• No results found

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR SAFETY OF LASER PRODUCTS AND OF LASER PROCESSING MACHINES - AN OVERVIEW -

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR SAFETY OF LASER PRODUCTS AND OF LASER PROCESSING MACHINES - AN OVERVIEW -"

Copied!
43
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR SAFETY OF

LASER PRODUCTS AND OF LASER PROCESSING MACHINES

AN OVERVIEW

-Associazione Industriali

Vicenza, 18.03.10

Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Püster

(2)

International Regulations for

Safety of Laser Products and for

Safety of Laser Processing Machines

An Overview

Introduction

EU-Legislation

- Articles - Directives

International Standards

- ISO, CEN, UNI

- IEC, CENELEC, CEI

Cooperation between international standardizing bodies

IEC and ISO using the example of laser safety

Approach to safety of laser processing machines

- standards directly related to laser safety - standards related to safety of machinery

Conclusions

(3)

International Regulations

on Safety of Laser Safety

The Jungle of Regulations

Article 95 EN 12100 98/37/EC Article 137 New Approach ISO IEC Type A-, B-, C-Standards UNI CENELEC CEN Harmonized Standards 2006/42/EC 89/391/EEC IEC 60825-1 ISO 11553-1 ISO 13949-1 EN 954-1 EN 207 Safety of Machinery IEC 60825-4 safe laser processing machine • Article 95 • Article 137 • 2006/42/EC • ISO 12100 Systematic Structure

(4)

European Legislation

Technology and Safety

-European Directives

(according to Amsterdam Treaty, 1999)

APPROXIMATION OF LAWS

Article 95

Measures for the approximation of the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States;

establishment and functioning of the internal market.

SOCIAL PROVISIONS

Article 137

Improvement in particular of the working environment to protect workers' health and safety

Framework Directives

Generic Directives

- sector specific

Individual Directives

- concerned with specific aspects of health and safety

(5)

European Directives

Framework Directive

2001/104/EC,(7th December 2001)

on medical devices

2006/95/EC, (12th December 2006)

on electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (low voltage)

2006/42/EC, (17th May 2006)

on safety of machinery

2004/108/EC,(15th December 2004)

on electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC Single Directive

89/686/EEC, (21st December 1989)

on personal protective equipment

93/465/EEC, (22nd July 1993)

concerning the modules for the various phases of the conformity assessment procedures

and the rules for the affixing and use of the CE conformity marking, which are intended to be used in the technical harmonization directives

Under Article 95

(6)

European Directives

89/391/EEC, (12th June 1989)

on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work

Framework Directive

Under Article 137

Safety and health of workers at work

Single Directive

2003/10/EC, (6th February 2003)

on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise)

2004/40/EC, (29th April 2004)

on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields)

2006/25/EC, (5th April 2006)

on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation)

98/24/EC, (7th April 1998)

on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (chemical agents)

(7)

European Regulations related to Health and

Safety at Work

88/642/EEC: Protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents

89/391/EEC: Measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers

Directive on Physical Agents 1992 proposed / 1993 proposal withdrawn Directive on Chemical Agents 98/24/EC Directive on Biological Agents 2005/54/EC „Noise“ Directive 2003/10/EC „Vibration“ Directive 2002/44/EC „EMF“ Directive 2004/40/EC „Optical Radiation“ Directive 2006/25/EC ArbSchLärmVibrationsV 03/2007 Individual Directives Individual Directives National Provisions Physical Agents (PhysV)

(8)

International Standardization Bodies

European Level

National Level (Italy)

International Level

(9)

Hierarchy of the European Standards

System

Basic safety standards

Safety group standards

(generic standards)

Subject or product

safety standards

Type

A Standards

Design principles and basic concepts for machines

Typ C Standards

Specific safety requirements for special machines or machine types

Type

B Standards

B1 Standards

General safety aspects

B2 Standards Reference to special

(10)

Standards related to Laser Safety

(Examples of Type A, B und C-Standards)

EC-Directive Machinery Type A-Standards (Basic standards) Type C-Standards (Product Standard)

Basic requirements on safety and health

Directive 89/392/EEC (consolidated by 98/37/EC, 2006/42/EC) Basic safety requirements

ISO 12100 P1, P2 “Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design“

Type B-Standards (Generic standards)

