Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Agglomeration Economies and the
Location of Industries: A comparison of
Three small European Countries
Barrios, Salvador and Bertinelli, Luisito and Eric, Strobl and
Antonio Carlos, Teixeira
Core, Université catholique de Louvain
September 2003
Online at
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5704/
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^4<` Hoolvrq/ J dqg H1 Jodhvhu +4<<<,/ Wkh Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq ri
Lqgxvwu|= Grhv Qdwxudo Dgydqwdjh H{sodlq DjjorphudwlrqB/Dphulfdq
Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ Sdshuv dqg Surfhhglqjv/ ;<+5,= 6440491
^53` Hxurshdq Frpplvvlrq +5333,/ Uhdo Frqyhujhqfh dqg Fdwfklqj Xs lq
wkh HX/ Hxurshdq Hfrqrp|/ :4/ fkds18/ Euxvvhov1
^54` Ihogpdq/ PS1 dqg Dxguhwvfk/ GE1 +4<<<,/ Lqqrydwlrqv lq flwlhv=
vflhqfh0edvhg glyhuvlw|/ vshfldol}dwlrq dqg orfdolvhg frpshwlwlrq/ Hx0
urshdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz 76+5,/ 73<075<1
^55` Ixmlwd/ P1/ S1 Nuxjpdq dqg DM1 Yhqdeohv +4<<<,/Wkh Vsdwldo Hfrqrp|=
Flwlhv/ Uhjlrqv dqg Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Wudgh/ Fdpeulgjh/ PD= PLW Suhvv1
^56` Ixmlwd/ P1 dqg M0I1 Wklvvh +5335,/Hfrqrplfv ri Djjorphudwlrq= Flwlhv/
Lqgxvwuldo Orfdwlrq/ dqg Uhjlrqdo Jurzwk/ Fdpeulgjh/ XN= Fdpeulgjh Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1
^57` Jodhvhu/ H1/ K1 Ndoodo/ M1 Vfkhlqnpdq dqg D1 Vkohlihu +4<<5,/ Jurzwk
lq Flwlhv/Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 433+9,= 4459044851
^58` Kdw}lfkurqrjorx/ W1 +4<<:,/ Uhylvlrq ri Kljk0Whfkqrorj| Vhfwru dqg
Surgxfw Vshflfdwlrq/VWL Zrunlqj Sdshu Vhulhv4<<:25 RHFG/ Sdulv1
^59` Khqghuvrq/ Y1+4<:7,/ Wkh vl}hv dqg w|shv ri flwlhv/Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf
^5:` Khqghuvrq/ Y1+4<;;,/ Xuedq Ghyhorsphqw= Wkhru|/ Idfw/ dqg Looxvlrq1 Qhz \run= R{irug Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1
^5;` Khqghuvrq/Y1/ D1 Nxqfrur dqg P1 Wxuqhu +4<<8,/ Lqgxvwuldo Ghyhors0
phqw lq Flwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 436+8,= 439:0<31
^5<` Krophv/ W1 dqg M1 Vwhyhqv +5335,/ Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq dqg Hv0
wdeolvkphqw Vfdoh/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplfv dqg Vwdwlvwlfv/ ;7+7,= 9;509<3
^63` Mdh/ D1/ P1 Wudmwhqehuj dqg U1 Khqghuvrq +4<<6,/ Jhrjudsklf Or0 fdol}dwlrq ri Nqrzohgjh Vslooryhuv dv Hylghqfhg e| Sdwhqw Flwdwlrqv/
Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 43;+6,= 8::0<;1
^64` Nlp/ \1/ G1 Edunoh| dqg P1 Khqu| +5333,/ Lqgxvwu| Fkdudfwhulv0 wlfv olqnhg wr Hvwdeolvkphqw Frqfhqwudwlrqv lq Qrqphwursrolwdq Duhdv/
Mrxuqdo ri Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh/ 73+5,= 564058<1
^65` Odprujhvh/ D1 dqg JLS1 Rwwdyldqr +5335,/ Vsdfh/ Idfwruv dqg
Vslooryhuv/plphr1
^66` Pdxuho/ I dqg E1 Vìgloorw +4<<<,/ D Phdvxuh ri wkh Jhrjudsklf Frq0
fhqwudwlrq lq Iuhqfk Pdqxidfwxulqj Lqgxvwulhv/ Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh dqg
Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ 5<+8,= 8:809371
^67` Plghoiduw0Nqduyln/ N0K1/ K1 Ryhupdq/ V1 Uhgglqj dqg D1 Yhqdeohv +5333,/ Wkh Orfdwlrq ri Hxurshdq Lqgxvwu|/ Frpplvvlrq ri wkh HHF 0
