Magnoliophyta

(1)

Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms

- Angiosperms

Survey of Angiosperms

—

using APG system

Amborella trichopoda

Magnoliophyta

Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms

- Angiosperms

Survey of Angiosperms

—

using APG system

What is the APG classification?

‘

Basal angiosperms

’

•

ANITA (

‘

basal families

’

)

•

magnoliid

complex

•

monocots

Eudicots

or

tricolpates

(3 pored pollen)

•

caryophyllids

•

rosids

•

asterids

We will begin our survey of

angiosperms by examining the

‘

‘basal angiospermsbasal angiosperms’’ - those groups - those groups

that are now shown to be the oldest

diverging

diverging ––paraphyleticparaphyletic!!

We will look at the

We will look at the monocotsmonocots - a - a ‘

‘basal angiosperm groupbasal angiosperm group’’ - at the - at the end of the class

end of the class

Basal Angiosperms

These include all those shown These include all those shown here

here exceptexcept the the eudicotseudicots whichwhich are the bulk of dicots

are the bulk of dicots

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

polypetaly hypogyny actinomorphic Charles

Charles BesseyBessey’’s orders order RanalesRanales

are most of the

are most of the dicot dicot basal basal angiosperms

angiosperms Magnolia

Magnolia = primitive = primitive

and

(2)

Basal Angiosperms

Cronquist

Cronquist’’s subclasss subclass Magnoliidae Magnoliidae . . . .

Cronquist Cronquist

and

and monocotsmonocots

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

character states

1. Many parts at each whorl

Basal Angiosperms

character states

1. Many parts at each whorl 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed

2. Separate, unsealed carpelscarpels

Drimys

Drimys WinteraceaeWinteraceae

Basal Angiosperms

character states

1. Many parts at each whorl 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits

3. Follicle fruits

Leaf-like follicles

(3)

Basal Angiosperms

character states

1. Many parts at each whorl 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits 3. Follicle fruits Laminar stamens in Laminar stamens in yellow waterlily yellow waterlily 4. Laminar stamens 4. Laminar stamens

Basal Angiosperms

character states

3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 4. Laminar stamens

5. Tracheids, no vessel elements

Basal Angiosperms

character states

3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 4. Laminar stamens

5. Tracheids, no vessel elements 5. Tracheids, no vessel elements 6. Pollen grains single pored,

6. Pollen grains single pored,

apertured, furrowed;

apertured, furrowed; notnot triaperturate, tricolpate triaperturate, tricolpate

Lilium Lilium (monocot) (monocot)

uniaperturate

uniaperturate The

The ‘‘ANITAANITA’’ group forms a basal grade (paraphyletic) group forms a basal grade (paraphyletic)

‘

ANITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Name derived from initials of members Name derived from initials of members

(4)

*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)

‘

A

NITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Amborella trichopoda

Amborella trichopoda —— only 1 species from New Caledonia only 1 species from New Caledonia

*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)

‘

A

NITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

•

• dioecious (unisexual) evergreen dioecious (unisexual) evergreen shrub with no vessels

shrub with no vessels •

• P 5-8 A P 5-8 A

∞

G G 5-6 5-6 •

• perianthperianth spiralledspiralled •

• apocarpicapocarpic, not sealed, not sealed •

• fruits 1 seeded, drupe-like fruits 1 seeded, drupe-like

Illiciaceae

Illiciaceae + + SchisandraceaeSchisandraceae (now combined into latter family) (now combined into latter family)

‘

AN

I

TA

’

Basal Angiosperms

•

• aromatic shrubs/vines, used in anise liquers aromatic shrubs/vines, used in anise liquers •

• Asian tropics and subtropics & disjunct in Asian tropics and subtropics & disjunct in Eastern North America

Eastern North America

Illicium

Illicium SchisandraceaeSchisandraceae

Illiciaceae + Schisandraceae

‘

AN

I

TA

’

Basal Angiosperms

P

∞

A A

∞

GG

∞

•

• not sealed carpels, 1 seeded not sealed carpels, 1 seeded follicles

follicles

(5)

Trimeniaceae:

Trimeniaceae: Trimenia with 5 spp. (Australasian trees,Trimenia with 5 spp. (Australasian trees,

shrubs, vines)

‘

ANI

T

A

’

Basal Angiosperms

P

∞

A A

∞

GG 1 1 •

• filamentous stamens; berry filamentous stamens; berry with one ovule

with one ovule

Austrobaileyaceae: 1 species of tropical Australian

evergreen lianaa

‘

ANIT

A

’