Type B1 Safety aspects

ISO 13857 “Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs

ISO 138491 „Safety of machinery Safetyrelated parts of control systems -Part 1: General principles for design“

Type B2 Safety related devices

ISO 13850 “Safety of machinery - Emergency stop - Principles for design“ ISO 14119 „Safety of machinery - Interlocking devices associated with

guards - Principles for design and selection”

Detailed safety requirements for a particular machine or type of machines ISO 11553-2 „Safety of machinery - Laser processing machines - Part 2:

(11)

Structuring of ISO/TC 172

(12)

Structuring of IEC/TC 76

IEC - List of technical committees and subcommittees

Total number of TC/SCs 174 IEC Technical Committees 94 IEC Subcommittees 80 WG 1 Optical radiation safety WG 3 Laser radiation measurement WG 4 Safety of medical laser equipment WG 5 Safety of fiber optics communications systems WG 7 High power lasers WG 8 Development and Maintenance of basic standards WG 9 Non coherent sources JWG 10 IEC/ISO Safety of lasers and laser equipment in an Industrial materials processing environment IEC/TC 76

(13)

Cooperation of ISO and IEC

with regard to laser safety

ISO

TC 172

SC 9

WG 3

“Safety”

IEC

TC 76

WG 10

“Safety”

JWG

Joint

Working

Group

(14)

Steps on the way to elaborate an

International Standard

Voting Yes/No Proposal of a Standard National Working Group NWIP (New Work Item

Proposal) WD (Working Draft) Consensus between Experts of WG CD (Committee Draft) Consensus within TC/SC Comments TC/SC Voting Yes/No Proposal of a Standard National Working Group NWIP (New Work Item

Proposal) WD (Working Draft) Consensus between Experts of WG CD (Committee Draft) Consensus within TC/SC Comments TC/SC Objections / DIS (Draft International Standard) Consensus FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) Final Text of International Standard Publication of International Standard Formal Voting Yes/No Objections / Comments DIS (Draft International Standard) Consensus FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) Final Text of International Standard Publication of International Standard Formal Voting Yes/No

(15)

Development of an International Standard

Stages

(16)

Machinery Directive

2006/42/EC

1. ESSENTIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 1.5. RISKS DUE TO OTHER HAZARDS

1.5.12 Laser radiation

Where laser equipment is used, the following should be taken into account:

laser equipment on machinery must be designed and constructed in such a way as to prevent any accidental radiation,

laser equipment on machinery must be protected in such a way that effective radiation, radiation produced by reflection or diffusion and secondary radiation do not damage health,

optical equipment for the observation or adjustment of laser equipment on machinery must be such that no health risk is created by laser radiation.

ANNEX I

Essential health and safety requirements relating to the design and construction of machinery

(17)

Changes of new Machinery Directive

2006/42/EC

(extract)

Changes are especially prevalent with the conformity assessment procedure of Annex IV Machines (exempt from Type Examination). For the manufacturer the new directive opens up the option of self-certification with-out the participation of a test center, if they have a quality assurance procedure in accordance with Annex X.

The basic safety and health requirements (Annex I) will in future require a risk assessment by the manufacturer.

In the old Machinery Directive there are different procedures for proving the safety of machinery,

exchangeable equipment, safety components, chains/ropes/belts for lifting purposes, Cardan shafts and load-carrying equipment.

In the future the same machine regulations will also apply for these products. They will have to be distributed in the future with CE conformity assessment, declaration of conformity and the required user information.

The requirements for "part-machines" (also referred to as "incomplete machines") have been re-formulated in the new version of the Machinery Directive. Until now a manufacturer declaration was sufficient, but in the future the manufacturer will also have to supply a declaration of incorporation, which must specify which requirements of the directive apply to the part-machine and have been complied with. Installation instructions must be provided with the machine’s documentation.

The delimitation of the Low Voltage Directive is no longer regulated as risk-related, but rather product-related.

Clearer delimitation of the Machinery Directive for the Low Voltage Directive.

Instead of a "hazard analysis" a risk assessment and "risk evaluation" are required.

Internal production controls for series machines (Annex VIII).

The validity of EC Type Examination certifications must be checked by the test center every 5 years. Manufacturers and test centers are obligated to retain the relevant technical documents for 15 years.

