use and management of financial, human and physical resources and policies, and use of human resources influences the planning and implementation of post-settlement strategies.
2.3 Concept of Strategic Partnership OR Joint Ventures
A common assumption made to justify the launch of a recapitalisation programme is the deficiency of the requisite skills and competence to ensure the success of the
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rescue operation. The argument that is preferred is that if they knew what to do, things would not have gone so badly wrong. Hence, some form of partnership or co-management is commonly built into the recapitalisation and development programme (FAO; 2001).
2.3.1 Mentorship
Mentoring can be defined as the presence of entities that are responsible for giving support, advice, strengthening and productive illustrations in order to help the cattle producing farmers to prosper.
Milner, (2009) asserts that a mentor is a person who has a lot of information or knowledge, and thus is willing to share the knowledge and experience in order to help improve the capabilities of those subordinate to him or her.
However, thementors are not anticipated to be having all the answers. Yet, mentoring can mean the difference between achievements and let-down.
Mentoring can be regarded as a second key strategy in addressing the lack of skills within the emerging agricultural sector. Tereblanche, (2006) states the benefits of a well-structured and managed mentorship programme as follows: easier induction for a newcomer to an organisation, improved self-confidence, getting the new knowledge and skills needed to perform effectively at organisational level, faster career progress and greater job satisfaction, individual growth etcetera.
A number of commodity organisations, especially in the sugarcane and the citrus production sectors, have seen an increase of in-house mentorship programme provided by these organisations. In 2006, the Department of Agriculture and Forestry established the Master Mentorship approach, which involved commodity organisations contracting with the DAFF to provide mentorships to cattle producing farmers (Derman et al., 2006).
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Dr Fanie Terblanche quoted the Farmers Weekly (2006) which stated that a mentor is a person who is able to assist small scale farmers into understanding the farming sector and also gives them technical advice through practical demonstrations.
However, in order to build a positive farming task, it involves both mentor and the mentee to be able recognise the other’s understanding, expertise and capabilities.
The process can encounter problems if the parties have a poor understanding of mentorship. For example:
Culture of dependency,
Paternalistic mentors,
New farmers start with unrealistic expectations. Figure 2.2 depicts the mentorship programme.
Figure 2.2: Principal mentorship basic procedure outline
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According to Terblanche’s, (2006) report, both mentors and cattle producing farmers have never received adequate support from organisations except those on the mentorship programmes. Organisations, including the land-reform and other government departments, are said to be unable to provide training to the farms with no business plan and legal entities. He shows similar appreciation of the business proposal and suggests the improvement of a shared vision is necessary.
He further states the eight reasons for poor performance by new farmers as being: i No effective screening process or selection criteria for land-reform candidates, ii Little or no coordination between key individuals,
iii Unavailability of good Business Plans, iv Unskilled extension officers,
v Poor governance and controlling skills,
vi Corruption and waste of administration funding, vii No profitable products for emerging farmers, viii Cultural differences.
2.4 Additional projects to provide post-settlement provision
There are various programmes that have been carried out by the government in order to improve the issue of post-settlement provision. The projects include the implementation of the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP), the provision of micro-credit under the Micro-Agricultural Finance Initiative of South Africa (MAFISA) programme and the creation of post-settlement support units within the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights (CRLR) (Lahiff, 2008).
The Government introduced the CASP framework to complement LRAD. The CASP was launched in 2004 as a response to limited agricultural support and aftercare, designed to provide post-settlement support to the targeted beneficiaries of land reform and to other producers who have acquired land through private means and are engaged in value-adding enterprises domestically or are involved in export (DoA, 2005). The CASP received funding for agricultural support to land reform beneficiaries for the development and rehabilitation of dipping infrastructure in communal grazing
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areas, the improvement of animal health and an increase in the productivity of livestock farming and to step up capacity building and technical advisory programmes to enable land reform beneficiaries to use their land effectively and efficiently (Mala, 2006).
