for
Rural IT Projects
Thinvent Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Introduction
In India, computers in the field must face all kinds of extremities. From the va garies of Indian weather, which can range from subzero temperatures to fifty degrees centigrade, to erratic power supply, which is erratically supplied and is often at the in correct voltage or frequency. There are three important hardware related costs that we must consider when planning a rural IT project: 1. The cost of acquisition of the hardware itself (capital expenditure) 2. The cost of maintaining the hardware – this includes the repair and replace ment costs, and more importantly, the cost of service personnel travelling from urban centres to the rural site. (operational expenditure) 3. The third and often overlooked expenditure, is the capex and opex of provid ing a suitable environment for the hardware to work in. This includes power, connectivity, power backup, climate control, dust control, furniture, etc.Appropriate Computing
Thinvent Technologies provides suitable and sustainable solutions for rural IT through its “Appropriate Computing” technology. Our aim is to not only to build the lowest cost hardware. By significantly reducing the maintenance cost and effort of the IT system, we are able to make the project financially and technically sustainable much sooner. As the team running a rural IT project, you must have numerous ideas as to how the system will generate the money required to sustain it. Our mission is to max imise the value for your money, by not only reducing the initial expenditure, but also minimising the operational expenditure. Moreover, we strive to eliminate the “nui sance value” typically associated with keeping an IT system running, especially when it is scattered all over the countryside.The Power Problem
Availability and quality of electricity supply in India is a big problem. Power fluctuations, surges and frequency variations severely impact the life of electronic equipment. It is thus important for our IT system to make the maximum of the power de livered by the distribution board. We must: 1. Invest in hardware that maximises its “performanceperwatt”. 2. Tune the hardware and software to consume as little power as possible, when it is not being used.Power Consumption A Comparison
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You can visit this page to know more about the power consumption of today's state of the art Core 2 Duo computers. A C2D PC with 15" monitor consumes 250W under load. Even when idle, a PC is going to consume around 200W of power. If we get power for five hours a day, and need to run our system for twelve hours a day, then we need to store close to two units of power. This storage can only be provided by a highend tubular inverter battery (165Ah). Illustration 1: The Mangled Power Story in India
What if we brought this power consumption down to 35W? In that case, a car battery with mere 40Ah capacity, would give us 14 hours of run time, taking our total uptime to 19 hours a day. Moreover, a low 8A charging current can fully charge a car battery in five hours, compared to 33A for a tubular battery. This dramatically reduces the cost of the charging equipment.
We achieve this remarkable reduction in power consumption in Thinvent's Managed Clients. These computers provide all the functionality of a PC, while con suming only 18W of power. Add to this the 17W power consumption of our LED back lit 18.5" LCD displays, and we get 35W of power consumption. V = Voltage of a lead acid = 11.8V to 12.8V = 12.3V (average) Q = Battery capacity = Energy stored in a battery t = Time for which the battery is charged or discharged (used) I = Charging or discharging current P = V × I ⇒ I = P V t = Q I = Q × V P I = Q t For tubular batteries, Q = 165Ah. For PCs, P = 200W ≈ 200VA Discharging time td = 165Ah × 12.3V 200VA = 10.14h Charging current Ic = 165Ah 5h = 33A For car batteries, Q = 40Ah. For MCs, P = 50W ≈ 50VA Discharging time td = 40Ah × 12.3V 35VA = 14h Charging current Ic = 40Ah 5h = 8A Text 1: Calculation of battery life and charging current
Power Correction
Before power can be fed into a computer, we need to take care of power surges, spikes, voltage fluctuations, brownouts and outages. This is achieved through the combination of a spike buster, a stabiliser and a UPS. The end result is clean AC power. This AC power is then fed into a computer power supply unit (PSU). This switching mode equipment (SMPS) converts the AC power to the various DC supplies required by the computer's components. The inversion of battery DC power to AC by the UPS, and the rectification of this AC power back to DC by the SMPS, lead to conversion losses. These conversion losses can be eliminated by using a DCDC SMPS. A DCDC SMPS running from a battery, emulates an online UPS. There is only one ACDC conversion in the system, leading to much lower conversion noise.