(18)

3-Step Procedure given in ISO 12100-1

Safety requirements

3-Step Procedure given in ISO 12100-1

Step 1: Inherently safe design measures Step 2: Safeguarding and

complimentary

protective measures

Step 3: Information for use - at the machine

- in the instruction handbook

Protective measures taken by the designer

Protective measures taken by the user

- Organization

- Provision of additional safeguards - Personal protective equipment

- complete shielding - contact control - safety PLC

(19)

Risk Assessment

DIN EN 1050

Safety of machinery – Principles of hazard analysis

Method of hazard analysis and Risk assessment : (examples)

- What-if-method - Fault tree analysis - FMEA*

- MOSAR*

* Failure mode and effects analysis

Method organized for systematic analysis of risks

DIN EN ISO 14121-1:2007 Safety of machinery - Risk assessment - Part 1: Principles

A c c o rd in g t o D IN E N I S O 1 2 1 0 0 -1 Determination of machine limits Hazard identification yes no End Is the machine safe ? Risk analysis Risk reduction

Iterative process to achieve safety Start

Risk evaluation Risk estimation

Risk assessment

(20)

Standards directly related to laser safety

Examples

-Responsibility of IEC

IEC 60825 Safety of laser products

P1 Equipment classification and requirements

P2 Safety of optical fibre

communication systems (OFCS) P4 Laser guards

P...

IEC 60601-2-22 Medical electrical equipment

Requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of surgical, cosmetic, therapeutic and laser equipment

Responsibility of ISO

ISO 11553 Safety of machinery

Laser processing machines P1 General safety requirements P2 Safety requirements for

hand-held laser processing

devices

National responsibilities

DIN 56912 Showlaser and Show-laser equipment

Safety requirements and control

Responsibility of CEN

ISO 12254 Screens for laser working places

Safety requirements and testing

(21)

Standards indirectly related to laser safety

Examples

-EN 61040 Power and energy measuring detectors, Instruments, and equipment for laser radiation

- standards of equipment

- standards for measuring and interpretation

EN ISO 11146 Lasers and laser-related equipment, Test methods for laser beam widths divergence angles and beam propagation ratios

P1 Stigmatic and simple astigmatic beams

P2 General astigmatic beams

EN ISO 13694 Optics and optical instruments - Lasers and laser-related equipment, Test methods for laser beam power (energy) density distribution

EN ISO 11145 Optics and photonics -Lasers and laser-related equipment,

(22)

Overview about the series of standards

IEC 60825

Part No.

Type Title and scope Designer of the Product Manufacturer of the Product User of the Product Manufacturer of safety-related parts Test method Hazard analysis

1 Standard Equipment classification and requirements Yes yes yes yes yes yes 2 Standard Safety of optical fiber communication

systems

yes yes yes yes yes yes

3 Technical Report

Guidance for laser displays and shows no no yes no no yes

4 Standard Laser guards yes yes yes yes yes yes

5 Technical Report

Manufacturer's checklist for IEC 60825-1 (good for safety report)

yes yes no yes no no

6 Technical Specification 7 Technical Report 8 Technical Report

Guidelines for the safe use of laser beams on humans

no no yes no no no

9 Technical Report

Compilation of maximum permissible exposure to incoherent optical radiation

no no yes no yes yes

10 Technical Report

Application guidelines and explanatory notes to IEC 60825-1

yes yes no no yes no

12 Standard Safety of free space optical communication systems used for transmission of information

yes yes yes no yes yes

14 Technical Report

(23)

New regulations with regard to

artificial optical radiation

19. Single Directive 2006/25/EG on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks asing from physical agents

(artificial optical radiation) National implementation until 27.04.2010

Electromagnetic Radiation: 100 nm – 1 mm

Non-coherent radiation

(each artificial optical radiation except for laser radiation)

Coherent radiation (Laser radiation) International Standards National Regulations ELIA (BG) BGV B9 BGI 5006 IEC 62471 BGV B2 + DA 2007 IEC 60825-1

Labeling of the area W 09 W 10

Exposure limits (Time base)

180nm – 400nm

Single-day exposition (8h = 30.000s)

Annual exposition (value)

380nm – 1mm

Single-day exposition (value)

Single-day exposition Exceptions: λ= vis: 0,25s No MPE alteration λ ≥ 400nm: >100s λ ≥1050nm: >10s pulsed LED analog to BGV B2 LED

(24)

Safety of Laser Products

IEC 60825-1:

Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements Main parts:

- laser classification scheme

- instructions to classify a laser product - engineering specifications

- labelling of laser products

User´´´´s guide in TR 60825-14

Last substantial changes regarding the laser classification concept took place in 2001 (A2) From January 2004 for new laser products: classes 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3R, 3B and 4.