Amongst the challenges that faced CASP, were aligning budgets and systems between the DLA, NDA and the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, implementing priorities with regard to infrastructure in the communal areas, stepping up capacity building and technical advice to land reform beneficiaries, and integrating the Agriculture Starter Pack (ASP) into the Household Food Production Programme (HHFP) (Mala, 2006).
2.5 The roles and functions of the stakeholders in the implementation of Land Reform Programme in South Africa
The civil, trade and industry, traditional and community aspects of land reform have meant that there are several key participants in the operation of land reform in South Africa. Some of the major participants in the land reform programme are concisely explained below.
2.5.1 Department of Rural Development of Land Reform
The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (previously known as DLA) is the lead government agency that is in control for the land reform policies, land acquisition monitoring and evaluation of the impact of land reform (Jacobs, 2003). According to PLAAS, (2003) the Department of Land Affairs’ responsibility is not only limited to land redistribution and restitution but it also allows land reform beneficiaries and such authorisation would be to create an effective support basis to ensure that sustainable improvement takes place.
22 2.5.2 Department of Agriculture
Van der Elst, (2008) argues that the practical implication is that post-settlement support cannot be the sole responsibility of the Department of Land Affairs. It only plays the facilitation role but not the physical implementation of post-settlement. In this regard, it is therefore imperative and unavoidable that different departments with expert roles and other constitutional bodies with particular support functions be involved in the process of post-settlement support (Jacobs, 2003:5).
However, the main responsibility for post-transfer support also lies with Provincial Department of Agriculture, as specified in the Land Redistribution and Agricultural Development policy (Rungasamy, 2011). According to Jacobs (2003:5), the National Development Agency (NDA) and the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, through its support programmes, are in authority for post-transfer provision to land reform recipients. This includes providing them with infrastructure, training, credits, extension services, markets and so forth(NDA, 2001). The funding for these support services is from the equity share from provincial provinces and conditional grants from the NDA, which is earmarked for post-settlement provision of land reform projects (NDA, 2001).
2.5.3 Land Bank
The Land Bank was formed in 1912 to support the agricultural sector in the development and implementation of government agricultural policies and to promote commercial farming (Sibanda, 2001). After the release of the Strauss Commission Report (1999), new legislation regarding the operation of the Bank has been passed. The new corporate identity was revealed, which is the lending of money for the farm needs for the previously disadvantaged in needy farming communities, (Land Bank, 1999 cited by Jacobs et al., 2003:22). Therefore through the government funds the Bank offers low interest loans and production loans valued at 80% of the production land value, reserved for land purchases, mechanisation and production inputs for farming.
23 2.5.4 The National Developing Agency (NDA)
The National Developing Agency, located in the Ministry of Social Development, acts as a secondary support sector in providing the post-transfer support to land reform beneficiaries in order to facilitate rural development. Jacobs (2003:6) asserts that in April 2002 the trilateral agency agreement was signed with the CRLR to allocate resources to the restitution farms in order to enable sustainable rural development. Many of the land reform projects around the nine provinces of South Africa have been funded by the agency in infrastructural development and production inputs.
2.6 Land Reform Programmes in Other Countries
This part reviews literature on the Department of Rural Development and land reform programmesin other countries. The motive behind this is to understand the nature of these programmes, identify any similarities or differences to the South Africa’s land reform programme (in particular, the RADP) and draw lessons for the RADP with regard to its design and implementation. Four countries were selected for the review; namely, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Philippines. Apart from the fact these are some of the countries whose land reform programmes have been widely examined in the literature, their experiences are relevant for South Africa‘s land reform and the RADP, in particular (Aliber & Mokoena, 2004).
2.6.1 Brazil
Various models of land reform were implemented in Latin American countries, including Brazil. These models varied from the market-based approach, where landless farmworkers and minifundistas, or farmers had access to a credit line to buy land, to state expropriation at market-based rates and also land invasions. The land reform process in Brazil consisted of an expropriation programme and a market-assisted programme. Expropriation was done in conjunction with the Landless movement and focused on underused land. In principle, the market assisted programme can acquire both used and underused land, and it works primarily in tandem with the National Confederation of Agricultural Workers (CONTAG).
