T h e s is s u b m itte d f o r the D eg ree o f P h.D . ( i n t e r n a l ) in Economics
b y
TSEN MING HUANG, L L .B .
BRITISH LIBRARY { OF POLITICAL AND \ ECONOMIC SCIENCE (
^ i s £ / ? h j
London S c h o o l o f E co n o m ics and P o l i t i c a l S c ie n c e
ORIGINAL COPY IS
TIGHTLY BOUND AND
The t h e s i s i s c o n f i n e d t o th e d i s c u s s i o n o f the p o s i t i o n o f the C h in e s e e i t h e r as im m ig ra n ts , when th e y s e e k a d m is s io n t o f o r e i g n l a n d s , as r e s i d e n t a l i e n s a f t e r b e in g a d m it t e d , as n a t u r a l i s e d a l i e n s where th e y a re e l i g i b l e f o r n a t u r a l i s a t i o n , o r as ^ a s ce n d a n ts o f any o f th e s e in t h e i r c o u n t r y o f d o m i c i l e .
M The c o u n t r i e s c h o s e n f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n c o m p r is e ( 1 ) the U n i t ^ S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a . ( 2 ) the B r i t i s h D om inions o f C anada, A u s t r a l i a , New Z e a la n d and South A f r i c a , and ( 3 ) th e A s i a t i c c o u n t r i e s o f
S t r a i t s s e t t l e m e n t s , th e Malay s t a t e s , Siam , F re n ch In d o -C h in a ®nd th e Dutch H ast I n d i e s .
The w ork i s d i v i d e d I n t o s i x P a r t s . P a rt I d e a ls w ith th e s'
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s o f th e r e s p e c t i v e c o u n t r i e s w it h the °t->Ject o f s h o w in g how f a r the v a r i o u s la w -m a k in g o r g a n s may e n a c t l e g i s l a t i o n a f f e c t i n g the p o s i t i o n o f a l i e n s o r o f p e r s o n s b e l o n g -
S e c t . 1 .
2
.
3 . 4 .
C O N T E N T S
TABLE OP CASES .
LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION
PART I .
CONSTITUTIONAL AND GENERAL HISTORICAL SURVEY
Chapter I .
THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWER AND THE ALIEN
A lle n * in the United S ta te * and th e ir C harter* o f R ight...
(1 ) T re a ty , the Supreme Law o f the Land . (1 1 ) The Federal C o n s titu tio n
The B r i t i s h Empire
(1 ) Anglo-Chlnese T r e a tie s and the Dominion* (1 1 ) The B r itis h North America A c t , 1867
(1 1 1 ) The A u s tr a lia C o n s titu tio n A c t , 1900 . ( l v ) The South A fr ic a A c t , 1909 .
(v ) Dominion L e g is la t io n and the S ta tu te o f Wee trains t e r , 1931 . . . .
The French C o lo n ia l C o n s titu tio n . . The C o n s titu tio n o f the Dutch E a s t Indies
Chapter I I .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES 5 . Chinese M igration to America .
1
2
5; Page
X i V
■a*
.XXV11
. XXX
« 1 I 1 7
12
15 17 2021
27 32 6 . E a rly A n ti-C h in ese L e g is la tio n in the P a c ific S ta te s7 .
8
.
9 . 1 0
.
S e c t .
1 1
.
1 2 .
1 3 . 1 4 .
C h a p ter I I I .
CHIMESE IMMIGRATION IN CANADA
The B e g in n in g o f Im m ig ra tio n and th e A n t i-C h in e s e
AO t * . . . .
The R o y a l C om m ission s and th e Enactm ent o f th e Im
m ig r a t io n Laws . . . .
C h a p te r IV.
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA The F i r s t S t a g e , 1 8 5 5 -1 8 6 7 .
The S econ d S t a g e , 1 8 7 7 -1 9 0 1 .
( ! ) The F i r s t I n t e r - C o l o n i a l C o n f é r e n c e , 1 8 8 0 -
1881 . . . • . . . .
( i l ) The ’’A fg h a n ” Case
( i i i ) The S e co n d I n t e r - C o l o n i a l C o n f é r e n c e , 1888 ( i v j The I m p é r ia l C o n f é r e n c e , 1897
( v ) The C auses o f C h in ó s e E x c lu s io n .