The Cost of Power
Power prices have been steadily rising in India, as the government finds that it can no longer subsidise generation costs and transmission losses. P = Power consumed by the device t = Time of operation of the device Q = Energy consumed Q = P × t For PCs, P = 200W Energy consumed per day QPC = 200W × 12h = 2.4KWhr Cost of energy CPC = 2.4 KWhr 4 Rs./KWhr = Rs. 9.60 / day For MCs, P = 35W Energy consumed QTC = 35W × 12h = 0.42KWhr Cost of energy CTC = 0.42 KWhr 4 Rs./KWhr = Rs. 1.68 / day Text 2: Calculation of operating cost of PC and MC
The above calculation indicates that the new system will save us Rs. 237 per month per location in power bills. This is in addition to the cost savings of buying smaller UPS and stabiliser equipment. We further improve on this power consumption by aggressively conserving power. Even when the computer is being used, not all components are in use. The sound system itself can consume more than 2W of power, even when no music is be ing played. These components are modulated to further maximise the runtime of the device on battery.
Solar Power
Solar panels can be used to generate electric power at locations where grid supply is not available. However, solar energy generation is capital intensive. The low er power consumption of our appropriate computers makes it feasible for a rural com puter centre to be powered by solar panels. WP= peak output wattage of a solar cell CP = Price per peak output watt of a solar cell TP = Time for which a solar cell typically provides peak output For a typical solar panel, WP = 75W CP = Rs. 170/W TP = 5 hours (for most of India) Cost of such a solar panel, C = CP × WP = Rs. 170/W 75W = Rs. 12,750 per panel Adding 10% for charger and other fittings, total cost = Rs. 14,025 Text 3: Calculation of solar energy costsAs demonstrated in the above calculation, our system can run for 10.7 hours a day, on an investment of just Rs. 14,000 on solar energy. For a PC, this investment would need to be six times as much, for the same running time.
A Note About Battery Capacity and Sizing
Throughout the above section, we have illustrated the battery capacity re quired to run a Thinvent Managed Client when electricity is not available. We com pare the battery requirement of an MC with that of a PC. If an MC consumes 35W of power and a PC consumes 200W of power, the ratio of battery size required will al ways be 35:200 or almost six times. However, the actual battery capacity required to run an MC for, say, eight hours, is more than the 40Ah that a car battery provides. This is because of the inher ent inefficiencies and the ageing process of a lead acid battery. In this section, we dis cuss how to size your battery requirement correctly: 1. We need to run a 35W load for 8 hours. Our total energy requirement is 35W 8hr = 280Whr. 2. The Ah capacity of a new battery, which when fully charged services our load for 8 hours, is 28012 = 23Ah. 3. First, let us keep a tolerance of 10%. 4. Ideally, a battery should be discharged over a period of 20 hours. When dis charging the battery in 8 hours, we incur a 15% loss. 5. The battery capacity will reduce with use. We consider the battery usable till it reduces to 60% of its original capacity. From the previous section, Q = P × t Q = WP × TP = 75W × 5hr = 375Whr For MCs, P = 35W Discharging time td = Q P = 375Whr 35W = 10.7hr Text 4: Calculation of solar energy running times
Finally, we need to protect our lead acid batteries from deep discharge. This occurs when all the charge in a battery is consumed. Ideally, only 50% of a battery should be “cycled” or consumed at a time, before it is charged again. There are many ways to prevent deep discharge and to elongate the life of the battery: 1. Double the size of battery required from 50Ah to 100Ah. 2. The above calculations were made with the assumption that charging occurs only once in a day. If power is available for, say, 2 hours three times a day, then the battery will never go below 50% charge. 3. Since the battery is oversized to counter grading, in the beginning it will dis charge to a maximum 60% of its capacity only. As the battery ages, this per centage will go up. When this percentage reaches 80%, we can move another similarly aged battery from another site, and add it in parallel. This postpones the battery expenditure to some extent. Q = P × t Q = 35W × 8hr = 280Whr Ideal discharge capacity Di = Q V = 280Whr 12V = 23Ah Actual discharge capacity Da = 23 90 %×85 %×60 % = 50Ah Text 5: Battery sizing calculation
The Heat Problem
(a.k.a. Heat-Fan-Dust)