Basal Angiosperms

P

∞

A A

∞

GG

∞

•

• laminar stamens; fly pollinated laminar stamens; fly pollinated

Biogeographical distributions of the A ITA members of

A

ANITA support old notion that NITA support old notion that tropical Australasiatropical Australasia was was centercenter of origin

of origin of extant angiosperms of extant angiosperms

‘

ANITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after

*Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to divergeAmborella to diverge

•

• worldwide worldwide

distribution except arid distribution except arid regions

regions •

• little biogeographic little biogeographic structure

structure Distribution of Nymphaeaceae - water lilies

Distribution of Nymphaeaceae - water lilies

•

• water lilies and water lilies and relatives relatives

(6)

•

• floating or submersed floating or submersed leaves

leaves •

• air cavities in tissue air cavities in tissue •

• mucilaginous mucilaginous coverings coverings •

• lack of vessels lack of vessels

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

8 genera with specialized ecological aquatic niche

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Obvious

Obvious ecological convergenceecological convergence in floating aquatics is the rule! in floating aquatics is the rule! Check out live aquatic plant display in Birge lobby.

Check out live aquatic plant display in Birge lobby. Nuphar variegatum Nuphar variegatum - -yellow waterlily yellow waterlily = basal angiosperm = basal angiosperm Nymphoides peltata Nymphoides peltata - -water gentian water gentian = asterid dicot = asterid dicot

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Order

Order NymphaealesNymphaeales onceonce included all these 3 genera included all these 3 genera Nuphar

Nuphar NelumboNelumbo

Ceratophyllum Ceratophyllum all are unrelated!

all are unrelated!

= ANITA

= ANITA = eudicot= eudicot

= basal angiosperm

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Nymphaea odorata

Nymphaea odorata - water lily - water lily

CA

4-CA 4-∞ ∞ CO CO∞∞ A A ∞ ∞ GG ( (∞∞)) •• showy flowers with strong showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals scent attracting animals •

• many parts at each whorl many parts at each whorl •

(7)

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

•

• showy flowers with strong showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals scent attracting animals •

• many parts at each whorl many parts at each whorl •

• laminar stamens laminar stamens •

• superior, syncarpic pistil superior, syncarpic pistil CA

4-CA 4-∞ ∞ CO CO∞∞ A A ∞ ∞ GG ( (∞∞))

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Nuphar variegata Nuphar variegata -

-yellow pond lily

yellow pond lily •• petaloid sepals, petals reduced petaloid sepals, petals reduced

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Amazonian

Amazonian VictoriaVictoria with peltate leaves with peltate leaves

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Cabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae

Brasenia shreberi

Brasenia shreberi - water shield - water shield ••_•_• small clonal floating aquatic small clonal floating aquatic_{peltate leaves}_{peltate leaves}

•

(8)

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Cabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae

Cabomba

Cabomba - fanwort - fanwort ••_•_• submersed and floating leaved submersed and floating leaved_{dimorphic leaves}_{dimorphic leaves}

•

• insect pollinated insect pollinated

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Molecular phylogeny - secondary increase in floral structures

Don Les & al. 1999

‘

A

N

ITA

’

Basal Angiosperms

Hydatellaceae - the enigmatic aquatic finds a home!

Hydatella

Hydatella TrithuriaTrithuria

•

• 2 Australasian genera of reduced aquatics 2 Australasian genera of reduced aquatics

•

• DNA = monocot near grasses DNA = monocot near grasses

•

• new DNA & morphology = new DNA & morphology = sister to watersister to water lilies

lilies

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

Remainder of basal angiosperms

(except monocots & hornwort) (except monocots & hornwort) •

(9)

•

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) •

• aromatic - ethereal oils aromatic - ethereal oils

Remainder of basal angiosperms

Remainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort)(except monocots & hornwort) •

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) •

• aromatic - ethereal oils (“ aromatic - ethereal oils (“ranalianranalian”” smell) smell) •

• beetle or fly pollination common beetle or fly pollination common •

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

•

• tropical or warm temperate trees or shrubs with tropical or warm temperate trees or shrubs with large, pinnate netted, stipulate leaves

large, pinnate netted, stipulate leaves •

• flowers large and solitary flowers large and solitary

Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora

•

• pperianth = tepals spirally arrangederianth = tepals spirally arranged P P ∞∞ A A ∞∞ GG ∞∞ p p p p p p •

• aandroecium of laminar stamensndroecium of laminar stamens

a a a a a a •

• ggynoecium of many separate pistils or carpelsynoecium of many separate pistils or carpels

g g g g g g

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

•

•fruits of one flower = fruits of one flower = ‘‘conecone’’ or or ‘‘aggregateaggregate’’ of of folliclesfollicles

•

• dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) P

P ∞∞ A A ∞∞ GG ∞∞

Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora

(10)