C h a p te r V .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN N&VH ZEALAND A H i s t o r y o f F i f t y Y ears . . . .
| . -* 4 .5.
The W h ite New Z e a la n d . . . .
C h a p te r V I .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN SOUTH AFRICA The Cape and E a r ly Im m ig ra tio n
The D evelop m en t o f A n t i - A s i a t i c L e g i s l a t i o n In the P r o v in c e s
( i ) The T r a n s v a a l . . . . .
( 1 1 ) The Cape . . . .
( H i ) N a t a l ... ( i v ) The o r a n g e F re e s t a t e . . . .
C h a p ter V I I .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN BRITISH MALAYA 1 5 .
16
.
1 7 . 1 8 .
E a r ly I n t e r c o u r s e
The C o m p o s it io n o f th e C h in e s e P o p u la t io n in British
Malaya • « . * . • • •
The C h in e s e P r o t e c t o r a t e . . . . The o r i e n t a t i o n o f B r i t i s h P o l i c y .
C h a p ter V I I I .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN SIAM 1G. ? in o - S ia m e s e R e l a t i o n s . . . . . 2 0 . The P r i v i l e g e d P o s i t i o n o f th e C h in e s e . 2 1 . H i s t o r i c a l R e t r o s p e c t o f C h in e s e C o l o n i s a t i o n
a '^fi- ¿y*"- jf v^" ii •> ¡$% 'j' '* ' X' '* ' * ^ £;% % £. C h a p ter I X .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN FRENCH INDO-CHINA
2 2 . T r e a t y R e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n C hina and F ra n co i n I n d o
ch in a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
( i ) Annam u n d e r C h in e s e S u z e r a in t y ( i i ) The T r e a t i e s o f T i e n - t s e n
( i i i j The C o n v e n tio n o f 1950
2 3 . The G e n e ra l Governm ent o f In d o -C h in a
2 4 . The D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the C h in e s e P o p u la t io n
Chapter X .
CHINESE IMMIGRATION IN THE DUTCH EAST INDIES 2 5 . China and the Indies
( i ) E arly C o lo n isa tio n . . . . ( i i ) Recent R e la tio n s . . . . .
93 94 96 98 100 103 109 118 113 115 119
122
125 128 138 136 , 26PART I I .
IMMIGRATION LAWS kND RESTRICTIONS
S e c t . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 .
3 1 .
C h a p te r X I . THE UNITED STATES
Page The Im m ig ra tio n T r e a t y o f 1880 . . . 139 The C h in e s e E x c lu s io n A c ts o f 1882 and 1884 . . 141 The A b o r t i v e T r e a t y and th e D olp h A c t o f 1888 . . 146 The s c o t t A c t o f 1 8 8 8 : Chae Chan P in # v . U n ite d
S t a t e s . . . . . . . . 150
The R e g i s t r a t i o n A c t o f 1 8 9 2 : Fong Yuo Tln^f v . U n i
te d S t a t e s . . . 152
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
The M cC reary Amendment o f 1893 and th e D e f i n i t i o n o f " L a b o u r e r s ’’ and "M e r c h a n ts ’* . . . • • Id o The T r e a t y o f 1894 and i t s E f f e c t on P r i o r Laws
.
160
The A c t o f 1894 and the F i n a l i t y o f D e p a rtm e n ta lF in d in g « as t o E x c lu s io n . . . i 6S
The A c t o f 1 9 0 2 . The E x t e n s io n o f C h in e s e E xclusion
Law t o I n s u la r P o s s e s s io n s . . . i g g C h in e s e E x c lu s io n Law and th e G en era l Immigration A c t 168
The B a rre d Z on e A c t o f 1917 . . . 171
The C h an gin g S ta tu s o f C h in e s e u n d er th e Im m ig ra tio n
A ot o f 1924 . . . 171
C h a p te r X I I . CANADA
3 9 . The U n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f th e P r o v i n c i a l A c ts
( i ) The C h in e se Tax A o t , 1878 . . . . 178 ( i i ) The C h in e s e R e g u l a t io n A o t , 1884 . . . 179 ( i l l ) The C h in e se Im m ig r a tio n A c t , 1884 . . i e 0 ( i v ) The C h in e se Im m ig ra tio n A c t , 1885 . 181
4 0 . The C h in e s e Im m ig ra tio n A c t o f t h e D om in ion . 1885 . 4 1 . The A c t o f 1900 ... 4 2 . The A c t o f 1903 and I t s Amendments .