Newton's Law of Cooling states that the rate of cooling of a hot object is pro portional to the difference between its temperature, and that of its environment. The rate of cooling through radiation is also proportional to the exposed surface area of the hot object. There a number of components inside a PC, such as the processor, the hard drive, and the power supply (SMPS), that generate heat. Though these components generate heat, they themselves have very strict maximum temperature requirements. They must thus be cooled rapidly, otherwise they will “roast” themselves, and also damage other components in the computer. In a typical PC, none of these components can be cooled through radi ation, since the heat generated is too intense. Component cooling is thus achieved through fans. These fans circulate air through the chassis, cooling the components through convection. P = Power consumed by a component Wg = Heat generated by the component Wr = Heat radiated by the component T = Temperature of a component Tm = Maximum allowed temperature of a component A = Exposed surface area of the component Wr ∝ AT 4 = AT4 Wg = P In steady state, Wg = Wr When Wg Wr , the temperature T of a component rises, till T = 4
P A However, If P is high and A is small, then T ≪ Tm leading to component and system failure. Text 6: Calculation of component temperaturesFan based cooling has the following disadvantages: 1. When a fan fails, the component it cools malfunctions soon after due to over heating. Often, fan failures go by undetected, leading to irreversible damage to components. 2. Fans must circulate air within the chassis. This requires free space within the chassis. This increases the volume, weight and cost of a chassis. To maintain cost while increasing volume, most manufacturers reduce the thickness of the chassis steel, leading to a weaker chassis. A bulkier chassis increases the cost of shipping, and the cost of furniture re quired to hold it. 3. It is not enough to circulate air within the chassis, as the air will soon heat up to the temperature of the components. Thus, fans suck in air from outside the chassis. This air brings in dust, humidity and iron filings, which can severely damage the computer's components. Illustration 2: Airflow in a PC chassis
4. The dust accumulated by fans not only damage the electronic components, but also choke the fans and the vent holes, reducing the convection offered by the fans. This dust must periodically be cleaned in high dust areas such as rural In dia, leading to higher maintenance costs. 5. Fans are moving parts. As such, they age and require replacement after some time. This increases the cost of ownership of the computer. 6. Moving parts create vibration; vibration reduces the overall life of the comput er. A computer can require periodic “tightening” of various connections, even though it has not been moved from its place. 7. Fans consume quite a bit of power, increasing the overall heat generated within a chassis, and the power consumed by the computer. Fans: Decrease life and reliability Increase cost, power consumption and maintenance costs
Processor Heat
The peak permitted temperature of a C2D processor is 60˚C, as stated here. The ambient indoor temperatures in India can reach 40˚C. The processor fan must re move 65W of power from the processor with only a 20˚C margin to operate in. Illustration 3: Dust accumulation inside a PCCompare this to a VIA C7 processor. The peak power consumed is 9W, the min imum being 100mW. The processor can reach 90˚C without damage. We thus have a 50˚C margin to dissipate 9W of power – an improvement of 18 times! Thus, a C7 pro cessor is easily cooled by a passive heat sink.
Power Supply Heat
The power supply or SMPS of a computer converts AC wall power to the vari ous DC supplies required by the computer's components. This conversion has losses, leading to heat dissipation. A typical 300W PSU can emit enough heat to require a dedicated cooling fan. In comparison, the 20W PSU of our appropriate computers doesn't even need a heat sink. Since the power consumption is so low, we can “overdesign” the PSU at very little additional cost. This makes for a very efficient, lownoise and longlasting PSU. Illustration 4: Core 2 Duo pro cessor fan Illustration 5: VIA processor heat sink
Hard Drive
Power problems are the single largest cause of computer failure. However, hard drive failure is a close second in causing computer downtimes.
Hard Drives A Failure Prone Component
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This article will tell you that hard drive failures are caused by vibration, heat, static electricity and power surges. Vibration is caused by the spinning of fans and hard drive motors. While we can eliminate fans, we cannot eliminate the hard drive's motor without eliminating the drive itself. At a power consumption of 10W, a hard drive itself generates a lot of heat. While the surface area of a hard drive is large enough to radiate heat on its own, this surface can also absorb heat from the processor and PSU. Static electricity and power surges are not something one has a lot of control on, in the Indian scenario. A hard drive has a number of moving parts – small motors that spin the platter and move the head. These moving parts are prone to wear and tear over time. A hard drive thus has limited life.
