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Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletbThe Casimir force on a piston in the spacetime
with extra compactified dimensions
Hongbo Cheng
Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 17 January 2008
Received in revised form 4 August 2008 Accepted 8 August 2008
Available online 13 August 2008 Editor: T. Yanagida
PACS: 03.70.+k 11.10.Kk
A Casimir piston for massless scalar fields obeying Dirichlet boundary conditions in high-dimensional spacetimes within the frame of Kaluza–Klein theory is analyzed. We derive and calculate the exact expression for the Casimir force on the piston. We also compute the Casimir force in the limit that one outer plate is moved to the extremely distant place to show that the reduced force is associated with the properties of additional spatial dimensions. The more dimensionality the spacetime has, the stronger the extra-dimension influence is. The Casimir force for the piston in the model including a third plate under the background with extra compactified dimensions always keeps attractive. Further we find that when the limit is taken the Casimir force between one plate and the piston will change to be the same form as the corresponding force for the standard system consisting of two parallel plates in the four-dimensional spacetimes if the ratio of the plate-piston distance and extra dimensions size is large enough.
©2008 Elsevier B.V.
In 1948 a remarkable macroscopic quantum effect describing the attractive force between two conducting and neutral parallel plates was predicted by Casimir[1]. The Casimir effect appears due to the disturbance of the vacuum of the electromagnetic field induced by the presence of boundary. Twenty years later Boyer researched on the Casimir effect for a conducting spherical shell to find that this kind of Casimir force is repulsive[2]. This effect is more complicated than we thought. Afterwards more efforts have been paid for the problem and related topics. All results brought attention to the fact that whether the Casimir force is attractive or repulsive depends on the geometry of the configuration strongly[3]. However, there are several reasons to be suspicious of the analysis of the Casimir effect problems. Maybe their results are not perfect. For example, we always investigated a massless scalar field in a confined region such as parallel plates, rectangular box and so on to find the vacuum energy while we let the field satisfy the Dirichlet boundary conditions at the borders of the region[3–8]. Having regularized the vacuum energy, we obtain the Casimir energy. Certainly the Casimir force can be received by means of derivative of Casimir energy with respect to the distance between two borders. Here it should be pointed out that these former considerations on the topic have not involved the contribution to the vacuum energy from the area outside the confined region which depends on its dimensions while we discard the divergent terms related to the boundary also depending on the geometry and dimensions during the regularization process. In order to avoid the flaws mentioned above, a slightly different model called piston was put forward [9]. The system is a single rectangular box with dimensions L
×
b divided into two parts with dimensions a×
b and(
L−
a)
×
b respectively by a piston which is an idealized plate that is free to move along a rectangular shaft. In Ref. [9]the author calculated the Casimir force on a two-dimensional piston as a consequence of fluctuations of a scalar field obeying Dirichlet boundary conditions on all surfaces and found that the force on the piston is always attractive asLgoes to the infinity, regardless of the ratio of the two sides. Immediately the issue attracted more attention. The Casimir force acting on a conducting piston with arbitrary cross section always keeps attractive although the existence of the walls weaken the force [10]. The three-dimensional Casimir piston for massless scalar fields obeying Dirichlet boundary conditions was also explored, and it was found that the total Casimir force is negative no matter how long the lengths of sides are[11,12]. In addition in the case of various boundary conditions the Casimir force on a piston may be repulsive[13]. In a word the Casimir piston is a new important model revealing its own distinct effects and can be used to explore the related topics. This model is also simpler to be constructed as a device from the experimental point of view.The model of higher-dimensional spacetime is a powerful ingredient to be needed to unify the interactions in nature. More than 80 years ago Kaluza and Klein put forward the issue that our universe has more than four dimensions [14,15]. The Kaluza–Klein theory introduced an extra compactified dimension to unify gravity and classical electrodynamics in our world. The theory has been generalized and developed greatly. Recently the quantum gravity such as string theory or brane-world scenario is developed to reconcile the quantum
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doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.08.013
Open access under CC BY license.