4 3 . The C h in e se Im m ig r a tio n A c t , 1923 .
•
•
•
"
r
-r
C h a p te r X I I I . AUSTRALIA
4 4 . The Case o f Chun T eon g T oy •
4 5 . The Im m ig r a tio n R e s t r i c t i o n A c t , 1 9 o l - I 9 3 2
4 6 . The D i c t a t i o n T e s t . . . .
4 7 . The D e f i n i t i o n o f an Im m igran t . 4 8 . The Q u e s t io n o f D o m ic ile
( i ) E v id e n c e o f Form er Domic i l e
( 1 1 ) D e r i v a t i v e D o m ic ile . . . . 4 9 . The Q u e s t io n o f N a t i o n a l i t y .
C h a p te r X IV . NEW ZEALAND
50* The C h in e s e Im m ig r a tio n A ct o f 1881 and i t s Amend
ments . . . .
6 1 . The Im m ig ra tio n R e s t r i c t i o n A c t , 1908
Chapter XV.
THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 5 2 . The P r o v i n c i a l A c t s
( i ) The T r a n s v a a l . . . . .
( i i ) The Cape o f Good Hope . . . . ( i i i ) N a ta l ...
( i v ) The o ra n g e F r e e S t a t e . . . . S e c t .
184 188 191 200 page
210
213
217222
225
226
228
.
233
. 235
.
242
.
250
.
254
5 3 . The Im m igran ts i i o g u l u t i o n A c t Mo. 2 2 , 1913 . . 257
C h a p ter X V I. Br i t i s h üiala/a 5 4 . The Im m ig ra tio n R e s t r i c t i o n and A l i e n O rd in a n ce s . 267 5 5 . The Governm ent o f C h in e s e Irani g r a n ts ( i ) The P r o t e c t o r a t e . . . 270
( i i ) The S e c r e t a r y f o r C h in e s e A f f a i r s . . 271
( i l l ) The C h in e se A d v i s o r y B oard . . . 273
C h a p te r X V II . THE ASIATIC COUNTRIES ( * ) -« 5 6 . The S iam ese Im m ig ra tio n Law o f 1927 . . . 275
\ * 5* X / £ r 2- * * * /*. *1. r Ml fe* *1^1? •> * ♦ # mH&ur 5 7 . The Im m ig ra tio n Laws o f F ren ch In d o -Q h in a . . 278
( i ) C o c h in -C h in a . . . 279
( l i ) Cam bodia . . . 283
(1 1 1 ) T on k in . ... 283
( i v ) Annam . . . 284
( v ) Laos . . . 285
5 8 . The C h in e s e C o n g r e g a tio n and i t s L e g a l S t a t u s . 286 5 9 . The C a p i t a t i o n Tax in F ren ch In d o -C b in a . . 289
6 0 . The Im m ig r a tio n Laws o f th e D u tch E a st I n d i e s , 1 9 1 1 -1933 . . . 892 6 1 . The S e g r e g a t i o n and Pass System in th e D u tch East
I n d i e s , * • • • • • * 295
part i n .
C h a p ter X V I I I . THE UNITED STATES
6 2 . The R ace C la u s e in th e N a t u r a l i s a t i o n Law . . 298 6 3 . A m erica n N a t i o n a l i t y and I n s u la r C i t i z e n s h i p . . 3 o3 6 4 . The C a b le A c t and th e S ta tu s o f C h in e s e Women . 308
C h a p te r XIX. CANADA
6 5 . The Power o f th e D om inions t o D eal w it h N a t u r a l i s a
t i o n and A lla n s . . . • . . . 311
6 6 . The C an ad ian N a t u r a l i s a t i o n Law . . . . 313 6 7 . p ro b le m s and Co ns eq u e nc e s o f N a t u r a l i s a t i o n i n Canada 31 5 ( i ) U nion C o l l i e r y C o . v . Bry d e n . . . 3 1 7
( 1 1 ) Cunningham v . Toraey Homxa . . . . 38 0
( H i ) qu on g MLlng v . T h e J U n g . . . . 3 2 3 ( i v ) n r o o k a B ld la k e and W h it t a il. L t d , v . A tto rn e y
-g e n e r a l f o r B r i t i s h Colu m b ia . . . 326 ( v )
Attorney-General
f o r B r i t i s h C o lu m bia v .a t t o m e v - G a n e r a l f o r Canada . . . 329
C h a p ter XX.