Classification into class 1 according to IEC 60825-1 is based on strict requirements: - Prevention of human access (above AEL class 1),

- Provision for foreseeable fault conditions, - Coping of single-fault conditions.

Class 1 laser products must be inherently safe and the user does not need to know that a laser product is integral part of the machine;

- laser guards: in fault conditions (exposure of the guard) the laser radiation must be automatically isolated,

- human access (walk in access): the access is automatically detected followed by an instantaneous isolation of laser radiation.

(25)

Technical standards for screens/guards

at laser work places

Laser guards EN 60825-4: 2009 Screens for laser working places

EN 12254: 2008

Laser radiation

max. 100 W mean power

max. 30 J single pulse energy

intermittent/permanent passive laser screens

continuous surveillance

for protection against laser radiation only (unintended exposure)

not against secondary radiation

Testing of laser resistance:

d63 of laser beam >2 mm (>0,5 mm)

Test-duration: EN 60825-1

Laser radiation

no power-/ energy limitation

intermittent/permanent

aktive and passive laser guards and screens (applies to all elements of a laser guard)

also unattended automatic mode

Testing of laser resistance:

determinaton of protective exposure limit (PEL)

EN 60825-4, Clause 3.4: Requirements on testing

(26)

Guarding around a

laser processing machine

according to IEC 60825-4 Foreseeable

exposure limit (FEL)

Maximum reasonably foreseeable exposure at the front surface

of the laser protective guard

Protective exposure limit (PEL)

Protective properties of the laser protective guard

to prevent exceeding of AEL class 1 at the rear surface

Laser protective guard

Process area Laser

Laser processing machine

Outside the laser protective guard Laser Class 1 (AEL)

(27)

Risk analysis to design passive laser

protective guards

Question: when will a failure be recognized?

(radiation hits the guard)

Laser-protective guard must safely protect over this time

Ref.: IEC 60825-4

Recommended application

automated production

short-cycle operation with

intermittent inspection

processing under continuous

surveillance

Inspection interval

30.000 s

100 s

10 s

Test class

T1

T2

T3

(28)

Safety of Laser Processing Machines

ISO 11553-1:

Safety of machinery - Laser processing machines - Part 1: General safety requirements

Predominantly, an inherently safe machine is required (accessible radiation should not exceed MPE)

Unauthorized access to danger zones shall be prevented by engineering measures.

Applicable for functionally complete systems Main parts:

- hazard analysis - risk assessment

- engineering specifications

- safety measures (for laser radiation and further standards) - information provided to the user

The standard also permits administrative control measures and personal protective equipment to reduce risks by laser radiation.

The machinery directive and the harmonized standards on safety of machinery require that no hazardous laser radiation is emitted from the machine;

- laser guards: inspection intervals by operators can be used, to terminate the time of the laser resistance of passive laser guards in fault conditions

(29)

Control of access

People

All, including the

public

Personnel untrained

in laser safety but not

the public

Authorized

and trained in

laser

safety

Location

Unrestricted and

uncontrolled

Restricted

Controlled

Description of Locations

Reference: ISO 11553-1

(30)

Embedded laser products

laser processing machines

-Safety position switch with guard locking (magnetic lock) Interlock Interlock Fiber connector Safe fiber - temperature - breakage Laser guards/ walls Control panel Safety shutter Safety PLC Restricted area Controlled area Operating mode Safety door Emission warning light Power supply Power supply stop 1 2

(31)

Protective measures for use of laser units

Safe according DIN EN ISO 12100 DIN EN ISO 11553-1 „safe as class 1“

Technical measures

Safe according DIN EN 60825-1 laser class 1

Administrative measures

Safety must be achieved by following measures*:

Technical measures

The laser installation/unit must be inherently safe with regard to technic and design

Type of safety measures for enclosed laser units

*Laser units with restricted access

Safety must be achieved by following measures*:

(32)