Since the higher-dimensional spacetime described by Kaluza–Klein theory is important and indispensable, it is crucial to discuss several models including the Casimir effect problem in this background. The precision of the measurement has been greatly improved practically
[22–24], leading the Casimir effect to be remarkable observable and trustworthy consequence of the existence of quantum fluctuations and to become a powerful tool for the topics on the model of Universe with more than four dimensions. It must be emphasized that the attractive Casimir force between the parallel plates vanishes when the plate gap is very large and no repulsive force appears according to the experimental results. Some topics were examined in the context of Kaluza–Klein theory. As the first step of generalization to investigate the higher-dimensional spacetimes, we show analytically that the extra-dimension corrections to the Casimir effect for a rectangular cavity in the presence of a compactified universal extra dimension are very manifest[25]. The Casimir effect for parallel plates in the spacetime with extra compactified dimensions was also studied[26–29]. We prove rigorously that there must appear repulsive Casimir force between the parallel plates when the plates distance is sufficiently large in the spacetime with compatified additional dimensions, and the higher the dimensionality is, the greater the repulsive force is. It should be pointed out that the value of the repulsive Casimir force which is obtained theoretically is within the experimental reach. Therefore the results obtained in the context of Kaluza–Klein theory conflict with the experimental phenomena mentioned above[27–29], which means that the model of higher-dimensional spacetime with extra compactified spatial dimensions needs further research.
It is necessary and significant to study the force-on-the-piston problem in a higher-dimensional spacetime within the frame of Kaluza– Klein theory. We wonder how the influence from extra dimensions on the Casimir effect of the piston. This problem, to our knowledge, has not been examined. For simplicity and comparison to the conclusion of standard parallel-plates system, the model of piston is chosen. The main purpose of this Letter is to study the Casimir effect for the system consisting of three parallel plates in the Universe withd
compactified spatial dimensions. We obtain the expression of force by means of the differential of the total vacuum energy including the contribution outside the three-parallel-plate device with respect to the distance between two plates in the system. We regularize the force expression to obtain the Casimir force on the piston by means of zeta function technique when one outer plate is moved to the remote place. The force expression contains a finite part and divergent terms. We must regularize the original expression. The cut-off technique can be used to obtain the finite result via throwing the divergent term, and the finite result can also be obtained by zeta function regularization automatically subtracting divergences. It should be pointed out that we cannot ignore such a term by means of a renormalization of the parameters of the theory [35–37]. Here we obtain the Casimir force via the zeta-function regularization. It should also be pointed out that we can make use of the other regularization methods to obtain the same finite terms. Our results are not regularization dependent. We focus on the influence of dimensionality of the spacetime on the Casimir force between one plate and a piston and compare our results from the models like piston with those of parallel plates in the four-dimensional spacetime and the measurements. Our discussions and conclusions are emphasized in the end.
In a higher-dimensional spacetime, we start to consider the massless scalar fields obeying Dirichlet boundary conditions within a piston depicted inFig. 1. As a piston, one plate is inserted into a system consisting of two parallel plates. The piston is parallel to the plates and divides the parallel-plate-system into two parts labeled by A and B respectively. In part A the distance between the left plate and the piston isa, and the distance between the piston and the right plate in part B, the remains of the separation of two plates, is certainly
L
−
a, which means that Ldenotes the whole plates gap. The total vacuum energy for the three-parallel-plate system described above can be written as the sum of three termsE
=
EA(
a)
+
EB(
L−
a)
+
Eout,
(1)where EA
(
a)
and EB(
L−
a)
represent the energy of part A and B respectively, and the terms depend on their each size in parts. Eoutdescribes the vacuum energy outside the system and is independent of characters inside the system. Having regularized the total energy density, we obtain the Casimir energy density
EC
=
ERA(
a)
+
EAB(
L−
a)
+
EoutR,
(2)whereEA
R
(
a)
,ERB(
L−
a)
andE outR are finite parts of termsEA
(
a)
, EB(
L−
a)
andEoutin Eq.(1)respectively. In particular, it is also pointedout thatEoutR is not a function of the position of the piston, the Casimir force on the piston is given by the derivative of the Casimir energy with respect to the plates distance
−
∂EC∂a and can be written as
FC
= −
∂
∂
aEAR
(
a)
+
ERB(
L−
a)
,
(3)which means that the contribution of vacuum energy from the exterior region does not affect the Casimir force on the piston.
