学校编码:10384 分类号 密级 学号:12920071150329 UDC
硕 士 学 位 论 文
跨国电子商务营业利润的课税权冲突
协调问题研究
Study on Issue of Coordinating Conflicts Arising from
Taxation on Cross-border E-commerce Business Profits
吴 媛 媛
指导教师姓名: 廖益新
教授
专 业 名 称: 国
际
法
学
论文提交日期:
2010
年
4
月
论文答辩时间:
2010
年
月
学位授予日期:
2010
年
月
答辩委员会主席:
评 阅 人:
2010
年
4
月
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
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内 容 摘 要
内
容
摘
要
常设机构原则是国际税收协定中用以协调居住国和来源地国在跨境营 业利润上课税权冲突的原则。常设机构,特别是场所型常设机构要求非居 民企业在来源地国境内具有“有形存在”。但随着电子商务的蓬勃发展, 非居民企业可以通过网络直接向其他缔约国国民销售货物,而不必在其他 缔约国境内设有任何有形的营业场所。此时,若仍然坚持既有的课税协调 标准(即常设机构原则),则可能导致来源地国税收权益的大量流失。对 此,许多国际组织、税务机关以及税法学者们对传统的课税协调标准提出 了各种改革方案。 本文试图对现有的改革方案作一个梳理,并根据电子商务课税应遵循 的一些基本原则对这些改革方案进行评析。在此基础上,笔者从“成本” 和“受益”理论、网络空间司法管辖权判例以及常设机构概念的历史演变 这三个角度进行分析研究,提出中国作为发展中国家,应该坚持强调电子 商务来源地税收管辖权,既保留常设机构原则,同时又对常设机构内涵和 外延做出一些丰富和发展,增添“实质性联系”的课税连结因素,以保障 我国的税收权益不致于流失。 本文共分为 4章: 第一章主要简述了传统的也是现行的跨国营业利润课税协调的基本原 则以及电子商务的发展给这一跨国营业利润课税协调规则带来的冲击。 第二章先介绍了电子商务课税应遵循的基本原则,然后根据这些基本 原则对现有的改革方案进行评析。 第三章借鉴了“成本”和“受益”理论、网络空间司法管辖权的判例 以及常设机构概念的历史演变中形成的一些经验,提出中国在跨国电子商 务营业利润课税权协调问题上应坚持何种立场,包括常设机构原则的存废 问题以及如果保留常设机构原则,常设机构内涵和外延应如何丰富和发展 以应对电子商务挑战问题。 第四章则是站在我国的立场,对跨国电子商务营业利润课税协调的路厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
跨国电子商务营业利润的课税权冲突协调问题研究
径提出一些粗浅的设计建议,包括对构成常设机构的收入统一征收预提税, 开发具有追踪功能的自动征税软件以及通过国际条约加强国际协调。
关 键 词:电子商务;常设机构;税收管辖权
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
The Principle of Permanent Establishment (hereinafter referred to as “PE”) is the basic principle to coordinate the conflicts between Residence States and Source States on the taxation on cross-border business profits. PE, especially the fixed business base type of PE requires the non-resident company has a physical presence in the Source State. However, E-commerce makes it possible in some areas to effectively penetrate a foreign market with little or no physical presence. Under this circumstance, if we still adhere to the traditional taxation coordination standards, it may lead to the massive loss of tax revenues on Source States. Hence, many international organizations, tax authorities and scholars proposed various alternatives to the current treaty rules.
This article tries to gather up these alternatives to the current rules and assess these alternatives against a number of criteria by which the taxation on E-commerce business profits shall abide. Based on the analysis of the cost and benefit theory, judicial jurisdiction in cyberspace, and the historical evolvement of the PE concept, this article proposes China, as a developing country, shall insist on source jurisdiction to guarantee the tax benefits. On one hand, we shall reserve principle of PE, on the other hand, we shall make some adaptations to the concept of PE, such as adding material economic connection principle to the current rules.
This article is composed of four chapters:
Chapter 1 introduces the basic principle to coordinate the conflicts between source jurisdiction and resident jurisdiction, i.e. the principle of PE, and then addresses the challenges to the current coordination rules posed by the E-commerce transaction through applying the traditional PE-constitute criteria. Chapter 2 gathers up some influential alternatives to the current rules, then, this Chapter evaluates these alternatives from the basic principles by
跨国电子商务营业利润的课税权冲突协调问题研究
which the taxation on E-commerce business profits shall abide.
Chapter 3 resorts to the cost and benefit theory, some famous cases about judicial jurisdiction in cyberspace and the historical changes to the PE concept for references. With references to these experiences, this Chapter proposes the basic position China shall insist on, including the reservation or abolishment of PE principle and the concrete adaptations to the PE concept if we reserve PE principle to cope with the challenges E-commerce brings.
Chapter 4 raises some suggestions to the coordination rules of taxation on cross-border business profits, including a final withholding tax on E-commerce business profits, developing intelligent software which can tax E-commerce business profits automatically, and gaining international consensus through international treaties.
Key Words: E-commerce; Permanent Establishment; Jurisdiction to Tax
缩略语表Abbreviations
缩略语表
Abbreviations
英文简称 英文全称及中文含义
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development 经济合作与发展组织
UN The United Nations 联合国
HPC
High-Powered Committee on Electronic Commerce and
Taxation印度电子商务税收委员会
B-B Business to Business 企业对企业的模式
B-C Business to Customer 企业对消费者的模式
PE Permanent Establishment 常设机构
案例表Table of Cases
案例表
Table of Cases
国家 Country
案件名称 Case Title 案号 Citation
美国 America
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.