The Second Brain of the Computer
Our brain not only performs thought, but also has memory. By providing per manent memory, a hard drive compliments the processor of the computer.
However, is hard drive memory truly permanent? No. And yet, our most critical asset, our “data”, lies in this hard drive.
Everything else in the computer is created by the manufacturer. It can be re placed. However, data is what we create. Replacing it can cost us tremendous time, money and headache. In the next section, we discuss in detail what all “data” lies within a computer. For now, it is important to appreciate that hard drive failure leads to the longest downtime of all. This is because a hard drive can not simply be replaced, like a failed fan. All the programs, settings and data on the drive must then be recreated, for the computer to be functional again.
Shipping and Servicing Difficulties
If a component such as a fan fails, we can ship a new processor to the rural site by post, and guide the user through replacing it. However, a hard drive can not be shipped for two reasons. First, the hard drive is simply not designed to be shipped like this. It is too fragile. A single drop can destroy it. Second, it is not possible for a central office to recreate the “state” of a hard drive, without being on site. Various drivers and settings are specific to the equipment on the site. And data is only available on site (if a backup was taken). This dramatically increases the cost of repairing a hard drive failure. While the drive itself may be replaced by the manufacturer at no cost, recreating the drive to its former state is an expensive affair.
The Alternative Solid State Storage
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Thanks to the dramatic increase in popularity of consumer electronics, the prices of nonvolatile solid state storage, such as NAND flash, have reduced signifi cantly. It is now feasible and quite popular to run devices entirely from flash. We also use flash based storage in our computing device. This eliminates the failure and fear associated with using hard drives. However, flash based storage still does not compete with hard drives on a priceperGB scale. It is thus important to change the way we store our programs and data. This is the subject matter of the next section.
State of a System
state (st tā ), n. How something is; its configuration, attributes, condition, or information content. The state of a system is usually temporary (i.e. it changes with time) and volatile (i.e. it will be lost or reset to some initial state if the system is switched off). A state may be considered to be a point in some {space} of all possible states. The state of a computer, as we refer to it in this context, is the sum total of all changes made to it since it was purchased. In other words, it is the software and data that has been added to it since it was first installed. The state of a computer is comprised of the following four elements: 1. The Operating System, application software, and drivers. These are installed from the optical media accompanying the computer, and other sources. 2. The configuration changes made to the OS and software. This includes, for in stance, the IP address assigned to the computer, and dialup connection pass word settings. 3. The data added to the system by the user(s). This includes documents, down loads and media. 4. The configuration changes made to the system by the user. Though this item appears innocuous, there is a huge amount of tweaking that a user can admin ister to a computer over the course of an year. Office software settings, chat settings, browser plugins, wallpapers and sounds, are just some of the changes users make to enable their work and express their individuality.State Keeps Changing
The state of a computer is forever changing. Data and programs get added, and settings are changed. If this state is not preserved, either through online backups or by copying to offline storage, then the user is asking for trouble. Often, this state gets changed without the user wanting that change. Virus and worm attacks can destroy state. Sudden power failures can corrupt files. Other users that the system is shared with, can modify settings to suit their requirements, thereby leaving the primary user helpless and confused.
State Must Be Preserved
As someone administering a network of dispersed computers, you would like a lot of state to be preserved. This includes:
1. OS and applications. Removal of applications can lead to disruption in busi ness. Addition of nonbusiness applications such as games can divert systems from the business purpose that they are intended to serve. 2. Configuration changes, advert or inadvertent, can lead to downtimes. 3. Data generated by the users must be secure. There may be data which we may never be able to regenerate later.
How Thinvent Looks at State
At Thinvent, we bifurcate state into two parts:
1. State that must be kept constant. This includes the OS and applications, and critical system settings.
2. State that is allowed to change, but must be backed up. These are files and set tings that the user creates. Such state needs to be backed up regularly.
