Cold War Begins
Cold War Begins
AFL-CIOAFL-CIO
War economyWar economy DesegregationDesegregation Jackie RobinsonJackie Robinson Economic turnEconomic turn White flightWhite flight Middle classMiddle class
Government policy for housingGovernment policy for housing Economic baseEconomic base
SunbeltSunbelt BabyboomBabyboom United NationsUnited Nations
Organization of American StatesOrganization of American States
Middle East
Middle East
Arms Race
Arms Race
Fallout Shelters
Fallout Shelters
Duck and Cover
Duck and Cover
Hollywood Ten
Hollywood Ten
Dixiecrats
Dixiecrats
Republican ideas
Republican ideas
Polls
Polls
Korea\38th Parallel
Korea\38th Parallel
June 1950
June 1950
NSC-68
NSC-68
Korean War info
Korean War info
Limited War
Limited War
22
Post war ECONOMY
Post war ECONOMY
Why inflation?
Why inflation?
Republicans and S Dems relaxed controls on Office of Price Admin
Republicans and S Dems relaxed controls on Office of Price Admin
Result?
Result?
25% inflation
25% inflation
GNP slumped in 1946-47….prices increased as wartime controls
GNP slumped in 1946-47….prices increased as wartime controls
were lifted
were lifted
Some feared another depression
Some feared another depression
#6: Why the upturn?
#6: Why the upturn?
Then it surged as consumers began to demand more
Then it surged as consumers began to demand more
The Cold War aided military production, war bonds were cashed in,
The Cold War aided military production, war bonds were cashed in,
the rest of the world needed US goods as many were devastated
the rest of the world needed US goods as many were devastated
from the war
from the war
STRIKES #3 and 4
STRIKES #3 and 4
Violent strikes
Violent strikes
Truman generally supported
Truman generally supported
unions, but he felt they were
unions, but he felt they were
hurting the American people
hurting the American people
He also threatened to draft all
He also threatened to draft all
strikers if they didn’t stop
strikers if they didn’t stop
They stopped!
They stopped!
Taft-Hartley Act, 1947
Taft-Hartley Act, 1947
Created to control unions
Created to control unions
Leaders had to take loyalty
Leaders had to take loyalty
oaths
oaths
Truman vetoed it, but
Truman vetoed it, but
AFL-CIO
AFL-CIO
Two major unions
Two major unions
that merged in 1955
that merged in 1955
American Federation
American Federation
of Labor and the
of Labor and the
Congress of Industrial
Congress of Industrial
Harry S Truman (1945-51)
Harry S Truman (1945-51)
Truman had a famous
Truman had a famous
catch phrase
catch phrase
“
“
The Buck Stops
The Buck Stops
Here”
Here”
He made difficult
He made difficult
decisions and took
decisions and took
War Economy
War Economy
Much of the
Much of the
prosperity of the time
prosperity of the time
seemed to depend on
seemed to depend on
the idea of a
the idea of a
permanent war
permanent war
economy
economy
Much of the upturn of
Much of the upturn of
the 1950’s came from
the 1950’s came from
Desegregation
Desegregation
Truman attempted
Truman attempted
civil rights legislation
civil rights legislation
for blacks
for blacks
: remove
: remove
poll taxes, literacy
poll taxes, literacy
exams, anti-lynching
exams, anti-lynching
laws, etc.
laws, etc.
Congress wouldn’t
Congress wouldn’t
support him
support him
Truman desegregated
Truman desegregated
the military while
the military while
Civil Rights
Civil Rights
Setting another
Setting another
example of crossing
example of crossing
the color line was
the color line was
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson
:
:
the first black
the first black
professional baseball
professional baseball
player
player
Played for the
Played for the
Brooklyn Dodgers in
Brooklyn Dodgers in
1947; won the MVP in
1947; won the MVP in
Economic Turn
Economic Turn
By 1948-50 the economy
By 1948-50 the economy
was growing
was growing
US represented 6% of
US represented 6% of
the world’s population,
the world’s population,
but had 40% of the
but had 40% of the
wealth
wealth
Millions of new purchases
Millions of new purchases
from bonds, etc.
from bonds, etc.
