CH11_APWorld_Islam.pptx

• _{Islam means “submission” in Arabic}

• _{Story of Muhammad’s life, words, and deeds (hadith) are}

basis of Islam

• _{Teachings of Quran and of Muhammad’s life are fulfilled in}

the life of a community (the umma)

• _{Combination of religion and government makes Islam similar}

• _{The Prophet: His Life and Teaching}

– _{Visited by Angel Gabriel in 610 C.E. at age forty; visits continued for}

twenty years

– _{After Muhammad’s death, his words were memorized and written}

down as the Quran

– _{Quran regarded as absolute, uncorrupted word of God}

– _{Discovery of paper and printing speeds the spread of the Quran}

• _{The Five Pillars of Islam} – _{Declaring the Creed}

– _{Praying five times a day facing Mecca} – _{Giving alms to the poor}

– _{Fasting each day during Ramadan} – _{Making a hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)}

•

_{The Five Pillars of Islam}

[cont.]

– _{Jihad (sacred struggle)}

sometimes called the “sixth pillar”

• _{For some it means the}

extension of Muslim lands (dar al-Islam)

• _{For others it means}

personal struggle

– _{Faithful Muslims will}

attain paradise

– _{Many parallels among}

Islam, Judaism, and Christianity

1

•

The profession of

Faith (Creed): “There

is but one God, Allah,

and Muhammad is his

prophet.”

•

_{Prayer 5}

times a day

towards

Mecca

4

•

_{Every Muslim}

must fast during

the daylight hours

during the month

of Ramadan

5

•

_{Hajj =Pilgrimage to Mecca (at}

least once in a lifetime – if they

can afford it)

•

_{Which of the following qualifies as a primary}

source on the teachings of Muhammad?

a. The Quran

b. The Hadith

c. The Five Pillars d. The umma

•

_{The Five Pillars}

a. Are inattentive to distinctions in social class b. Are included in the Quran

c. Require religious instructions as an entrance to the Islamic faith

d. Provide unity within Islam

•

_{Responses to Muhammad}

– _{Residents of Mecca found his moral teachings too}

demanding and questioned his mental stability

– _{Meccan Christians and Jews did not believe their}

monotheism needed purification

– _{Death of many of first-generation followers caused}

- The Hijra and the Islamic Calendar

• Muhammad invited to Medina to adjudicate dispute

• Flight to Medina (622 C.E.) known as

hijra and is Year One of the Islamic calendar (SHOW MECCA PICTS - PPT)

• Converted many in Medina but not Jews

• Created religious community (umma) interlocked with Islamic government (dar al Islam)

• Formulated legal code based on the Quran

– _{Muhammad Extends His Authority}

• _{Warfare between early Muslims and Mecca with Muhammad ultimately}

winning in 630 C.E.

• _{Muslims destroyed Meccan idols, captured Ka’aba, and turned it and its}

sacred black rock into Islamic shrine

• _{By time of Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims were well on their way to}

creating an Arabia-wide federation dedicated to faith and the political structure of Islam

- Connections to Other Monotheistic Faiths

• _{Muslims claim Abraham (Hebrew) as the first Muslim and see Jews,}

Christians, and Muslims as “children of Abraham”

• _{Accept earlier prophets including Jesus as people whose ideas were later}

corrupted by followers

• _{Believe there will be no further revelations (SEAL OF THE PROPHETS)} • _{Christians and Jews allowed to practice their faith but were subject to a}

Successors to the Prophet

• _{Problem of successor to Muhammad initially met by election of close}

associates as caliph

• _{Military successes spread Islam: Damascus in 636 and Jerusalem in 638} • _{Administered conquered lands with garrison towns which were unstable} • _{Islam an empire or a religion?}

1

2

3

Successors to the Prophet

• _{Religious Conflict and Sunni-Shi’a Division}

– _{Should caliph be from Muhammad’s family [Shi’ites] or from}

Ummayid clan of recent caliphs [Sunni] ?

– _{Two Shi’a caliphs were assassinated and war broke out (680);}

eleven Shi’a imams or caliphs were assassinated in all

– _{Shi’a wanted imam to model religious principles; opponents saw}

•

_{Religious Conflict and the Sunni-Shi’a Division}

[cont.]