State Preservation and Access Rights
A business oriented computer has predefined functionality. Anything that the computer will do, is known and planned well in advance. All the hardware to be used with the system, is purchased centrally in bulk. Therefore, it is possible to define a de fault state of the device. At Thinvent, we work with the customer to understand their requirements to the smallest detail, and incorporate them into the default state of the device. Then, we must define which of these states can be overridden by the user on the field. If you have centrally defined the branding (wallpapers and logos) of the sys tem, we must prevent the user from changing these. Similarly, there is little need for the user to install additional applications on their own. If an application is required, it must be sanctioned and installed from the centre. It is this command and control that forms the bedrock of Thinvent's software solution. We will discuss this in detail when we come to the topic of remote manage ment.
Important State Must be Immutable
All important OS and application related files, as well as default settings, are placed in the Thinvent system in readonly form. The rights to individually change these files is protected by a password. In typical usage scenarios, customers rarely find the need to change anything other than network settings. Periodically, Thinvent issues a software upgrade. This upgrade fixes bugs found since the previous release, and adds functionality such as new software that the customer now requires. This upgrade is applied remotely over WAN, or onsite. It replaces the readonly components of the software.
Next, we extract from the system, state that has been changed. This can in clude network settings, and touch screen calibration data. Such data is compiled by System ID, and placed in a central location. Any time hardware failure occurs, we can prepare an identical system at the central location and despatch it.
User Created State Must Be Backed Up
Let us now look at the user created state, which is in a constant state of flux. If the WAN bandwidth permits, we can centrally back this data up over the network. Otherwise, we can prompt the user to periodically insert removable storage media, to which the data on the computer is synchronised.
Conclusion
State preservation is not an optional feature of the Thinvent system – it is an essential part of it. We are well aware that even on solid state storage, state can be lost due to human error or machine failure.Hardware Options provided by Thinvent
Thinvent offers a wide range of Managed Client hardware to meet the needs of your project, whether it is in the field of education, banking, transport or retail. The MC16L is a revolutionary, low power thin client that is built inside a standard 15.6" LCD display. The MC05 is the smallest Atom based computer in the Indian market. Last, but not the least, is the MC19V, which provides the right balance of power con sumption, processing power, display size and price. Feature MC16L MC19V MC05 Typical Power Consumption 15W 25W 30W1Screen Size 15.6" wide 18.5" wide N/A
Appli cation Thin Client ✓ ✓ ✓ Diskless Client •2 ✓ Managed Client3 •2 ✓ Nettop4 ✓ Processor 300MHz ARM RISC core 400MHz VIA Eden 1.6GHz Intel Atom 230 Chipset 300MHz DSP – MPEG2, JPEG acceleration CN700 – 2D/3D graphics acceleration SIS 1 With external LCD monitor. Stand alone power consumption is 14W without HDD, 18W with HDD. 2 Provides basic functionality like browsing and educational gaming. 3 An MC can work standalone without requiring a server. This is the typical use case in a rural project. MC19V MC16L MC05
Feature MC16L MC19V MC05 Typical/Max Memory 128MB/128MB 256MB/512MB 512MB/2GB
Typical/Max Storage 128MB 256MB/8GB 512MB/8GB
Storage Expandability SDcard USB flash drive SATA 2.5" HDD
Ethernet Networking 100 Mbps 100 Mbps Gigabit
VESA Mount ✓ ✓ ✓
Maximum Resolution 800600 1366768 Upto 19201440
USB ports 1 / 45 3 / 46 6
Input Voltage 100 ~ 240V AC 100 ~ 240V AC 100 ~ 240V AC
Operating Temperature 0 ~ 45C 0 ~ 45C 0 ~ 40C Dimensions (mm) 374 304 190 463 358 186 173 154 207 Weight 2.8 kg 3.5 kg 500 gm7 Your choice of computers will depend on the use case of your project. Our sug gestions are: • If you need a lot of processing power, or are only providing a single standalone computer, go for the MC05. • If the only power source available to you is solar, and you need to provide mul tiple computers, go for the MC16L. You can hook the MC16Ls up to an RC300 or RC400 server. • If you get electricity supply for a few hours a day, and you need to provide more than one computer per location, the MC19V is your best choice. 5 4 port external USB hub provided as standard with the MC16L 6 One USB port is internal, for network or storage expansion 7 For standalone device. 18.5" display dimensions and weight similar to MC19V.