Savings accounts were
Savings accounts were
drained…..little to spend
drained…..little to spend
on during the war
on during the war
Suburbs
Suburbs
7: Why do they expand?
7: Why do they expand?
Housing shortages caused
Housing shortages caused
the movement to the
the movement to the
suburbs
suburbs
Leads to conformity
Leads to conformity
8: Effects?
8: Effects?
This movement caused
This movement caused
changes:
changes:
shopping centers
shopping centers
were built
were built
so suburbanites
so suburbanites
could shop and
could shop and
development
development
in downtown areas declined
White Flight
White Flight
Many called this the
Many called this the
white flight:
white flight:
majority
majority
of people who moved to
of people who moved to
the suburbs were white
the suburbs were white
;
;
leaving the inner city and
leaving the inner city and
cheaper housing
cheaper housing
Hundreds of standardized
Hundreds of standardized
houses began to be built
Levittowns
Levittowns
Many moved to Levittowns:
Many moved to Levittowns:
a
a
suburb housing development .
suburb housing development .
These towns sprung up
These towns sprung up
everywhere and they all had the
everywhere and they all had the
same basic layout
same basic layout
4 rooms, ranch style, two tone,
4 rooms, ranch style, two tone,
restrictions: no fences, neat
restrictions: no fences, neat
lawns,laundry could only be put
lawns,laundry could only be put
out on certain days
out on certain days
Home ownership increases
Home ownership increases
The suburb sprawl also led to
The suburb sprawl also led to
an increase in the need for cars
an increase in the need for cars
Car sells increased from 40 to
Car sells increased from 40 to
60 million in 10 years
60 million in 10 years
A
A
middle class
middle class
was forming in
was
forming in
America and gaining power
America and gaining power
Government Housing Policy
Government Housing Policy
Towards Black Americans
Towards Black Americans
Seemed to spread de facto segregation
Seemed to spread de facto segregation
FHA cited risks in making loans to
FHA cited risks in making loans to
blacks and refused them
blacks and refused them
mortgages…..limiting black mobility
mortgages…..limiting black mobility
Housing programs seemed to group
Housing programs seemed to group
#10 Beatniks
#10 Beatniks
Some people were against
Some people were against
the conformity of the
the conformity of the
middle class (American
middle class (American
Dream) and were critical of
Dream) and were critical of
them
them
They were the Beatniks:
They were the Beatniks:
expressed disillusion with
expressed disillusion with
middle class values
middle class values
Among the best know
Among the best know
writers were Allen Ginsberg,
writers were Allen Ginsberg,
Howl
Howl
and Jack Kerouac,
and Jack Kerouac,
On
On
the Road
the Road
They were nonconformists,
They were nonconformists,
used Jazz Age terms, wore
used Jazz Age terms, wore
black, explored Zen
black, explored Zen
Women’s Roles #11
Women’s Roles #11
Betty Freiden:
Betty Freiden:
Feminine
Feminine
Mystique (1963)
Need More Roads!!!
Need More Roads!!!
(National Highway Act) Federal Interstate and Defense
(National Highway Act) Federal Interstate and Defense
Highway Act #12
Highway Act #12
Defense part: every 5 miles must have one straight mile of
Defense part: every 5 miles must have one straight mile of
roadway to be used for landing strips
roadway to be used for landing strips
Effects of the automobile expansion:
Effects of the automobile expansion:
more travel
more travel
connects the US more
connects the US more
drive-ins
drive-ins
noise and air pollution
noise and air pollution
more accidents
more accidents
more movement to the suburbs
more movement to the suburbs
widens the gap between classes
Economic Base
Economic Base
Seemed to be
Seemed to be
changing
changing
Fewer farmers were
Fewer farmers were
needed
needed
One farmer could
One farmer could
provide for 50 people
provide for 50 people
compared to 15 in
compared to 15 in
1940
1940
Move to the south
Move to the south
People moved in large
People moved in large
numbers to the south or
numbers to the south or
sunbelt
sunbelt
New jobs, military bases,
New jobs, military bases,
lower taxes, better
lower taxes, better
weather, etc.
weather, etc.