Areas of applications of different standards

related to functional safety

Construction and risk assessment

EN ISO 12100

Functional and safety requirements on a safety-related control system

Electrical safety aspects

IEC/EN 60204

Design and implementation of safety-relevant electrical control system

EN ISO 13849

SRP/CS as E/E/PES Hydraulics Pneumatics Mechanics

IEC/EN 62061

SRP/CS as E/E/PES SRECS

Machinery

IEC/EN 61508

SRP/CS as E/E/PES

IEC/EN 61511

Process

industry

(33)

Controls and their safety functions

Sensor

Sensor

Actuator

Actuator

acquisition of information - command - detect processing of information - control - evaluate performing of action - actuate - switch off

Safety function

? B, 1, 2, 3, 4

EN 954-1 Safetyrelated parts of control systems -EN ISO 13849-1 Part 1: General principles for design

EN ISO 13849-2 Safetyrelated parts of control systems -Part 2: Validation

Standards

Control Categories

Cat. 3: a single fault in each of these parts must not cause a loss of the safety function

Cat. 4: an accumulation of faults must not cause the loss of the safety function

Laser Class 1:

Design of safety related devices - fail-safe - single-fault condition

Programmable

Logic Control

Programmable

Logic Control

(34)

Iterative procedure for the design of

safety related parts of controls (SRP/CS)

Identify the required safety functions, performed by SRP/CS

Define the safety function requirements for each safety function

Determine the required Performance Level PLr

Design and technical realization of the safety functions: Identification of safety related parts,

performing the safety function

Determine and evaluate the Performance Level PL for the above mentioned SRP/CS with regard to:

• category • MTTFd • DC • CCF • if applicable: Software Procedure of risk reduction ISO 12100-1 Protective measure depends on a control Start Verification of PL For a certain safety function:

PL ≥PLr

Validation: Have all demands

been achieved?

Have all safety functions been analyzed? yes yes yes no no no End Procedure of risk reduction ISO 12100-1 Steps

(35)

Safety functions of controls

- Emergency Stop

(acc. IEC 60204-1 and ISO 13850)

- Prevention of unexpected start-up

(acc. ISO 14118)

- Start/Stop-Control: controlled start

(acc. IEC 60204-1)

- Operation control device with automatic reset facility

(acc. IEC 60204-1, EN 574)

- Enabling switch, e.g. 3-step (in danger area)

(acc. IEC 60204-1, EN 1088)

Typical safety functions of a laser processing machine

Safety related parts of controls (SRP/CS)

requirements on SRP/CS as result of risk evaluation

(36)

Hazard identification and risk evaluation

Risk graph for the determination of the required

performance level (PL

r

)

1 S1 S2 F1 F2 F1 F2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 a b c d e L H

DIN EN ISO 13849-1

Legend

1 Point at which the evaluation of the contribution to the risk minimization begins

L Low contribution to risk minimization H High contribution to risk minimization PLr Required performance level

PLr Risk parameters

S Severity of potential injury

S1 Slight (normally reversible injury)

S2 Serious (normally irreversible injury or death)

F Frequency and/or exposure time to hazard

F1 Seldom to not very frequent and/or exposure time to hazard is short

F2 Frequent to continuous and/or exposure time to hazard is long

P Possibility of preventing the hazard or limiting the harm

P1 Possible under certain conditions P2 Scarcely possible

(37)

SV1

Control parts of the laser device

Architecture of HLG control

HLGBlock diagram

-Terms: B1/B2 Sensor A1/A2 Amplifier G1/G2 Limit switch K1 PLC Q1/Q2 Safety relay SV1 Safety shutter K1 A1 B1 A2 B2 G1 G2 A3 B3 A4 B4 G3 G4 K1 Feedback Switch-off test further input-units

(diverse functional principle) Channel 1 Channel 2 Line 1 Line 2 Q1 Q2 Control parts of the laser device

K1 signal check - plausibility - simultaneity

(38)

Control categories defined in EN 954-1

Cat. Summary of requirements System behavior 1) Principle for

achieving safety B The safety-related parts of control

systems and/ or their protective devices and their components shall be designed, constructed, selected and combined in accordance with the applicable standards in such a way that they can withstand the expected influences and effects.

The occurrence of a fault can cause the loss of the safety function. Predominantly characterized by the selection of components.

1 The requirements of B shall be satisfied. Approved components and approved safety principles must be applied.

The occurrence of a fault can cause the loss of the safety function, but the probability that one will occur is lower than in B.

Predominantly characterized by the selection of components.