Thinux Thinvent Embedded Linux
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Thinux is the flagship product of Thinvent. It is an embedded version of Linux, specially made for rural and kiosk applications. We have worked hard to ensure that Thinux overcomes the two primary prob lems when using Linux on the desktop – application support and user friendliness. We have also added numerous management and control features, never before seen in commercial software.Support for Proprietary Applications
Thinux supports the installation and execution of Windows applications. Win dows software runs under Thinux just as well as Linux software, without any decrease in performance.
Illustration 7: The many faces of Thinux!
As demonstrated in the screenshots here, popular software such as MS Office and Internet Explorer performs well under Thinux, and also integrates into the look and feel of the computer.
Simplified Installation of Windows Software Under Thinux
In MS Windows, installation of a software involves multiple updates to the sys tem registry, and the use of third party installation managers. In comparison, Win dows software installation under Thinux simply amounts to unzipping an archive file into a directory. Thinvent will prepare these archive files for software you provide. To uninstall a software, we simply erase the directory of that software. This makes the management of software easier. A great advantage is the installation of software onto removable pen drives and CDs. This enables users to work with multiple software, without installing all of them at the same time on their computer. Illustration 9: Adobe Photoshop, MS Internet Explorer, and MS Visual FoxPro 8.0, run ning under Thinux
A Bouquet of Free and Open Source Software
This comes preinstalled with a bouquet of world class FOSS application soft ware. These applications offer functionality that is comparable to similar proprietary software, at no additional cost to you.
Open Source Office Suite
OpenOffice.org, the award winning open source office suite, provides you com patibility with both legacy document formats such as DOC, XLS and PPT, while sup porting new, open standards such as ODF. Web Browser The web browser is the primary interface for most eGovernance applications. Thinux is bundled with the Firefox 3 browser, supporting: 1. Cutting edge web standards such as RSS, CSS, DHTML and Javascript. 2. Fast layout of AJAX based Web 2.0 websites 3. Viewing and typing of Hindi and other Indian language content 4. Support for plugins of various media formats such as Flash, Java, PDF, AVI, etc. Illustration 10: Open source office suite
Imaging software Development IDE Thinux provides support for powerful, integrated development environments such as Eclipse. Such IDEs have builtin tools for development, version management, and testing. They support web, server and client application development in Java, J2EE, C++, Python and Ruby. Illustration 12: Imaging Software similar to Photoshop Illustration 11: Firefox under Thinux, rendering government websites in Hindi
Mail Client
Localisation
In a rural scenario, it is important to provide computing services and training, in the local language of the area. Thinux has built in support for: 1. Localisation of the user interface and common applications such as office, into Hindi. 2. Support for the input of Devanagari text in any software bundled with Thinux. Illustration 14: Outlook equivalent in Thinux Illustration 13: A powerful IDE that supports Java, C and C++ development and debugging3. Support for the rendering of Hindi content, such as government and news websites. Thinux thus enables rural centres to deliver word processing, email, chat, ac counting and other such services in Indian languages. Illustration 15: Screenshot of Word Processor running in Hindi under Thinux
Remote Management and Monitoring
Remote management is a key feature in Thinux. It enables customers to con trol, configure and monitor all their computers on the field, from a central location. Any computer can be administered from any other computer, as long as the adminis trator has the right password. To perform system administration on a computer, the administrator only has to know the IP address of that computer. He or she does not have to be physically present at the computer. He has to simply type the IP address of the computer into the URL bar of any browser in the entire network. It is also not necessary to be present at the central location (HO), or use a specific computer, software or browser. Some of the important features of Thinux remote management solution are: 1. Web based user interface that is accessible from any browser – Firefox or IE. 2. Support for configuring system services. 3. Ability to monitor the user's desktop remotely. The user's desktop can be accessed by the administrator for the purpose of: a) Remotely helping the user to perform certain tasks b) Monitoring the actions of the remote user c) Collaborate during a presentations or training session d) Deliver training over the network Illustration 16: Enables configuration of the complete system4. Ability to enable or disable specific hardware and software.
5. Clustering of nodes for the purpose of easy administration. A cluster is used to simultaneously execute commands or apply configuration settings across a group of clients. 6. Clone settings from one machine to another. 7. Communicate with the user present on the remote computer. 8. Sometimes, the computer may begin to malfunction due to incorrect settings. Remote management can be used to bring Thinux back to a knowngood state, in case it is no longer working properly. The con Illustration 17: Thinux messaging utility enables the adminis trator to send messages to the current user Illustration 18: Factory reset and system upgrade. A set of very valuable features unique to Thinux
figuration state stored in the system is erased, and the system begins to boot and run properly.