•

• fruits of one flower = cone of follicles fruits of one flower = cone of follicles

•

• dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) P

P ∞∞ A A ∞∞ GG ∞∞

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

Liriodendron

Liriodendron - tulip tree, yellow - tulip tree, yellow poplar -

poplar - samarasamara fruits fruits

*Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples

•

• large, woody pantropical family large, woody pantropical family •

• perianth in 3 sets of three tepals perianth in 3 sets of three tepals

P

P 3+3+33+3+3 A A ∞ ∞ GG ∞∞

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

•

• large, woody pantropical family large, woody pantropical family •

• perianth in 3 sets of three tepals perianth in 3 sets of three tepals •

• fruits aromatic, aggregates of one fruits aromatic, aggregates of one carpeled berries carpeled berries P P 3+3+33+3+3 A A ∞ ∞ GG ∞∞ Annona anon, cherimoya, anon, cherimoya, custard-apple custard-apple

(11)

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

•

• Asimina trilobaAsimina triloba: paw-paw: paw-paw •

• native to eastern North America native to eastern North America •

• flowers fly pollinated; fruits banana-like flowers fly pollinated; fruits banana-like P

P 3+3+33+3+3 A A ∞ ∞ GG ∞∞

Ohio paw-paw fair

Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) - nutmeg

•

• Myristica fragransMyristica fragrans - nutmeg, mace - nutmeg, mace

•

• mace from aril mace from aril

•

•nutmeg fromnutmeg from

seed

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

Lauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel

•

• aromatic trees or shrubs aromatic trees or shrubs •

• 3 merous flowers 3 merous flowers

P

P 3+33+3 A 3- A 3-∞∞ GG 11

cinnamon

avocado

P

P 3+33+3 A 3- A 3-∞∞ GG 11 •

• stamens with basal nectar appendages stamens with basal nectar appendages

and

and valved anthersvalved anthers

valved anthers valved anthers

(12)

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

avocado

P

P 3+33+3 A 3- A 3-∞∞ GG 11 •

• stamens with basal nectar appendages stamens with basal nectar appendages

and

and valved anthersvalved anthers

•

• fruit 1 seeded berry or drupe fruit 1 seeded berry or drupe

Lindera benzoin

Lindera benzoin - spicebush - spicebush Eastern North America

Eastern North America Laurus nobilis

Laurus nobilis - laurel - laurel

Mediterranean Europe

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

Piperaceae (Piperales) - pepper, pepperomia

•

• herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, cordate leaves, bi- or unisexual cordate leaves, bi- or unisexual

P 0 A 3+3 P 0 A 3+3 GG 1 1 Peperomia

Peperomia Piper

Piperaceae (Piperales) - pepper, pepperomia

Piper nigrum -

(13)

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

•

• climbing or rhizomatous herbs, cordate leaves climbing or rhizomatous herbs, cordate leaves •

• aromatic, medicinal compounds [“ aromatic, medicinal compounds [“well bornwell born”” family] family] Aristolochia clematis

Aristolochia clematis

CA (3) CO 0 A

6-CA (3) CO 0 A 6-∞∞ G (4-6) G (4-6) •

• calyx corolloid calyx corolloid •

• petals absent petals absent •

• fly pollination fly pollination •

• inferior, syncarpic inferior, syncarpic

A. hirta A. hirta

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

•

•Asarum canadensisAsarum canadensis -

-wild ginger

wild ginger

•

• creeping rhizome,creeping rhizome, paired leaves, flowers paired leaves, flowers basal

basal •

• rhizome makes rhizome makes candied ginger candied ginger •

• North American North American Indians used for Indians used for contraceptive contraceptive

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

• • 3 petals3 petals reduced to reduced to scales scales •

• seeds with seeds with arils, dispersed arils, dispersed by ants by ants CA (3) CO 0 A 6-CA (3) CO 0 A 6-∞∞ G (4-6) G (4-6)

(14)

Saururaceae (Piperales) - lizard

Saururaceae (Piperales) - lizard’’s-tails-tail P 0 A 3-8 P 0 A 3-8 GG (3-5) (3-5) •

• perennial herbs of north temperate with perennial herbs of north temperate with cordate leaves

cordate leaves •

• reduced flowers on showy inflorescence reduced flowers on showy inflorescence Saururus

Saururus HouttyniaHouttynia

showy bract of showy bract of inflorescence inflorescence Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllum demersum - -hornwort, coon

hornwort, coon’’s-tails-tail

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms

Ceratophyllaceae (Ceratophyllales) - hornwort

P (8-12) A 5- P (8-12) A 5- ∞∞ GG 1 1 •

• aquatic basal angiosperm near aquatic basal angiosperm near eudicots?

eudicots? •