The northern “rust belt”
The northern “rust belt”
seemed to be losing
seemed to be losing
power
power
Every President since
Every President since
1964 has been from the
1964 has been from the
Sunbelt
The Baby Boom led to the
The Baby Boom led to the
need for bigger schools,
need for bigger schools,
baby materials, toys, etc.
baby materials, toys, etc.
#15 Saulk and Spock
#15 Saulk and Spock
The more people have studied different
methods of bringing up children the more they have come to the conclusion that what good mother and fathers instinctively feel like doing for their babies is the best after all.
United Nations
United Nations
The
The
United Nations
United Nations
was established after
was established after
WWII
WWII
–
To maintain peace
To maintain peace
–
General Assembly
General Assembly
makes up all of the UN
makes up all of the UN
members
UN Security Council
UN Security Council
–
Security
Security
Council
Council
….permanent
….permanent
members (5)
members (5)
–
Security council has veto
Security council has veto
power and all must agree
power and all must agree
for major actions
for major actions
–
10 rotating members for a
10 rotating members for a
two year term
two year term
–
One Security Council
One Security Council
member can veto a UN
member can veto a UN
idea
Universal Declaration of
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948)
Human Rights (1948)
Organization of American States
Organization of American States
(OAS)
(OAS)
Formed in 1948
Formed in 1948
to
to
create cooperation
create cooperation
among North and
among North and
South American
South American
countries
countries
Not all countries in
Not all countries in
these areas have
these areas have
Iron Curtain
Iron Curtain
20-Cold War….brrrrrr
20-Cold War….brrrrrr
The Cold War lasted
The Cold War lasted
until 1991
until 1991
Period of hostility
Period of hostility
short of direct military
short of direct military
conflict
conflict
The Soviets and the
The Soviets and the
US began to divide
US began to divide
the world and looked
the world and looked
Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan
Created by Sec. Of State Created by Sec. Of State
George Marshall
George Marshall
Gives economic aid to Gives economic aid to
European countries who would
European countries who would
agree to trade with each other
agree to trade with each other
The Soviets didn’t participate The Soviets didn’t participate
because they wouldn’t trade
because they wouldn’t trade
with capitalist countries
with capitalist countries
16 European countries 16 European countries
participated
participated
Over 12 billion dollars in aidOver 12 billion dollars in aid Why did we do this?Why did we do this?
Communism seemed less Communism seemed less
appealing after its success
Berlin Airlift:
Berlin Airlift:
1948-49
1948-49
300 days
300 days
Stalin gave up in
Stalin gave up in
May 1949, but still
May 1949, but still
controlled Eastern
controlled Eastern
Germany
Germany
Western Germany
Western Germany
was unified in 1948
was unified in 1948
and soon declared a
and soon declared a
Middle East
Middle East
The land was taken from
The land was taken from
Palestine
Palestine
Truman had to deal with the
Truman had to deal with the
oil rich countries of the Middle
oil rich countries of the Middle
East
East
Many were against the
Many were against the
creation of Israel
creation of Israel
Truman recognized Israel
Truman recognized Israel
against the will of some
against the will of some
advisors
advisors
24-National Security Act, 1947
24-National Security Act, 1947
Reorganized the
Reorganized the
military branches and
military branches and
created the Joint
created the Joint
Chiefs of Staff
Chiefs of Staff
Created the CIA and
Created the CIA and
National Security
National Security
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
Created by Truman in
Created by Truman in
1947
1947
They performed covert
They performed covert
actions, overthrew
actions, overthrew
communist leaders,
communist leaders,
aided non communist
aided non communist
leaders to gain power,
leaders to gain power,
etc.
Japan is now the good guys?
Japan is now the good guys?