Here we set out to consider the massless scalar field in the three-parallel-plate system in the spacetime withdextra compactified dimensions in the context of Kaluza–Klein theory. Along the additional dimensions the wave vectors of the field have the formki
=
nRi, i=
1,
2, . . . ,
d, respectively,nian integer. Now we choose that the extra dimensions possess the same size,R. The fields satisfy the Dirichletcondition, leading the wave vector in the directions restricted by the plates to bekn
=
nDπ,na positive integer and D the separation ofFig. 1.Casimir piston in one dimension.
In the case ofdadditional compactified dimensions we find the frequency of the vacuum fluctuation within a region confined by two parallel plates whose separation isD to be
ω
{ni}n=
k2+
n2π
2 D2+
d i=1 n2i R2,
(4) where k2=
k21+
k22,
(5)k1 andk2 are the wave vectors in directions of the unbound space coordinates parallel to the plates surface. Now
{
ni}
represents a shortnotation ofn1,n2, . . . ,nd,ni a nonnegative integer. According to Refs.[3,4,7,30–34], therefore the total energy density of the fields in the
interior of two-parallel-plate system reads
E
(
D,
R)
=
d2k ∞ n=1 ∞ {ni}=0 1 2ω
{ni}n=
π
2(
−
32)
(
−
12)
d−1 l=0 d l Ed−l+1π
2 D2,
1 R2,
1 R2, . . . ,
1 R2; −
3 2+
π
4 2D3(
−
32)ζ (
−
3)
(
−
12)
(6)in terms of the Epstein zeta functionEp(a1,a2, . . . ,ap
;
s)
defined as,Ep(a1,a2, . . . ,ap
;
s)
=
∞ {nj}p j=1 ajn2j
−s
,
(7)here
{
nj}
stands for a short notation ofn1,n2, . . . ,np,nja positive integer. We can regularize Eq.(6)by means of the following recurrence[30–34] Ep(a1,a2, . . . ,ap
;
s)
= −
1 2Ep−1(a2,a3, . . . ,ap;
s)
+
1 2π
a1(
s−
12)
(
s)
Ep−1 a2,a3, . . . ,ap;
s−
1 2+
π
s(
s)
a −s 2 1 ∞ k=0 a k 2 1 k!
(
16π
)
k k j=1(
2s−
1)
2−
(
2j−
1)
2 ∞ n1,...,np=1 ns1−k−1a2n22+ · · · +
apn2p −s+k 2×
exp−
√
2π
a1 n1 a2n22+ · · · +
apn2p 1 2,
(8)to obtain the Casimir energy per unit area of a system consisting of two parallel plates in the spacetime withdextra compactified spatial dimensions.
In the context of Kaluza–Klein theory we discuss the three-parallel-plate system depicted in Fig. 1. Choosing the variable D
=
a in Eq.(6), we have the vacuum energy density for partA of the system containing one plate and the piston with distanceaas followEA
(
a)
=
π
2(
−
32)
(
−
12)
d−1 l=0 d l Ed−l+1π
2 a2,
1 R2,
1 R2, . . . ,
1 R2; −
3 2+
π
4 2a3(
−
32)ζ (
−
3)
(
−
12)
.
(9)Similarly the vacuum energy density for the remains of the system labeled Bwith plates distance L
−
aby replacing the variableD withL
−
ain Eq.(6)is EA(
L−
a)
=
π
2(
−
32)
(
−
12)
d−1 l=0 d l Ed−l+1π
2(
L−
a)
2,
1 R2,
1 R2, . . . ,
1 R2; −
3 2+
π
4 2(
L−
a)
3(
−
32)ζ (
−
3)
(
−
12)
.