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
6 8 . The N a t u r a l i s a t i o n Laws o f t i e A u s t r a l i a n S ta te s 332 6 9 . The F e d e r a l Law and th e R ig h ts o f a r i t i ah
i n th e Com nonwealth . . .
C h in e s e
• •
W V- W tm g 333 7 0 . L o c a l and I m p e r ia l N a t u r a l i s a t i o n in New Z e a la n d 336
C h a p ter X X I.
THE UNION OF SOUTH AFStICA
7 1 . The P r o v i n c i a l Laws . . . ♦ • 339
b o e t . page C h a p te r XXXI.
BRITISH MALAYA
7 3 . N a t u r a l i s a t i o n and th e C i v i l S ta tu a o f C h in e s e . 342 7 4 . Tho M o d i f i c a t i o n o f E n g l is h Law In I t s A p p l i c a t i o n 343 7 5 . The ’’ M alayan N a t i o n a l i t y " and th e Conmon Law o f th e
F e d e r a t e d M alay S t a t e s . . ; . . 346
C h a p te r X X I I I . SIAM
7 6 . The Im p o rta n ce o f the Q u e s t io n o f N a t i o n a l i t y and.
th o E a r ly P r a c t i c e . . . 350
7 7 . Tho A n g l o - S la n e s e and F ra n co -S Ia m e s o N a t i o n a l i t y
A g reem en ts . . .
353
7 8 . The N a t i o n a l i t y Law o f 1915 . . . 356
C h a p te r XXIV. FRENCH INC0-CHINA
7 9 . The L e g i s l a t i v e H i s t o r y o f the F ren ch Law o f Natl on
-a l i t y . • • • •i*v5 • . . 359
8 0 . The D iv e r s e C a t e g o r i e s o f F re n ch Hess o r t i s a ants
( 1 ) The F ren ch S u b je c t s . . . 363
( i i j The F ren ch p r o t e g e s . . . . 36 8
( i i i ) The F ren ch C i t i z e n s . . . 368
C h a p te r XXV. THE DUTCH EAST INDIKS
8 1 . P u b l ic Law and C i v i l Law C i t i z e n s h i p . . . 374 8 2 . The Law o f 1892 ... 376 8 3 . The Law o f 1910 and th e S in o -D u t c h N a t i o n a l i t y Con
0 4 . N a t u r a l i s a t i o n in P o l i t i c a i A l l e g i a n c e and N a tu ra l i s a t i o n In e l v l l l b u s . . . . .
PART IV .
THE RESTRAINTS IN TRADE ARP PCCOPATIOS
C h a p ter XXVI, THE UNITED STATES 8 5 . The J e n e r a l S i t u a t i o n
( I ) Employment in p u b l i c Vorka . . . .
( i i ) The T rade L ic e n c e . . . . .
8 5 . The C h in e s e B o o k k e e p in g C a se . . . . .
C h a p te r X X V II. CANADA
8 7 . The E x c l u s i o n o f C h in e s e L a b o u re r s fr o m P u b lic Works
and M in in g . . . . .
8 8 . The T rade L ic e n c e and th e C h in e s e Laundry
8 9 . The E lim in a t io n o f O r i e n t a l s fr o m t h e F i s h i n g In d u s
t r y * . . . . .
9 0 . The p r o h i b i t i o n o f Employment o f W hite Women i n C h in e s e R e s ta u r a n t s . . . ,
C h a p te r X X V I I I .
AUSTRALIA AND HEW ZEALAND 9 1 . Y e llo w L a b ou r and W h ite A u s t r a l i a . 9 2 . B u s in e s s e s and O c c u p a t io n s .
9 3 . F a c t o r i e s and F a c t o r y Workers .
380
383 384 386
389 3 9 5
401
403
9 4 . L abou r L e g i s l a t i o n in New Z e a la n d . . . . 416
C h a p te r X X IX .
THE UNION OP SOUTH AFRICA 9 5 . The C o lo u r B ar i n S k i l l e d L a b ou r .