Good relations were
Good relations were
needed with Japan for
needed with Japan for
two reasons #27
two reasons #27
Trade and
Trade and
containment (most
containment (most
Chinese Civil War-28
Chinese Civil War-28
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
The US supported him
The US supported him
and he helped fight the
and he helped fight the
Japanese in WWII
Japanese in WWII
He did bad things to the
He did bad things to the
Chinese people after the
Chinese people after the
war to keep power
war to keep power
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Formosa
Formosa
Communist Problems
Communist Problems
There was a growing fear of
There was a growing fear of
communism
communism
after
after
WWII
WWII
Our former ally was now our enemy
Our former ally was now our enemy
In Sept. 1949 the Soviet exploded their first
In Sept. 1949 the Soviet exploded their first
atomic weapon….now we both had the bomb
atomic weapon….now we both had the bomb
and both began to create more bombs and more
and both began to create more bombs and more
powerful bombs
powerful bombs
The Atlantic Charter said nothing regarding
The Atlantic Charter said nothing regarding
nuclear weapons regulations
A New Bomb
A New Bomb
The US began work on
The US began work on
the Hydrogen bomb, 67
the Hydrogen bomb, 67
times more powerful
times more powerful
than Hiroshima bomb
than Hiroshima bomb
By 1952, we had
By 1952, we had
weapons superiority
weapons superiority
over the Soviets again
over the Soviets again
Not for long….the
Not for long….the
Soviets had the bomb in
Soviets had the bomb in
1953
1953
Bikini Atoll
Bikini Atoll
The nuclear testing
The nuclear testing
at Bikini Atoll
at Bikini Atoll
program was a
program was a
series of 23 nuclear
series of 23 nuclear
devices detonated
devices detonated
by the United States
by the United States
between 1946 and
between 1946 and
1958 at seven test
1958 at seven test
sites on the reef
sites on the reef
itself, on the sea, in
itself, on the sea, in
the air and
the air and
underwater.
A mother
and her child
in Las Vegas
watching the
nuclear
testing just
75km
Arms Race
Arms Race
begins between the
begins between the
US and USSR…..weapons
Fallout Shelters
Fallout Shelters
Protective shelters used during a Protective shelters used during a nuclear attack
nuclear attack
Many thought they would be able to Many thought they would be able to survive an attack using these
survive an attack using these
Many built these near or under their Many built these near or under their homes
If you couldn’t get to
If you couldn’t get to
your shelter, you were
your shelter, you were
taught what to do in
taught what to do in
school.
school.
Duck and cover
Duck and cover
was
was
taught as a means of
taught as a means of
protection from a
protection from a
Loyalty Programs -29
Loyalty Programs -29
Fear of communism
Fear of communism
was growing
was growing
Fear of spies
Fear of spies
Truman began loyalty
Truman began loyalty
programs
programs
Federal employees
Federal employees
investigated
investigated
Court Case #30
Court Case #30
Dennis et al v United States, 1951Dennis et al v United States, 1951 The Court ruled that Dennis did
not have the right under the First Amendment to exercise free
speech, publication and
assembly, if the exercise involved the creation of a plot to
overthrow the government
Smith Act, 1940 (Alien Smith Act, 1940 (Alien Registration Act)
Registration Act)
Criminal penalties for advocating the
Red Scare Begins
Red Scare Begins
Loyalty boards were set up to investigate Loyalty boards were set up to investigate govt. workers
govt. workers
House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee
During the war, many movies were pro-During the war, many movies were pro-Soviet Union because they were our allies
Soviet Union because they were our allies
and some began to follow the “ideas” of
and some began to follow the “ideas” of
communism, not the Soviets
communism, not the Soviets
They were termed traitors and attacked They were termed traitors and attacked One famous group was the One famous group was the Hollywood Hollywood
Ten
Ten: : actors accused of being communist; actors accused of being communist; they didn’t cooperate with the
they didn’t cooperate with the
investigation committee and refused to
investigation committee and refused to
name others…
name others…the 10 men were convicted the 10 men were convicted and served at least one year in prison