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The Brazilian experience with its negotiated agrarian reform (market assisted land reform) is the most comprehensive, long-standing, and diverse programme of any kind in the world. A review of the literature presents some contrasting evidence about the level of success of land reform programmes in Latin America, particularly Brazil and Colombia. Some studies (Sauer, 2003) document several cases of increased hardship of beneficiaries and abandoned land, while studies reported in Binswanger et al. (2009) and others, reported more successful cases and improved income levels. The study by Sauer, (2006) uses the data from a 2002 survey of beneficiary families to report on living and socio-economic status of the households benefiting from the Cédula da Terra programme in Brazil.
The results from Sauer‘s study present a picture comparable to that of South Africa‘s land reform programme. Despite the positive views reported above, many families in Brazil were experiencing greater hardships than previously. This was mostly as a result of promises by state officials not being kept. This largely had to do with the timely release of funds for production or for infrastructure. This trend has also been reported with the CASP funds in South Africa.
Brazil provided extensive subsidies on working capital (about 70%), but that level of subsidisation prevented government funds from being stretched to all beneficiaries. The success of the land reform programme and the longer term economic viability of land reform beneficiaries in Brazil were also dependent on their ability to gain access to alternative sources of working capital and marketing channels and the degree to which beneficiaries actually expected to repay their loans, including loans for working capital (Deininger, 1999). Later on, it became evident that beneficiaries could not get access to alternative sources of working capital or the subsidised programme.
The shortage of funds, along with the lack of technical assistance, created many problems that have resulted in precarious living conditions for land reform beneficiaries and their families. All sixteen projects included in the study by Sauer (Sauer, 2006) reported problems regarding access to water (lack of water, no water pipes, and above all delays in funding for irrigation projects), as well as difficulties with transportation, schools, basic sanitation, and health. In all the projects included in the Sauer study,
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most people reported difficulties in farming, due to lack of technical assistance and funds for investment.
There were, however, serious problems related to the quality of the land purchases, such as soil fertility, the depth of the soil, its rockiness or unsuitability for many crops. As a result, farm production on the projects surveyed was basically for subsistence. In most cases, the production on individual lots did not generate enough income even for survival, much less for capitalisation or new investments in production (Sauer, 2006). The low productivity of the farms, together with late release of funds, all contributed to the hardship of the Cedula families and their inability to repay their loans. Brazil provided extensive subsidies on working capital (about 70%), but that level of subsidisation prevented government funds from being stretched to all beneficiaries. The success of the land reform programme and the longer term economic viability of land reform beneficiaries in Brazil were also dependent on their ability to gain access to alternative sources of working capital and marketing channels and the degree to which beneficiaries actually expected to repay their loans, including loans for working capital (Deininger, 1999). Later on, it became evident that beneficiaries could not get access to alternative sources of working capital or the subsidised programme.
2.6.2 Colombia
In Colombia, it was also evident (Deininger, 1999) that beneficiaries, given some degree of donations, knowledge and potential, were unable to go through the processes required on the transferred land reform, without financial support. The majority of the preselected beneficiaries on the piloting had the experience in agriculture. The result was that only a few individuals were able to manage capitals and to negotiate business resolutions. Therefore, this led to the decrease on farm operations and yet no production took place such that the land was left unused. The Land Reform Programme then introduced training for the farmers in order to solve the problem of unproductive lands and to increase the agricultural production levels.
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In addition, the sequence of farm plans before land purchase appears not to have functioned properly on the Colombian programme. The platform for supporting facilities is integrated within the overall government agricultural programmes, while extension services continue to be controlled by national state agencies.