2 The requirements of B and the use of approved safety principles shall be ensured. The safety function shall be checked at appropriate intervals by the machine control system.

The occurrence of a fault can cause the loss of the safety function between the test intervals. The loss of the safety function is detected by the test.

Predominantly characterized by the structure.

(39)

Control categories defined in EN 954-1

Cat. Summary of requirements System behavior 1) Principle for

achieving safety

3 The requirements of B and the use of approved safety principles shall be ensured.

Safety-related parts shall be designed so that:

An single fault in each of these parts does not cause the loss of the safety function.

The single faults are detected whenever this is reasonably possibly.

If a single fault occurs, the safety function is always maintained.

Some but not all faults are detected. An

accumulation of

undetected faults can lead to loss of the safety function.

Predominantly characterized by the structure.

4 The requirements of B and the use of proven safety principles shall be ensured. Safety-related parts shall be designed so that:

•A single fault in each of these parts does not cause the loss of the safety function.

•The single fault is detected with or before the next request to the safety function, or if this is not possible, an accumulation of faults may not cause the loss of the safety function.

If faults occur the safety function is always

maintained.

The faults are detected in time to prevent a loss of the safety function.

Predominantly characterized by the structure.

(40)

Personal protective eyewear

Laser protection

glasses

DIN EN 207

Protection level

L1 - L10

Laser adjustment

glasses

DIN EN 208

Protection level

R1 - R5

(41)

Laser-eye protection / Testing

Requirements on testing acc. to cat.II:

- one-time type examination test (by independend testing laboratory) - monitoring of manufacturing process by independend testing

laboratory is not stipulated (only by manufacturer himself)

European Directive 89/686/EEC; (93/95/EEC); (96/58/EC) on

the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to personal protective equipment (PPE-Directive)

PPE and also eye-protection is categorized into 3 different risk levels for assessment : - cat.I: simple risk

- cat.II: intermediate risk - cat.III: complex risk

Laser protection glasses are assigned to cat.II

Have to be marked with CE-mark

In comparison: Reqirements of DIN GS tests*

- EU-type examination test,

- Re-examination tests periodically,

- Impartial sampling out of the manufacturing process,

- Testing of testing sets and quality assurance at the manufacturing plant.

(42)

Conclusions

The international and national regulations, provisions and technical standards with regard to safety of laser products and safety of laser processing machines are very complex.

The systematic approach of the European legislation to structure all directives and harmonized

standards helps to compile relevant requirements and information.

The appreciation of European standards to international standards also improves the situation.

Manufacturers of ready-to-use laser processing machines must comply with a number of standards on machine safety also relevant for laser safety (to declare conformity).

Especially requirements of the control of the laser radiation have to be met in order to prevent

human access to laser radiation above the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)

- Standards on functional safety, safety controls and safety related parts of controls (SRP/CS)

Generally, regulations are based on both scientific knowledge and basic values of a community.

Therefore, regulations are subject to continuous development and changes

Existing standards dealing with laser safety provide substantial information on how to design a safe laser product or laser processing machine.

Standards must cope with new developments and applications

- such as LED, SLD, HLD or high-power laser remote welding,

- this applies also to personal protective equipment (PPE) against laser radiation and especially to protective clothing, for which requirements should be defined and test methods should be developed.

(43)

Thank you very much for

your attention

References

Related documents

We demonstrate that the proposed methodology outperforms simultaneous input-output dimensionality reduction based on principal component analysis (PCA), while the prediction accuracy

For the identification of the optimal myoelectric controller algorithm, we used trials in which SH-P finger movements could be generated by EMG signals and quantified the similarity

The “fast-breaking alms-giving” (zakat al-fitr or sadaqat al-fitr) is a confirmed Islamic tradition at the end of Ramadan, of donating food (in the form of staple foodstuffs) to

So, specific cognitive behavioral treatments have been developed for anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias and social

Well, mused Roland, according to UFOlogists and spiritualists, alien entities do that. Apparently they are communicating with individual humans – and those persons

The CA4PRS (Construction Analysis for Pavement Rehabilitation Strategies) software, a Microsoft Windows application on Access database, was developed as a scheduling and

After discussing the feedback for the strategic options, Jack Penning provided an overview of the Strategic Marketing Plan for Willard Airport.. He explained the marketing strategy

The results of the present study indicated that curcumin significantly repressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2 following combined treatment with 5‑Fu in