and served at least one year in prison
Many were blacklisted and never worked Many were blacklisted and never worked in Hollywood again
in Hollywood again
“
“
Under God” added to
Under God” added to
the Pledge of Allegiance
the Pledge of Allegiance
SPIES-32
SPIES-32
To add to the hysteria, two To add to the hysteria, two
major spy cases came up
major spy cases came up
Alger HissAlger Hiss
Hiss was involved in many Hiss was involved in many
aspects of the State
aspects of the State
Department
Department
Richard Nixon was one of Richard Nixon was one of
those who led the attack
those who led the attack
against Hiss
against Hiss ( (very anti-very anti-communist)
communist)
He always claimed innocenceHe always claimed innocence 1992: The Soviets released 1992: The Soviets released
documents showing Hiss was
documents showing Hiss was
not one of their spies
Julius and Ethel
Julius and Ethel
In 1950, British physicist Klaus Fuchs In 1950, British physicist Klaus Fuchs
admitted to giving the USSR atomic
admitted to giving the USSR atomic
bomb secrets and implicated Julius and
bomb secrets and implicated Julius and
Ethel Rosenberg, minor activist in the
Ethel Rosenberg, minor activist in the
American Communist Party
American Communist Party
They denied the charges and some They denied the charges and some
claimed they were being persecuted
claimed they were being persecuted
because they were Jews
because they were Jews
Pleas came from around the world for Pleas came from around the world for
clemency; no dice
clemency; no dice
They were found guilty and both were They were found guilty and both were
executed in 1953; the first civilians
executed in 1953; the first civilians
executed for espionage
executed for espionage
Fuchs spent 14 years in jailFuchs spent 14 years in jail
It was later proven Julius was involved, It was later proven Julius was involved,
but not Ethel
McCarran Internal
McCarran Internal
Security Bill, 1950
Security Bill, 1950
Vetoed by Truman; passed by
Vetoed by Truman; passed by
Congress
Congress
Authorized the President to arrest
Authorized the President to arrest
and detain suspicious people
and detain suspicious people
during an “internal security
during an “internal security
McCarthyism
McCarthyism
Wisconsin Senator Wisconsin Senator Joseph Joseph McCarthy
McCarthy
He began accusing people without He began accusing people without evidence and making charges
evidence and making charges
I have in my hand the name of 50 I have in my hand the name of 50 communists who work in the state
communists who work in the state
dept.
dept.
He never produced a name and He never produced a name and always did his accusations in the
always did his accusations in the
Senate so he couldn’t be sued for
Senate so he couldn’t be sued for
slander
slander
McCarthyismMcCarthyism
McCarthy gained power in Congress McCarthy gained power in Congress and headed trials to attack
and headed trials to attack
Communists
Communists
When he attacked the Army, things When he attacked the Army, things went too far and Ike wouldn’t allow
went too far and Ike wouldn’t allow
this
this
McCarthy was put on trial, removed McCarthy was put on trial, removed from office, showed the courts to
from office, showed the courts to
be a mockery
The end of the Red Brick Road
The end of the Red Brick Road
Nationally televised Army-Nationally televised Army-McCarthy Hearings
McCarthy Hearings
He claimed that top Army He claimed that top Army officials were either
officials were either
Communists or Communist Communists or Communist
sympathizers. He had no sympathizers. He had no
evidence. evidence.
McCarthy decided to explain McCarthy decided to explain his troubles as a journalistic his troubles as a journalistic
conspiracy against him. He conspiracy against him. He
decided to denounce the decided to denounce the
almost universally admired almost universally admired
and respected Edward R. and respected Edward R. Murrow of CBS Television Murrow of CBS Television
News as a secret subversive. News as a secret subversive.
McCarthy's credibility with the McCarthy's credibility with the public all but disappeared.
public all but disappeared. McCarthy died three years McCarthy died three years later due to complications later due to complications
1948 Politics
1948 Politics
In 1948, In 1948, Truman was being Truman was being blamed for the problems in the
blamed for the problems in the
US
US: strikes, inflation, etc.: strikes, inflation, etc.