– _{Hereditary line of Muhammad’s family ended with}

the disappearance of the “twelfth imam”

– _{Office of caliph no longer exists but dispute}

continues

Islam Splits

Sunni

• _{“the way of the Prophet”} • _{The wisest Uman (prayer}

leader) should be the successor

• _{About Islamic community} • _{Stay in Saudi Arabia and}

eventually spread into N. Africa

Shi’ah (Shiites)

• _{The followers of Ali}

• _{Bloodline Imans should be}

the successor

• _{Move to Iraq and est.}

Baghdad

•

_{The split between the Sunni and Shi’a Muslims}

occurred as a result of

a. Divergent interpretations of religious texts

b. Conflict over the translation of liturgy into native languages

c. Disagreement over leadership succession issues d. A rift between more fundamentalist and more

• Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire

– _{Urban life eroded tribal life, created class differences, and mixed Arab and non-Arab}

elites

– _{Used Byzantine and Persian governing practices}

– _{Revolts from 740s onward but some military victories including Talas River (751), which}

halted Chinese advance westward

– _{Conquered coast of N. Africa and much of central Asia, Spain, and invaded France}

(stopped by Charles Martel in 732 at the Battle of Tours)

•

_{The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs}

– _{From northern Iran Abbasids claimed caliphate in 750} – _{Continued imperial quest of the Umayyids}

– _{Abbasids successfully ruled empire for a century with}

•

_{The Weakening of the Caliphate}

– _{Abbasids faced succession issues and civil war} – _{Began to rely more on slave troops}

– _{Civilian administration became more corrupt} – _{Tax collection became exploitive}

• _{The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont.]}

– _{The Emergence of Quasi-Independent States}

• _{Distance of rulers from people prompted revolts} • _{Ismaili and Shi’ite leaders promoted rebellion}

• _{In 945 rebels took control of Baghdad and effectively ended the empire,}

but allowed Abbasids to continue to rule in name only

• _{Arrival of Seljuk Turks led to creation of sultanate over government while}

• _{The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont.]}

– _{Mongols and the Destruction of the Caliphate}

• _{Temujin (later called Chinngis Khan) forged alliance with Turks and built}

extensive empire

• _{His grandson, Hulegu conquered Baghdad (1258) and executed Abbasid}

caliph

• _{Death of Hulegu’s brother and military defeat ended expansion of Mongol}

empire

•

_{Which of these is a true statement about Mongol}

invasions between 1100 and 1500?

a. While Mongols were able to convert Russia to Islam, they failed to spread Muslim beliefs throughout India b. Mongols adopted elements of Chinese culture, which

were then spread to other parts of Asia

c. Mongol invasions were successful in China and Japan, but unsuccessful in Korea

d. Mongol rule in Russia helped build a peaceful society based on Russian traditions

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering

• _{Fall of Caliphate in 1258 meant fall of umma} • _{Some scholars saw this as decline of Islam}

• _{Others point to continued spread of Islam and its}

acceptance by Mongol decendents

• _{Current distribution of Muslims shows presence in areas}

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering

• _{Islam Reaches New Peoples}

– _India

• _{Muslim raids into India led to conquest of Delhi by 1211 and creation of}

Delhi Sultanate (1211-1526)

• _{Controlled subcontinent by 1335}

• _{Most Muslim rulers accommodated Hinduism} • _{Converts to Islam escaped “untouchable” status}

• _{Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont.]}

– _{Southeast Asia}

• _{Most conversions occurred in 14-15th centuries}

– _{Sub-Saharan Africa}

• _{Islam arrived via traders and Sufis}

• _{Ghana was major trading center, rival of Arabs}

• _{Traders converted to Islam; masses in 19th century}

•

_{Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont.]}

– _{Sub-Saharan Africa [cont.]}

• _{Mansa Musa of Mali, orthodox Muslim, made hajj in 1324 and}

revealed wealth of area

• _{Timbuktu a major center of learning}

• _{Spread of Islam into East Africa met fierce resistance in}

•

_{In the mid-1300s, Mansa Musa created a}

strong centralized Islamic government in

a. Kush

b. Ethiopia c. Axum d. Mali

• _{Law Provides an Institutional Foundation}

– _{Legal system of Islam, shari’a, survived fall of caliph} – _{Can use any of a group of legal interpretations}

• _{Abu Hanifah, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad al-Shafii, Ahmed ibn Hanbal} • _{Exercise primary influence in different regions}

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering

• _{Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism}

– _{The Role of Mysticism}

• _{Rose as rejection of materialism of Umayyad}

• _{Sufis enabled followers to experience God directly} • _{Sufis attracted adherents with simplicity}