9 6 . R e s t r i c t i o n s o f T r a d in g R i ^ i t s in th e T ra n s v a a l
9 7 . The T rade L ic e n c e . . . .
418 419 425
PART V .
RESTRICTIONS OP OTHER CIVIL AND POLITICAL KlfllTS C h a p te r XXX.
THE UNITED STATES
9 8 . The A l l e n Land Laws . . . . .
9 9 . S e g r e g a t io n i n p u b l i c E d u c a tio n .
1 0 0 . The M is c e g e n a t io n Laws . . . . .
433 440 444
C h a p ter XXXI. CANADA
1 0 1 . C h in e se and th e A c q u i s i t i o n o f Crown Land in B rittei
C olu m bia . . . 447
y* jf- i y
1 0 2 . The D is f r a n c h is e m e n t o f th e C h in e s e in B r i t i s h C olu m bia and S a sk a tch ew a n .
( i ) P r o v i n c i a l E l e c t i o n s . . . 448
( i i ) M u n ic ip a l E l e c t i o n s . . . 451
1 0 3 . 1 0 4 .
1 0 5 .
1 0 6
.
1 0 7 . 1 0 8 .
1 0 9 .
110
.
111
.
112.
1 1 3 .
1 1 4 . 1 1 5 .
1 1 6 .
AUSTRALIA The Land Laws o f th e S t a t e s .
The D e p r iv a t io n o f P o l i t i c a l s u f f r a g e ( i ) The S t a t e Laws .
( i i ) The Commonwealth E l e c t o r a l A c t , 1 9 1 8 -1 9 2 9
The M ixed M a rria g e s . . . .
C h a p te r X X X II I. 1HE UNION OP SOUTH APKICA
The A n t i - A s i a t i c Land Laws . . . 461
The P e r s o n a l i t y o f A s i a t i c Com panies . . . 464 The L e g a l S i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o O w n ership o f
Land b e f o r e 1 9 3 2 ; R e c a p i t u l a t i o n . . . 468
The Land T en u re A c t , 1932 . . . 471
The S u f f r a g e
( i ) The P r o v in c e s . . . 473
( i i ) The U n i o n ... 477 R e s i d e n t i a l S e g r e g a t i o n and the L e g a l P o s i t i o n o f
th e A s i a t i c B a za a rs . . . 478
The C a t e g o r y o f " C o lo u r e d Person'* i n S ou th A f r i c a n
L e g i s l a t i o n . . . 480
The E d u c a tio n and M is c e g e n a t io n Laws . . . 485
C h a p te r XXXIV. BRITISH MALAYA
The Land R e s e r v a t i o n s • • . . . . 488
The C h o ic e o f Law in I n t e s t a t e S u c c e s s i o n t o Land
ed P r o p e r t y . . . 4gy
The M alay C i v i l S e r v i c e and th e S t r a i t s S e t t le m e n t s
C i v i l S e r v i c e . . . 493
454
FRENCH INDO-CHINA
1 1 7 . The A s i a t i c C om m ercial R e g u la t io n s . 495
1 1 8 . The L e g a l P e r s o n a l i t y o f A s i a t i c Com panies . 497 1 1 9 . Land O w nership and th e C o n c e s s io n System . 504
PART V I .
the j u r i s d i c t i o n a l reg im e in the
ASIATIC COUNTRIES
C h a p ter XXXVI.
CONSULAR JURISDICTION AND THE CHINESE RESIDENTS IN SIAM
1 2 0 . The P r e c a r i o u s P o s i t i o n o f the C h in e s e . . . 507 1 2 1 . P o l i t i c a l P r o t e c t i o n and J u d i c i a l Im m u n ities . 509 1 2 2 . R a tto n e p e r s o n a e o f th e C o n s u la r Regim e
( i ) The P rob lem . . . 510
( i i ) F ren ch R e s s o r t i s s a n t s . . . . 513
( i l l ) B r i t i s h S u b je c t s . . . 515
C h a p te r XXXVII.
THE STATUS OF CHINESE AS AFFECTED BY BRITISH JURISDICTION IN SIAM
1 2 3 . The F i r s t Phase o f B r i t i s h J u r i s d i c t i o n : The T rea t y o f 1885 ... 520 1 2 4 . The S econ d ph ase o f B r i t i s h J u r i s d i c t i o n : The
C o n v e n tio n o f 1909 . . . 523
1 2 5 . The L a st ph ase o f B r i t i s h J u r i s d i c t i o n . The T r e a
1 2 6 .