(10)We regularize Eqs.(9) and (10)by means of Eq. (8)several times if necessary for the cases with various extra dimensionality and then substitute the two regularized expressions denoted as EA
R
(
a)
and ERB(
L−
a)
respectively into Eq. (3)to obtain the Casimir force per unitk=0 j=1 n1,n2,...,nd−l+1=1
×
exp−
2a Rn1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
nd2−l+1 1 2+
1(
L−
a)
R3 ∞ k=0 16−k k!
k+
3 2 L−
a R −k−3 2k j=1 16−
(
2j−
1)
2×
∞ n1,n2,...,nd−l+1=1 n−k− 5 2 1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1− 2k−3 4 exp−
2(
L−
a)
R n1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
nd2−l+1 1 2+
2 R4 ∞ k=0 16−k k!
L−
a R −k−3 2k j=1 16−
(
2j−
1)
2 ∞ n1,n2,...,nd−l+1=1 n−k− 3 2 1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1− 2k−5 4×
exp−
2(
L−
a)
R n1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1 1 2,
(11)which has corrections from extra dimensions. Eq.(11)shows the Casimir force per unit area on the piston before the right plate of the system depicted inFig. 1has not been moved to the remote place. Further we take the limit L
→ ∞
which means that the right plate in partBis moved to a very distant place, then we obtain the following expression for the Casimir force per unit area on the pistonFC
=
lim L→∞F C= −
π
4 120 1 a4+
Cd(μ
)
R4,
(12)where the correction functionCd
(
μ
)
is defined asCd
(
μ
)
=
√
π
4 d−1 l=0 d l−
1μ
∞ k=0 16−k k!
k+
3 2μ
−k−32 k j=1 16−
(
2j−
1)
2×
∞ n1,n2,...,nd−l+1=1 n−k− 5 2 1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1− 2k−3 4 exp−
2μ
n 1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1 1 2−
2 ∞ k=0 16−k k!
μ
−k−3 2 k j=1 16−
(
2j−
1)
2 ∞ n1,n2,...,nd−l+1=1 n−k− 3 2 1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1− 2k−5 4×
exp−
2μ
n1 n22+
n23+ · · · +
n2d−l+1 1 2 (13) andμ
=
a R.
(14)We discover that the first term in Eq.(12)is the same as Casimir pressure of standard model of parallel plates involving massless scalar fields satisfying the Dirichlet conditions in the four-dimensional spacetimes, meaning that the Casimir force per unit area between the piston and one plate after the other ones has been moved away in the background with extra compactified dimensions is just the original result plus the deviation from the additional dimensions. It is necessary to explore the correction functions in detail. When the gap between the remain plate and the piston is larger enough than the size of extra dimensions, the correction functions approach to the zero
lim
μ→∞Cd(
μ
)
=
0 (15)and right now the Casimir force per unit area on the piston will return to the ones of two parallel plates in the four-dimensional spacetime. We have to perform the burden and surprisingly difficult calculation to scrutinize the Casimir force on the piston quantatively, then the correction functionsCd(
μ
)
under the limiting L→ ∞
in the spacetime with extra dimensions are depicted in Figs. 2 and 3. Certainly the Casimir force on the piston related to the ratioμ
=
aR has been displayed in the same case. According to Eq.(12), we just need to focus
on the correction functions during the process of research on the Casimir force on the piston. The functions depend on the dimensionality of spacetime and the ratio of plates distance and the size of extra dimensions. The more dimensions the spacetime has, the greater the absolute value of the correction function is, which means that there will appear stronger influence on the Casimir force on the piston in the higher-dimensional spacetime. The expressionCd(
μ
)
is also a function of ratio denoted in Eq.(14). When the ratio increases, the absolute value of the functions decreases fast. When the plates separation is more than several times larger than the extra dimensions radius, the absolute value will approach to zero. The manifestation of extra dimensions influence on the Casimir force on the piston under the limiting L→ ∞
appears only when the distance between one plate and the piston is about equal to the size of extra dimensions. The smaller the separation is than the additional space radius, the more obvious the influence from extra dimensions is, meaning thatFig. 2.The solid, dot, dashed and dot-dashed curves of the correction functions of ratio of plate-piston distance and extra-dimension radiusμ=a
R in (4+d)-dimensional spacetime ford=1,2,3,4, respectively.