The Democrats still tried to get The Democrats still tried to get him re-elected
him re-elected
DixiecratsDixiecrats
They chose Strom Thurmond as They chose Strom Thurmond as their candidate for President and
their candidate for President and
the Republicans chose Thomas
the Republicans chose Thomas
Dewey
Dewey
Dewey seemed to be far ahead in Dewey seemed to be far ahead in the election
“
“
Give em’ Hell
Give em’ Hell
Harry”
Harry”
Truman begins to pass
Truman begins to pass
Republican platform ideas,
Republican platform ideas,
which Congress wouldn’t
which Congress wouldn’t
pass (Controlled by
pass (Controlled by
Republicans….made them
Republicans….made them
look bad)
look bad)
Truman called them a “do
Truman called them a “do
nothing Congress”
nothing Congress”
#34
#34
Truman campaigned hard
Truman campaigned hard
for the rest of the election
for the rest of the election
by train
by train
He went to bed thinking he
He went to bed thinking he
lost the 1948 election
lost the 1948 election
Polls:
Polls:
Truman woke up to
Truman woke up to
find that
find that
he had won the
he had won the
1948 election and the polls
1948 election and the polls
were wrong
Fair Deal for America
Fair Deal for America
36: Why were they
36: Why were they
defeated\not passed?
defeated\not passed?
–
Universal Health Care
Universal Health Care
–
Civil Rights legislation
Civil Rights legislation
–
Improve social welfare
Improve social welfare
system
system
–
Repeal Taft-Hartley Act
Repeal Taft-Hartley Act
–
Education Aid
Education Aid
–
Help for farmers
Help for farmers
Social Security was
Social Security was
expanded
NSC-68
NSC-68
Passed by the
Passed by the
National Security
National Security
Council
Council
Said US should
Said US should
quadruple their
quadruple their
Korea
Korea
Divided between
Divided between
Communist (north)
Communist (north)
and non communist
and non communist
(south) after WWII
(south) after WWII
Korea was called a
Korea was called a
Chinese “Volunteers” enter the war
Korea was a
Korea was a
limited war
limited war
:
:
no nuclear weapons were
no nuclear weapons were
used
used
Southeast Asia Treaty Organzation
Southeast Asia Treaty Organzation
SEATO
SEATO
Created to halt the
Created to halt the
expansion of communism
expansion of communism
in Southeast Asia
in Southeast Asia
Australia, France, Great
Australia, France, Great
Britain, New Zealand,
Britain, New Zealand,
Pakistan, the Philippines,
Pakistan, the Philippines,
Thailand, and the United
Thailand, and the United
States
States
Disbanded in 1977 after
Disbanded in 1977 after
the fall of Vietnam to
the fall of Vietnam to
communism
They didn’t care for each other
They didn’t care for each other
During the war
During the war
Truman would not
Truman would not
run for a second
run for a second
term and Dwight D.
term and Dwight D.
Eishenhower would
Eishenhower would
become president
become president
and finish the war
and finish the war
effort
effort
If you don’t’ stop
fighting, I will bomb
you!
And not with those
puny bombs….I’m
Roswell, NM 1947
Roswell, NM 1947
According to reports, a UFO According to reports, a UFO crashed during a violent
crashed during a violent
thunderstorm in a remote area of
thunderstorm in a remote area of
New Mexico, just Northeast of
New Mexico, just Northeast of
Corona around July 2, 1947.T
Corona around July 2, 1947.T
The crash site was quickly cleaned The crash site was quickly cleaned up by personnel from Roswell
up by personnel from Roswell
Army Air Force Base in Roswell,
Army Air Force Base in Roswell,
New Mexico. Further unconfirmed
New Mexico. Further unconfirmed
reports claimed that alien bodies
reports claimed that alien bodies
were also recovered from the
were also recovered from the
crash.
Moody Jacobs shows a giant bruise on the side his patient, Ann Hodges,
after she became the only person in history to have been struck by a