Diagnosis, Intervention and Care for Patients With Cognitive Impairment
Eric J. Freitag, Psy.D, FACPN
Diplomate, American College of Professional Neuropsychology
Mt. Diablo Memory Center Founder/ExecutiveCopywrite Director
- Eric
Freitag,
Psy.D.,
The topics presented today are for
informational use only. This presentation is not meant to diagnose or treat any
medical condition. As always, if you have specific medical concerns, it is best to
contact your physician.
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Dementia Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis
Alzheimer’s, Vascular Dementia
Challenging Behaviors Associated with Dementia Treatment Options and Interventions
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Progressive decline in memory and 1‐2 areas of
cognitive function
Must cause impairment or dysfunction in everyday life
70 + different types of dementias Alzheimer’s 50‐70% of all cases Differing prognosis and course
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Age 65 = > 13% with a >2% increase per year of life Age 85 = >50% Risk Factors Age Genes Vascular Health
Lifestyle (e.g. diet, exposure to toxins) Previous history of head injuries
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Latency Period Mild Cognitive Impairment AD
Latency Period Vascular Cognitive Decline VaD
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Alois Alzheimer 1906
pt. Auguste Deter
Autopsy discovered cerebral atrophy,
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
First diagnosis of pre‐senile dementia
or Alzheimer’s Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
1. Memory loss that disrupts life
2. Difficulties in planning & problem solving 3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks
4. Disorientation to time or place
5. Difficulty in visual or spatial perception
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
6. Difficulty in finding words or expression 7. Misplacing things and can’t retrace steps 8. Decreased or poor judgment
9. Withdrawing from social activities 10. Changes in mood or personality
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
History
of
progressive
decline
Clinical
triad
on
neuropsychological
testing
1. Deficits in learning new information/memory
Impaired storage capacity
2. Impaired naming and semantic fluency 3. Impaired Visual spatial capacity
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Possible
Diagnosis
Clinical information consistent with symptoms
and history
Probable Diagnosis
Additional objective clinical evidence (e.g.
neuropsychological testing, brain scan, lab data)
Definitive Diagnosis
On biopsyCopywrite or autopsy
- Eric
Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Decline in memory function similar to AD No other areas of decline
Controversies in diagnosis and prognosis
Latency Period Mild Cognitive Impairment AD Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Hemorrhagic Stroke (20%) Thrombotic Stroke (80%) BRAIN CELL BLOOD VESSEL Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Know the Signs
1. Numbness or weakness of the face, arm, leg. Often unilateral
2. Sudden confusion
3. Trouble speaking or understanding 4. Dizziness
5. Loss of Balance or coordination 6. Severe Headache Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Transient Ischemic Attack
Brief occlusion of vessel by clot
Neurological symptoms subside within hours
Silent Strokes
Chronic white matter lesions
Caused by vascular health risk factors
Hypertension High Cholesterol Diabetes II Heart Disease Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Behavioral Symptoms
Memory difficulties similar to AD
Storage is less effected
Greater Deficits in Executive Function Slowed Speed of processing
Decline is often stepwise
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Latency Period Mild Cognitive Impairment AD
Latency Period Vascular Cognitive Decline VaD
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
1. Proper Diagnosis Prognosis
Determine stage of decline
Provide patient and family with plan for care and
support Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Early Diagnosis = Better outcome of interventions and
treatment
Primary care not appropriate for differential diagnosis,
especially in early stage
Brain Scans provide useful info on structure but not
function
Most sensitive = Comprehensive neuropsychological
evaluation in conjunction with medical data
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
1. Rx Therapeutics
Cholinesterace Inhibitor
Mementine
Psychotropics (depression, agitation) Sleep Aides 2. Dietary Supplements? Omega 3 Coenzyme Q 10 Resveratrol Curcumin
Diet rich in antioxidants*
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
3. Improving Vascular Health Medical care
Heart Healthy Diet* Heart Healthy lifestyle 4. Lifestyle Interventions Safety* Health * Welfare* Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Defensiveness/Denial Anosognosia Clinical symptom Most common in AD Is a safety concern Intervention? Realize it is a gift Don’t confront Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Driving
When should driving stop?
How to take the keys away?
Sometimes families have to be creative Resources
AAA
Private driver assessment
DMV
Hartford Insurance Handout (available here)
John Muir OTCopywrite Adaptive Driving Eval
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Wandering
Supervision*
Door alarms
Provide supervised exercise and opportunities to
wander* Home Safety* Unwelcomed Visitors Stove Water Fall risk
Medication Compliance*Copywrite - Eric
Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Nutrition*
Will affect cognitive function
Physical Activity and exercise*
Managing stress and depression*
Updated labs to rule out other medical diagnosis that
may contribute to cognitive decline
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Family education*
Manage expectations
Utilizing community resources Get family on same page
Learn the language of dementia
Family intervention Facilitate education Understanding of impairments Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
6 R’s of Dealing with Challenging Behaviors 1. Restrict 2. Reassess 3. Reconsider 4. Rechannel 5. Reassure 6. Review Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Sundowning
Cause
Disruption in circadian rhythm Misperception in low light
Confusion between dream and awake state Fatigue/exhaustion
Intervention
Increase daytime stimulation Limit daytime naps
Increase daytime light
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
Sundowning
Medical Intervention
Stimulants during daytime Sedative at night Melatonin supplement? Copywrite - Eric Freitag, Psy.D., 2012
Agitation/Aggression
Recognize that it is a response to environment that has
ceased to make sense
Analyze the behavior “ABC”
Antecedent Behavior
Consequence
Based on behavior analysis, adjust environment as
needed and as possible
Solution of last resort= sedative based Rx Copywrite
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
At what age is our brain fully developed?
At what age do we start to lose brain volume and
decrease in brain capacity?
What is the lesson?
Because after all……..
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
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Freitag,
Psy.D.,
www.mtdiablomemorycenter.com
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