2.6.3 The Philippines
The agrarian associations in the Philippines have similar characteristics with those of Latin American and other Asian countries. There are hacienda type plantations and small subsistence-oriented peasant tenures, with a variety of land tenure arrangements in between. Putzel, (1992) projected that 72 % of rural families were landless in the late 1980s. Relative to other countries in Asia, agricultural sector growth in the Philippines has been poor. Rice yields in 1991 were less than half those obtained in South Korea, Japan and China.
Prior to Marcos's 'Operation Land Transfer' in 1972 and the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (Republican Act 6657 of 1988) under Aquino, reforms were restricted to the upgrading of sharecropping to leasehold tenures. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, also known as RA6657, was enacted in 1988, with its implementing programme, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
A strategy of Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs) was introduced in 1993 to optimise the use of limited financial and material resources. The Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs) are a group of rural communities in which provision facilities are channelled to recipients.
This is an innovative approach in the implementation of land reform, which focuses of provision of support services to raise household incomes of at least 70% of the beneficiaries to be above the poverty level.
This approach fits the framework of foreign donors to support specific geographic areas or sectors rather than the CARP. By December 2002, P40.4 billion had been mobilised from foreign sources for 39 projects. The overall assessment of CARP is positive and it benefited a significant portion of the rural population. The CARP can be
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an effective programme to ease food scarcity, guarantee food safety and for the general growth of the nation state (Putzel, 1992).
2.7 Conclusion
As the government recapitalises the farms and sets out the requirements for recapitalisation, such as the appointment of a mentor and entering into strategic partnerships, the literature has shown that these are not new concepts without challenges of their own. The objectives of the programme should be clearly spelt out as to ensure that the strategy being used for recapitalisation would yield the desired results.
The creation of dependency on the state by farmers is another potential negative result from the process, and the lack of natural selection of the less viable enterprises means a bankruptcy threat is removed by the availability of a state bailout. The causes of failure are standardised under training, market access, credit access and poor capacity resulting in poor production. Some of the interventions are more likely to address the production (technical) and market access constraints of cattle producing farmers, the economic and the capacity issues remains unaddressed such as that of the mentor who becomes dominant, and no clear capacity building takes place. This chapter has shown that cattle producing farmers in the Eastern Cape and on other developing countires are facing many challenges regarding unavailability of cattle producing’s supporting programmes. The challenges includes the under training, market unaccessibity, credit access and poor capacity resulting in poor production. The shortage of funds, along with the lack of technical assistance, created many problems that have resulted in precarious living conditions for land reform beneficiaries and their families. The next chapter will focus on studying the research methods used in collecting and analysing data.
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CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction
The chapter describes the research methodology followed in the study. It seeks to explain how information for the purposes of this research was obtained, what data collection methods were used, and why those particular methods were employed. The first section of this chapter provides a description of the area of the study in terms of its location and important geographical and socio-economic characteristics. Following that, this chapter describes the data and the method of data collection. The final part of the chapter is devoted to a description of the analysis employed as well as ethical considerations.
Durrham, (1999) defines research methodology as the bridge which is between the research question formed by the researcher and actual work done by the researcher. According to Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, (2004) one should envision the methodology chapter as a place to clarify how one has conducted one’s research as it is considered to be the framework for one’s research. This flows from the research philosophy which is a belief in the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and put to work.
3.2 Area of study
The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape Province on projects that are within two district municipalities, namely Joe Gqabi District Municipalities, which has few land reform farms which are evenly distributed through the district and usually involved in a more intensive type of farming, and the Chris Hani District Municipality which has many land reform farms comprising livestock and crop farming (Andrew, 2003).
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3.3 Research methodology and design
Research design is the procedure or strategy used in a research study (Creswell, 2008). This philosophy suggests that there is what is known to be true, compared to what is believed to be true. It is in this realisation that Benbaset et.al (1987) observes that in the research methodology field, no method may be considered to be better than the other for a specified task. It is therefore advised that for one to come up with a better and even improved research, one needs to look at the task at hand to determine which method to use as some tasks may require a combination of procedures. Therefore both qualitative and quantitative approaches were most suited for this research.