Fig. 3.The solid, dot and dashed curves of the correction functions of ratio of plate-piston distance and extra-dimension radiusμ=a
R in (4+d)-dimensional spacetime for d=5,6,7, respectively.
the stronger attractive Casimir force between plate and piston will produce. As mentioned above, if the extra dimensions possess larger size, the extra-dimension corrections will appear clearly in practice, therefore this model of piston can become a window to examine the high-dimensional spacetime. It may be worth emphasizing that the positive terms in the Casimir force per unit area on the piston denoted in Eq.(11)vanish under the limit L
→ ∞
, which leads the correction functionCd(μ
)
and the Casimir force on the piston to be negative, but in the case of standard two parallel plates in the background with extra compactified dimensions, the positive terms remain in the expression of Casimir force, which leads the Casimir force to be positive when the plate distance is larger enough than the additional space radii [28,29]. It should also be pointed out that the values of all correction functions in the world with different dimensionality keep negative, so the total Casimir force on the piston also remains attractive. The experimental evidence shows that no repulsive force generates in the case of parallel plates. It has been proved theoretically and rigorously that the Casimir force between parallel plates become repulsive as the plates are sufficiently far away from each other in the higher-dimensional spacetime described by Kaluza–Klein theory and the conclusion conflicts with the experimental phenomena and is inevitable[28,29]. In this work our arguments on the piston in the same environment drawn above under the limitingL→ ∞
is consistent with the experimental phenomena. It is useful to consider the system with a piston further. After one plate has been moved to the remote place, the three-parallel-plate model can be thought as an ordinary system consisting of two parallel plates in which one plate is thought as a piston. Actually it is interesting that the two kinds of results from three-parallel-plate model with limiting L→ ∞
and original two-parallel-plate system respectively are completely different. The theoretical finding in this work, the Casimir force per unit area on the piston, is consistent with the measurement at least qualitatively. The deviation start to produces apparently as the plate-piston gap is close to the extra-dimension size. As the ratio is about less than two, the influence from extra dimensions will be manifest. The smaller the ratioμ
is, the stronger the extra-dimension influence is. If the sizes of extra dimensions are sufficiently large so as to be measured, we can compare the measurements with correction functionCd(μ
)
according to their curves inFigs. 2 and 3 to estimate the dimensionality and radii of extra space. Maybe the corrections are beyond the experimental reach because the order of the compactification scale of the additional spatial dimensions can be extremely tiny. The three-parallel-plate model, called piston, must replace the standard parallel plates system unless the higher-dimensional approach described by Kaluza–Klein theory is excluded.
In this work the model of three parallel plates in which the middle one is called piston is studied in the higher-dimensional spacetime described by Kaluza–Klein theory. We discover a readily understandable piston effect while we also put forward a new effective method
in practice. Further we can argue that the model of two parallel plates and one piston under the condition that one outer plate has been moved extremely far away should substitute the standard two-parallel-plate model to describe the Casimir effect for parallel plates from experiment if the universe has additional compactified dimensions. The forms of Casimir force for the two models are completely different, in particular one is attractive and the other is repulsive when the plates distance is sufficiently larger than the radii of extra space. We also should not neglect that the two expressions are both derived and calculated in the same higher-dimensional spacetime within the frame of Kaluza–Klein theory. The experimental evidence shows that no repulsive Casimir force appears between the two parallel plates, which supports the results of piston model. Clearly in the high-dimensional background, our results from plate-piston-plate model in the limiting case avoid the flaw of results from general two-parallel-plate system which has not involved the contribution outside the system[29]. We should make use of model of piston to explain the measurement of Casimir effect from two parallel plates not a standard two-parallel plate model. Of course the further consequences and related topics are under progress.
Acknowledgement
The author thanks Professor K. Milton, Professor E. Elizalde and Professor I. Brevik for helpful discussions. This work is supported by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission No. 04dz05905 and NSFC No. 10333020.
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