Customisation of User Interface
It is important to provide a customised user interface to the end user. Thinux gracefully hides the complexities of the system from the user, and presents to him/her what is most relevant. We provide the user and the administrators with intuitive icons indicating the status of the system. For instance, here are some icons that you will find on the bottom right of all Thinux screens. They convey crucial information about network and printer connec tivity: ● Network status ○ Network is completely inaccessible ○ Certain network services are not accessible ○ Both the network and service are accessible ● Remote monitoring status ○ User is being remotely monitored ○ User is not being remotely monitored ● Printer status ○ Printer is available ○ Printer is not available
Remote Monitoring
The ability to monitor a system remotely is critical in a rural IT project. Thinux provides the facilities to monitor resource utilisation, connectivity, uptime etc. This data can be used to derive statistical information, which will enable the customer to predict the future usage, and plan accordingly. This also helps the customer to have a firm control on the field staff and their activities.This feature also enables the customer to debug and resolve any issues that might arise in the field.
Existing Customers of Thinux
Thinux is widely deployed in the field today. Below is a list of customers who have leveraged the strength of Thinux to deliver their applications.
Data Centre
To offer services such as eprocurement and teleeducation, a rural project needs portals and servers. Thinvent can assist you in setting up a state of the art serv er room to deliver various services. Below, we describe an appropriate configuration for such server rooms.
Server Side Stack
Thinvent has competency in providing server side web application stacks such as J2EE. We can provide you a complete web application stack based on open stan dards. This will include a Web server, Application server, Database server, and an ap propriate development platform for creating your business applications.
Edge Devices
Network security is the primary concern of the day while setting up a data cen tre. Thinvent provides reliable UTM equipment that will safe guard your network and your business, and ensure that your network and servers are protected from malicious attacks from the Internet. Our UTM equipment filters spam, virus and web content, acts as a firewall, and detects and prevents intrusions. Illustration 20: A simplified view of the server layout Illustration 21: Thinvent UTM device blocks all unwanted trafficLoad Distribution and High Availability
On large installations, a single physical server cannot handle the load of all clients. We must then split the load between multiple physical servers, and yet make them look like a single server to the clients. Thinvent's server bank technology creates virtual servers for each service such as Database, Application, Web, Authentication and Authorisation. We first require load balancers to distribute the client requests between the physical servers. Thinvent's load balancers will ensure that requests from your clients always reach the server with minimum load. This enhances the application perfor mance at the clients, while keeping the servers in good health by equally balancing their loads. Load distribution is coupled with high availability, which monitors the health of each server, and stops sending requests to a server when it malfunctions. Such a server is immediately reported to the administrator on duty using the administration console (or SMS). This technology not only increases your system's performance – it also saves you a lot of money. Earlier, having a data centre with high reliability and perfor mance, meant the purchase of highend equipment. We know that linear growth in the load bearing capacity or reliability of any equipment, increases its cost exponen tially. When using Thinvent's server bank technology, you only require commodity server equipment. To increase the load capacity or reliability, we have to simply plug in another commodity server into the cluster. This leads to a linear relationship be tween load/reliability and cost.Thinux VPN Server Bank
A virtual private network is a wide area computer network in which the wide area links are created using open connections or virtual circuits in some larger net work (e.g., the Internet) instead of by dedicated physical wires. One common applica tion is secure communications through the public Internet. Instead of leasing a private line to interconnect two offices, we can get Internet connections at both ends, and build a VPN over the Internet connections.
The VPN Thinux provides will have 2048 bits strength PKE authentication and encryption. The data sent via this VPN cannot be intercepted at any point other than the designated end point.
Single sign-on
All users will be provided with a single ID and password to access the data cen tre. The same ID can be used to access all of the applications and services you offer. The roles and authorities of each user will be predefined. The user information will be centrally stored and shared by all the servers. A user friendly interface will help ad ministrators decide which users can access which applications or services. Illustration 22: Detailed view of the Server roomUnified Communication
Rural IT deployments are usually connected with a wide area network. This network enables the adoption of various communication technologies which will make the rural centre very useful for the masses. This convergence of IT and commu nication, converts a rural IT centre into a telecentre.