952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997)
美国 America
Pennoyer v. Neff 95 U.S. 714 (1877)
美国 America
International Shoe Company v. Washington State
326 US 310, 66 Ct.154(1945)
美国 America
CompuServe v. Patterson 89 F. 3d 1257 (6th Circuit 1996)
美国 America
National Bellas Hess, Inc. v. Dept. of Rev. of the State of
Illinois
386 U.S. 753 (1967)
美国 America
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota 504 U.S. 298 (1992)
美国 America
Soo Line Railroad Company v. Hawker Siddeley Canada
Inc.
950 F.2d 526, 528 (8th Circuit 1991)
目 录
目
录
引
言
... 1
第一章
跨国电子商务对营业利润课税权冲突协调规则的冲击
3
第一节 电子商务概述 ... 3 第二节 适用传统跨国营业利润课税协调基本原则带来的问题... 4 一、传统跨国营业利润课税协调的基本原则——常设机构原则 ... 4 二、电子商务对传统跨国营业利润课税权冲突协调规则的冲击... 5第二章
跨国电子商务营业利润课税协调原则与改革方案
... 8
第一节 跨国电子商务营业利润课税应遵循的原则... 8 一、中性原则... 8 二、效率原则... 9 三、确定与简化原则... 9 四、有效及公平原则... 9 五、灵活适应原则 ... 9 六、能够获得广泛的国际支持原则... 10 第二节 对常设机构原则的非根本性改革方案及其评析... 10 一、现有的 OECD方案... 10 二、增加“引力规则”方案 ... 13 第三节 对常设机构原则的根本性改革方案及其评析... 16 一、税基侵损方案 ... 17 二、规模化经济存在方案... 19 三、公式分配方案 ... 21 四、虚拟常设机构方案... 24第三章
我国在跨国电子商务营业利润课税协调问题上的基本
立场
... 27
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
跨国电子商务营业利润的课税权冲突协调问题研究 第一节 “成本”和“受益”理论... 27 第二节 从一体化调整模式看常设机构原则的存废... 30 一、一体化调整模式... 30 二、一体化调整模式的评析 ... 32 三、从一体化调整模式角度看常设机构原则的存废... 32 第三节 从常设机构范围的扩大看常设机构内涵的发展... 35
第四章
我国跨国电子商务营业利润课税协调的具体对策
... 39
第一节 适用于电子商务环境的“常设机构”概念设计... 39 一、时间的持续性 ... 40 二、营业活动的实质性... 40 三、功能的系统性 ... 41 第二节 跨国电子商务营业利润税收征管的路径设计... 42 一、预提税的征收模式... 42 二、开发电子商务征税的技术手段... 43 三、通过税收协定加强跨国电子商务营业利润的课税协调... 43结
论
... 45
参
考
文
献
... 47
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Preface ... 1
Chapter 1 Challenges of Cross-border E-commerce to Rules
of Coodinating Taxaion Conflicts on Business
Profits ... 3
Subchapter 1 The Summary of E-commerce ... 3
Subchapter 2 Problems from Applying Existing Rules to Coodinate Benefits of Taxaion on E-commerce Business Profits ... 4
Section 1 The Basic Principle to Coordinate Jurisdiction to Tax on Business Profits——Permanent Establishment Principle ... 4
Section 2 Challenges of E-commerce to Existing Tax Coordination Rules ... 5
Chapter 2 Principles of Taxation on Cross-border
E-commerce Business Profits and Alternatives to
Exsiting Rules ... 8
Subchapter 1 Principles of Taxation on Cross-border E-commerce Business Profits... 8
Section 1 Neutrality... 8
Section 2 Effeciency ... 9
Section 3 Certainty and Simplicity ... 9
Section 4 Effectiveness and Fairness... 9
Section 5 Flexibility ... 9
Section 6 Capacity to be Accepted Internationally... 10
Subchapter 2 Non-fundamantal Modifications of Principle of Permanent Establishment and Assessment ... 10
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
跨国电子商务营业利润的课税权冲突协调问题研究
Section 1 Current OECD Rules ... 10
Section 2 Adding a Force-of-attraction Rule ... 13
Subchapter 3 Fundamantal Modifications of Principle of Permanent Establishment and Assessment ... 16
Section 1 Base Eroding Payment... 17
Section 2 Quantitative Economic Presence ... 19
Section 3 Formula Taxation ... 21
Section 4 Virtual Permanent Establishment ... 24
Chapter 3 China’s Positions on Issue of Coordinating
Taxation on Cross-border E-commerce Business
Profits ... 27
Subchapter 1 Cost and Benefit Theory ... 27
Subchapter 2 Reservation or Abolishment of Permanent Establishment Principle from Integrative Adaptation Model Perspective ... 30
Section 1 Integrative Adaptation Model ... 30
Section 2 Assessment on Integrative Adaptation Model... 32
Section 3 Reservation or Abolishment of Permanent Establishment Principle from Integrative Adaptation Model Perspective.. 32
Subchapter 3 Development of the Concept of Permanent Establishment from the Perspective of Range Extention of Permanent Establishment ... 35
Chapter 4 China’s Countermeasures of Solving Coordination
Problems from Taxation on E-commerce Business
Profits ... 39
Subchapter 1 Designing the concept of Permanent Establishment in E-commerce ... 39
Section 1 Continuance ... 40
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