The researcher utilised both quantitative and qualitative methods in order to analyse the data based on interpretive and descriptive findings of the primary and secondary data, such as conversation, observation and land reform policies. The output of this dissertation is the study of the existing land reform legislation and policies that were undertaken in relation to the recapitalisation programme for supporting cattle producing farmers. Quantitative and qualitative data on land reform and private farms were also analysed in relation to the presence or absence of the recapitalisation funding programme.
The researcher has made use of articles, journals, law reports and books on land and agrarian reform and on recapitalisation funding and comprehensive agricultural support programmes (CASP) policies in doing the research. The Recapitalisation and Development funding programme is a policy which is driven by the department of Rural Development and Land Reform. The main objective of this supporting programme is to improve the quality of agricultural support in agricultural related projects and is made available to all cattle producing farmers.
According to Kellehaer, (1993) qualitative research gives the researcher a chance to study human interaction, ancient processes and social truth in order to find effective and thorough information. This kind of research also includes fieldwork and written evaluation.
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Qualitative research methods were employed on the initial study for the data collection with regard to the views of cattle producing farmers on how they perceive the implementation of the RADP programme in terms of their experience and knowledge. Moreover, qualitative research is considered to be the way of getting in-depth understanding of the values and explanations of the cattle producing farmers and the recapitalisation programme which is obtainable from the participants. Qualitative research designs are associated with explanatory methods, from the participants’ understanding while the quantitative approach is concerned with measuring the cattle producing farmer’s characteristics and observing their actions (Wainwright, 1997). This study seeks to determine why the objectives of the RADP development policy have not been met especially in relation to the improvement of the quality of lives of land reform beneficiaries.
It also aims to investigate whether beneficiaries of land reform receive support after the land has been transferred to them by government and if such support is being provided, and to determine the extent and adequacy of this support in meeting the needs of the beneficiaries. Land reform projects, both those which are successful and those which are unsuccessful will be examined to determine whether the provision or lack of the recapitalisation and development funding has played a role therein in terms of success and sustainable development.
3.3.1 Research Design
“Research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation so as to obtain answers to research questions or problems. The plan is the complete scheme or programme of the research. It includes the outline of what the investigator will do, from writing the hypotheses and their operational implications to the final analysis of the data” (Kumar, 1999:74).
“Research design is a strategic framework for action that serves as a bridge between research questions and the execution or implementation of the research.” (Blanche and Durrheim, 1999:29). They further maintain that research designs are plans that guide the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner
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that aims to combine the relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
3.3.1.1 Populations to be studied
‘Population’ refers to all the subjects from whom the results of the study are expected to apply (Babbie and Mouton, 2010). This research focused on cattle producing farmers in the Eastern Cape Province who are described as farmers who areinvolved in developing agriculture. They are farmers who have already established their farming businesses, although they have improved or have grown from a new farmer’s level; they still operate at a lower scale than desired.
As a result they always have room to grow and expand their farming businesses. The target number of farmers to be interviewed was ten from the Chris Hani and Joe Gqabi District; that is, it was five per district between the ages of 18 and 75 years old.
3.3.1.2 Sampling Technique
According to De Vos et al., (2011) a sample is defined as a small portion of the total of objects, events, person that together comprise the subject of a study. The researcher has sourced individuals with whom she conducted the structured and unstructured interviews by means of purposive sampling and in the study the sample was conveniently selected based on availability of the cattle producing farmers in the targeted districts (the sample was made up of rural residents who received RADP funds and those who have not yet been funded). Ten cattle producing farmers in Chris Hani and Joe Gqabi Districts in the Eastern Cape Province were purposefully selected. The ages fell between 18 to 75 years and included both sexes.
3.4 Data collection tools
The study is Q-squared thus both the Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. However, the data collection methods under this research design were to yield data that was descriptive and exploratory based on human experiences and are associated