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Diagnosis, Intervention and Care for Patients With  Cognitive Impairment

Eric J. Freitag, Psy.D, FACPN

Diplomate, American College of Professional  Neuropsychology 

Mt. Diablo Memory Center  Founder/ExecutiveCopywrite  Director

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(2)

The topics presented today are for 

informational use only.  This presentation  is not meant to diagnose or treat any 

medical condition.  As always, if you have  specific medical concerns, it is best to 

contact your physician.

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(3)

Dementia DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Alzheimer’s, Vascular Dementia 

Challenging Behaviors Associated with DementiaTreatment Options and Interventions

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(4)

Progressive decline in memory and 12 areas of 

cognitive function

 Must cause impairment or dysfunction in everyday life

70 + different types of dementiasAlzheimer’s 5070%  of all casesDiffering prognosis and course 

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(5)

Age 65 = > 13% with a >2% increase per year of lifeAge 85 = >50%  Risk Factors  AgeGenes  Vascular Health

Lifestyle (e.g. diet, exposure to toxins)Previous history of head injuries

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(6)

Latency Period      Mild Cognitive Impairment       AD

Latency Period      Vascular Cognitive Decline      VaD

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(7)

Alois Alzheimer  1906 

pt. Auguste Deter

Autopsy  discovered cerebral atrophy, 

plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

First diagnosis of pre‐senile dementia 

or Alzheimer’s Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(8)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(9)

1. Memory loss that disrupts life

2. Difficulties in planning & problem solving 3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks

4. Disorientation to time or place

5. Difficulty in visual or spatial perception

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

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6. Difficulty in finding words or expression 7. Misplacing things and can’t retrace steps 8. Decreased or poor judgment

9. Withdrawing from social activities 10. Changes in mood or personality

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(11)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(12)

History

 

of

 

progressive

 

decline

Clinical

 

triad

 

on

 

neuropsychological

 

testing

1. Deficits in learning new information/memory

 Impaired storage capacity

2. Impaired naming and semantic fluency 3. Impaired Visual spatial capacity

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(13)

Possible

 

Diagnosis

Clinical information consistent with symptoms 

and history

Probable Diagnosis

Additional objective clinical evidence (e.g. 

neuropsychological testing, brain scan, lab data)

Definitive Diagnosis

 On biopsyCopywrite  or autopsy 

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(14)

Decline in memory function similar to ADNo other areas of decline

 Controversies in diagnosis and prognosis

Latency Period      Mild Cognitive Impairment       AD Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

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Hemorrhagic Stroke (20%)  Thrombotic Stroke (80%) BRAIN  CELL BLOOD VESSEL Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(16)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(17)

Know the Signs

1. Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, leg.  Often  unilateral

2. Sudden confusion

3. Trouble speaking or understanding 4. Dizziness

5. Loss of Balance or coordination 6. Severe Headache Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(18)

Transient Ischemic Attack

 Brief occlusion of vessel by clot

Neurological symptoms subside within hours

Silent Strokes

Chronic white matter lesions

Caused by  vascular health risk factors

HypertensionHigh CholesterolDiabetes IIHeart Disease Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(19)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(20)

Behavioral Symptoms

Memory difficulties similar to AD

Storage is less effected

Greater Deficits in Executive FunctionSlowed Speed of processing

Decline is often stepwise

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(21)

Latency Period      Mild Cognitive Impairment       AD

Latency Period      Vascular Cognitive Decline      VaD

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(22)

1. Proper Diagnosis   Prognosis

Determine stage of decline

Provide patient and family with plan for care and 

support Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(23)

Early Diagnosis = Better outcome of interventions and 

treatment

 Primary care not appropriate for differential diagnosis, 

especially in early stage

Brain Scans provide useful info on structure but not 

function

Most sensitive = Comprehensive neuropsychological 

evaluation in conjunction with medical data

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(24)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

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1. Rx Therapeutics

 Cholinesterace Inhibitor

Mementine

Psychotropics (depression, agitation)Sleep Aides 2. Dietary Supplements?  Omega 3  Coenzyme Q 10ResveratrolCurcumin

Diet rich in antioxidants*

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(26)

3. Improving Vascular Health  Medical care

Heart Healthy Diet*Heart Healthy lifestyle 4. Lifestyle Interventions  Safety*Health *Welfare* Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(27)

Defensiveness/DenialAnosognosiaClinical symptom Most common in ADIs a safety concern  Intervention?  Realize it is a giftDon’t confront  Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(28)

Driving

 When should driving stop?

How to take the keys away?

Sometimes families have to be creative  Resources

 AAA

 Private driver assessment

 DMV

 Hartford Insurance Handout (available here)

 John Muir OTCopywrite  Adaptive Driving Eval

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(29)

Wandering

 Supervision*

Door alarms

Provide supervised exercise and opportunities to 

wander*  Home Safety*Unwelcomed VisitorsStoveWaterFall risk

Medication Compliance*Copywrite - Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(30)

Nutrition* 

 Will affect cognitive function

 Physical Activity and exercise*

Managing stress and depression*

Updated labs to rule out other medical diagnosis that 

may contribute to cognitive decline

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(31)

Family education*

 Manage expectations

Utilizing community resourcesGet family on same page

 Learn the language of dementia

 Family intervention  Facilitate education  Understanding of impairments Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

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6 R’s of Dealing with Challenging Behaviors 1. Restrict 2. Reassess 3. Reconsider 4. Rechannel 5. Reassure 6. Review Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(33)

Sundowning

Cause

Disruption in circadian rhythmMisperception in low light

Confusion between dream and awake stateFatigue/exhaustion

Intervention

Increase daytime stimulation  Limit daytime naps 

Increase daytime light 

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(34)

Sundowning

 Medical Intervention

Stimulants during daytimeSedative at night  Melatonin supplement? Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012

(35)

Agitation/Aggression

Recognize that it is a response to environment that has 

ceased to make sense

Analyze the behavior “ABC”

Antecedent  Behavior

Consequence

Based on behavior analysis, adjust environment as 

needed and as possible

Solution of last resort= sedative based Rx Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(36)

At what age is our brain fully developed?

At what age do we start to lose brain volume and 

decrease in brain capacity?

What is the lesson?

Because after all……..

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(37)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

(38)

www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com

 Tab on right side (Presentation and Events)

Copywrite

- Eric

Freitag,

Psy.D.,

References

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