• _{Some emphasized ecstatic practices while others were more sober and}

•

_{Intellectual Achievements}

– _History

• _{Formal history introduced by al-Tabari (c. 839-923)}

• _{Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was first to apply social science}

theory to the understanding of history

• _{Favored cyclical view of history where new waves of invasion}

•

_{Intellectual Achievements [cont.]}

– _Philosophy

• _{Encountered philosophy from Greeks and Indians} • _{Attracted to Platonism and neo-Platonism}

• _{Mutazilites argued that Quran should be seen as metaphorical,}

not literal, word of God

• _{Enabled Christian and Jewish philosophers to encounter Greek}

•

_{Intellectual Achievements}

[cont.]

– _{Mathematics, Astronomy,}

and Medicine

• _{Astronomy texts from India}

to Baghdad by 770

• _{al-Khwarazmi (d. c. 846)}

developed algebra

• _{Medical cures were spread}

around the empire

• _{Qanum fi’l-tibb (Canon of}

Medicine) of ibn Sina (d. 1037) dominated Christian medical thinking for three hundred years

•

_{The Extension of Technology}

– _{Islam a communication network connecting all major}

Eurasia civilizations

– _{Exchanged information with all of them} – _{Agricultural exchange extensive}

– _{Used irrigation to offset absence of monsoon rains}

Effects of Islam

·

Preserve classical learning

·

Innovations in astronomy

and mathematics

·

Link between East and West

·

"Arabic" numbers from

India

·

Trigonometry also from

India

Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering

•

_{City Design and Architecture}

– _{Muslim governments built great cities}

– _{Mosques were a necessary element of every city and}

neighborhood

– _{Writings of Ibn Battuta underscore link between cities,}

A Few Arabic Contributions

• Lateen sail

• Caravel

• schools

• universities

• the professor’s chair

• libraries

• mathematics

• calligraphy

• number system

• trigonometry

• Conics

• _geometry

• _{geometric patterns} • _chemistry

• _{chemical apparatus} • _distillation

• _{triangulation}

• _{art and the arabesque} • _Coffee

• _{Elephant clock} • _Chess

• _{Trick devices}

• _{How the eye works} • _soap

• _Henna • _Miswak • _Windmilll • _Carpet

• _{Development of}

hospitals • _Surgical instruments • _Surgery • _Blood circulation • _Pulmonary heart circulation

• _{Bone fractures} • _{Anatomy of the}

eye

• _Vaccination • _Toothbrush

• _{Town planning –}

street lighting, drainage and sewage

• _Caravanserai

• _{Gothic, pointed,}

horseshoe arches

• _{Rib Vaulting} • _Domes

• _{Rose window} • _Muqarnas • _{Spire tower} • _Bookshops • _{Public baths} • _Tents

• _Kiosks

• _{Gardens and parks} • _Astronomy

• _{Observatories} • _{Celestial globe} • _Astrolabe • _Quadrant

• _{Armillary sphere} • _{Lunar calendar} • _{Stars and}

constellations

• _{Star charts}

• _{Flight and flying}

Relations with Non-Muslims

• Dhimmi Status

– _{Three choices for non-Muslim in Muslim state}

• Conversion

• _{Dhimmi Status}

– For worshippers of one God who accepted Muslim rule

– Status defined by The Pact of Umar (634-644)

– Paid special tax but could worship in their own faith

– Couldn’t build new churches, seek converts, wear Muslim clothing, or build houses higher than Muslim houses

• _{The Crusades (1095-1291)}

– _{Called by Pope Urban II at request of Alexius I} – _{Were political as much as religious efforts}

– _{Early crusades were successful and brutal} – _{European crusaders were mercenaries}

– _{Crusades could capture but not hold holy places of}

Christianity

• _{A Golden Age in Spain}

– _{Berbers revitalized Spanish culture and broke Byzantine control of}

trade in western Mediterranean

– _{End of Spanish caliphate (1030) opened door to start of Christian}

reconquista

– _{Rich hybrid culture survived in midst of reconquista}

– _{Ferdinand and Isabella defeated Muslims in 1492 and expel Jews}

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What

Difference Do They Make?

•

_{Sources of friction among religions with}

common heritage

– _{Are proselytizing religions in search of converts} – _{Each sought to be the government in its areas}

of predominance

– _{Each became identified with a specific}

geographic region