Hfrq/ Hfrqrplf Sdshuv q4751
^68` Prqiruw/ S1 dqg J1L1S1 Rwwdyldqr +5333,/ Orfdo Oderu Pdunhwv/
Vnloo Dffxpxodwlrq dqg Uhjlrqdo Glvsdulwlhv/ plphr LUHV/ Xqlyhuvlwì
fdwkroltxh gh Orxydlq1
^69` Prrpdz/ U1 +4<;4,/ Surgxfwlylw| dqg Flw| Vl}h= D Fulwltxh ri wkh
Hylghqfh/ Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/<9+7,= 9:80;;1
^6:` Prudq/ S1 +4<83,/ D Whvw iru Vhuldo Lqghshqghqfh ri Uhvlgxdov/
Elrphwulnd/ 6:= 4:;04;41
^6;` Rwwdyldqr/ JLS +4<<<,/ Lqwhjudwlrq/ Jhrjudsk| dqg wkh Exughq ri klv0
wru|/ Uhjlrqdo Vflhqfh dqg Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/5<+5,= 5780891
^6<` Ryhupdq/ K1 dqg G1 Sxjd +5335,/ Xqhpsor|phqw Foxvwhuv dfurvv Hx0
^73` Sxjd/ G1 +5335,/ Hxurshdq uhjlrqdo srolflhv lq oljkw ri uhfhqw orfdwlrq
wkhrulhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Jhrjudsk|/ 5+7,= 6:607391
^74` S|nh/ I1/ J1 Ehffdwlql dqg Z1 Vhqjhqehujhu +Hg1, +4<<3,/ Lqgxvwuldo
Glvwulfwv dqg Lqwhuupv Frrshudwlrq lq Lwdo|/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Lqvwlwxwh iru Oderxu Vwxglhv/ Jhqhyd1
^75` Udxfk/ M1 +4<<6,/ Surgxfwlylw| Jdlqv iurp Jhrjudsklf Frqfhqwudwlrq
ri Kxpdq Fdslwdo= Hylghqfh iurp wkh Flwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfr0
qrplfv/ 67+6,= 6;30733
^76` Urvhqwkdo/ V1 dqg Z1 Vwudqjh +5334,/ Wkh Ghwhuplqdqwv ri Djjorphu0
dwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/ 83+5,=4<4055<
^77` Vd{hqldq/ D1 +4<<7,/Uhjlrqdo Dgydqwdjh = Fxowxuh dqg Frpshwlwlrq lq
Vlolfrq Ydooh| dqg Urxwh 45;/ Kduydug Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1
^78` Vyhlndxvndv/ O1 +4<:8,/ Wkh Surgxfwlylw| ri Flwlhv/ Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo
ri Hfrqrplfv/ ;<+6,= 6<60746
^79` Wdexfkl/ W1 +4<;9,/ Xuedq Djjorphudwlrq/ Fdslwdo Dxjphqwlqj Whfk0
qrorj|/ dqg Oderu Pdunhw Htxloleulxp/ Mrxuqdo ri Xuedq Hfrqrplfv/
53+5,= 554055;1
^7:` Whl{hlud/ DF1 +5335,/ Wkh Jhrjudsklf Glvwulexwlrq ri Hfrqrplf Dfwly0
Dsshqgl{= Gdwd
Ehojlxp
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Ehojlxp
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Pdsv dqg Wdeohv
N
E W
S
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
# of inhabitants by sqkm <150 150 - 500 500 - 1000 >1000
Map 1: Population density in Belgian arrondissements
N
E W
S
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
# of inhabitants by sqkm <30 30 - 60 60 - 150 >150
N
E W
S
30 0 30 60 Kilometers # of inhabitants by sqkm
<70 70 - 160 160 - 300 >300
Table 1a: Average Areas
Regional level Local level Belgium 43 arrondissements: 710skm 589 communes: 52skm
Ireland 27 counties: 2603skm 504 Townships: 139.4skm/ 3445 DEDs: 20.4skm
Portugal 18 distritos: 4887skm 275 concelhos: 320skm
United States 51 States: 70322skm 3141 Counties: 1142skm
Note: areas are average ones. One square kilometer corresponds to 0.3861 square miles.
Table 1b: Average Population (Density)
regional local
Belgium 240 17.5
Ireland 144.5 7.5 / 1
Portugal 576 37.5
United States 5518 89.5
Note: figures are averages for 2002 (respectively 2000 for the US)
55.5 118 78.5
Population (in 1000) Population Density (pop/skm)