Unified Messaging
The convergence of technologies enables us to offer various forms of communi cation – written and oral – using a computer. Thinvent's unified messaging solution enables a computer to deliver email, chat, SMS, fax, telephone and videoconferenc ing, all from a single computer. In a rural area, there may not be much demand for email and chat. However, they will provide you a reliable means of internal communication. For example, the system administrators can provide technical support to the telecentre operator using chat. More traditional forms of telecom, such as telephone and fax, is bound to gain high traction among rural customers. In the villages where the PSTN is yet to reach, the telecentre can run a very profitable PCO with telephone and fax facilities. Thinvent has a ready and proven solution for unified messaging. We can en able you with the server and client side software and hardware, as well as specialised telecom equipment, to run these services.Telecentre Computers as Telephones
Thinux has VoIP support built into it. With this software, the telecen tre computers can also function as a telephone. These computers can not only call each other, but also call PSTN numbers, using interconnects we pro vide at the server end. If the usage at a telecentre is high, normal telephones
Another profitable service to provide, is that of International calling using VoIP. Again, Thinvent will enable you with the right technology and tieups, to deliver these services.
Wireless WAN
When rural projects deploy bandwidth intensive services, or when they reach the areas where the PSTN has not yet reached, we propose to use wireless pointto point links to provide the much needed connectivity. With the increased adoption of VoIP and video services at our telecentres, our dependence on the network will increase. To fulfil these increased expectations, it may become feasible in a number of areas to go in for wireless connectivity. This one time expense will give us constant revenues through voice and video services, and eliminate recurring network bills. Going forward, telecentres can provide services with video support, such as video conferencing, telemedicine, etraining etc. These facilities can be effectively used to promote the aims of a telecentre, such as improvement of public health, ani mal husbandry, social forestry etc. This allows government departments to send the information to the end user in an inclusive manner. The feasibility of providing video services will be much higher, once we have our own wireless WAN. Illustration 24: Wireless WAN serving rural telecentresPower Correction Equipment for Rural Sites
We revisit the power problem at rural sites, but this time looking at the power correction equipment rather than the load (computers). We describe here a power conditioning equipment that not only increases the life of the equipment by providing cleaner power, it also increases the power correction and rectification efficiency.
Traditional Power Solutions
The illustration above shows a traditional set up to provide uninterrupted pow er to a computer. When power is being supplied by the distribution company, the AVR corrects this power and directly feeds it to the computer. Often, the power being sup plied falls outside the range of the AVR. In such situations, and during power cuts, the charge stored in the battery is inverted to AC and delivered to the computer. Computers, printers and other peripherals are electronic equipment that only work on DC power. Computers include SMPS and AC/DC converters, that convert the AC power delivered by the UPS, into DC supplies required by the various parts of the computer. A majority of the time, the UPS is delivering power from the battery, not the electric supply. At such times, we are inverting the power to AC, then rectifying it back to DC. This leads to efficiency losses, higher cost of equipment, and more com ponents that can fail.
DC Based Power Solution
The power consumed by Thinvent's Appropriate Computer and TFT monitors is quite low. It is thus feasible to build DCDC SMPS power supplies for these equipment. DCDC supplies work at very high efficiencies, as is evi dent from the fact that they do not require heat sinks to dissipate losses.
While TFT monitors and inkjet MFPs come with built in DC inputs, Thinvent builds DC input power supplies for its computers. We thus eliminate the inverter of the UPS, and the AC/DC adapters of the com puter equipment. All equipment are directly supplied the DC 12V power coming from the battery and the charger. The presence of the battery cleans the power coming from the charger, even when the distribution supply is erratic. The AVR is also not re quired any more, since the charger is SMPS based.
Alternative Energy Sources
The above solution can be augmented with power from alternative energy sources like solar and wind power. The power coming in from these sources, is sent into a hybrid charger. The hybrid charger takes in electricity from solar, wind and sup ply sources, and charges the battery bank with it. It also supplies DC power directly to the equipment, without routing it through the battery. Illustration 26: Power solution for Thinvent's systems