1 2 7 .
1 2 8 . A
1 2 S .
1 3 0 .
1 3 1 .
1 3 2 .
C h a p te r XXXV1I1.
THE STATUR ÜF CHINNS!* AS AFFECTED BY FRENCH JURISDICTION IN SIAM
The F i r s t ph ase o f F re n ch J u r i s d i c t i o n : The T rea
t y o f 1856 .* . . . . Jr .
*-.* v* - f ! ^ :c\ ¿n O '»?~
The S econ d Phase o f F ren ch J u r i s d i c t i o n : The
T r e a t y o f 1907 . . . .
The L o s t phaas o f French J u r i s d i c t i o n : The T re u ty
o f 1925 . . . .
Chapter XXXIX.
THE JURISDICTIONAL KÊ0IMK IN FRENCH INDO-CHINA The A s s i m i l a t i o n o f C h in e s e t o the N a tiv e s
l . ■ ■ ■: % ' 3
Law and J u r i s d i c t i o n
( i ) C o c h in -C h in a . . . . ( i i ) Anna-n and T on k in
( i i i ) Cambodia
( i v ) Laos . . . .
Chapter XXXX. . „v-wl , . t - « -■}■ •
THE JURISDICTIONAL KßGlMS IN THE DUTCH BAST INDIES
•sod
NSMicutor v *
H¿gi® tra?
>d<sd»
The Law and D u alism
( i ) The Dual 3yatem . ( i i ) The L e g a l RuIob .
( i i i ) The hecent J u d ic ia l. Tendency
N ative J u r is d ic t io n versus Government J u r is d ic tio n tfeorneyH Ser* :
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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T A B L E O F C A S E S
Abelman v . L o d e w ijk and Ho Chong ( 1 9 1 7 ) , 465 Abraham v . Durban C o r p o r a t i o n ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 477 Ah C hong, In r e ( 1 0 8 0 ) , 37
Ah C ue, Ex P a rte ( 1 8 9 4 ) , 40 Ah F on g , I n r e ( 1 8 7 4 ) , 40 Ah H lng v . Hough ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 220 Ah How v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 161 Ah Lung, I n j r e ( 1 8 8 3 ) , 142
Ah Sheung v . L lndbagg- ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 2 2 3 , 229
Ah Y on v . P r e t o r i a M u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 426 Ah Y e t v . Union Governm ent ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 253
Ah Y in v . C h r i s t i e ( 1 9 0 7 ) , 2 2 3 , 225 Ah Y o n , In r e ( 1 8 9 4 ) , 158
Ah Yon v . G le e s o n ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 2 2 1 , 222 Ah Yup, In r e ( 1 8 7 8 ) , 299
A m od's E x e c u t o r v . I i e g l s t r a r o f Deads ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 461 A p p le g a t e y . Tuke ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 439
A saku ra v . S e a t t l e ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 38 6
■
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l v . Ah Sh eu n g ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 230
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l f o r B r i t i s h C olu m b ia v . A t t o r n e y - G en era l f o r Canada ( 1 9 2 4 ) , 3 2 9 , 3 9 4
A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l f o r Canada v , A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l f o r B r i t i s h C olu m b ia ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 403
B ain v . Ah Kee ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 228
B ak er v . C it y o f P o r t la n d ( 1 8 7 9 ) , 41
B h a y la v . E s t c o u r t Town C o u n c il ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 431
B i b l v . Im m ig ra tio n O f f i c e r f o r N a ta l ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 263 Bond v . T i j Fung ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 443
B o sch v . R . ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 481
B r o o k s -B id la k e and W h i t t a l l , L t d . v . A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l f o r B r i t i s h C olu m bia ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 1 5 , 3 2 6 , 394
Case o f th e C h in e s e M erchant ( 1 8 8 2 ) , 142 Case o f the C h in e se W ife ( 1 8 8 4 ) , 145 C assim v . S t a t e ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 257
Chaa Chan P in g v . U. 3 . ( 1 8 8 9 ) , 3 , 1 5 1 , 309 Chang Chan v . N a g le ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 174
Chapman v . T oy Long ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 37
Chew v . C an adian P a c i f i c R a ilw a y C o . ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 191 Chow H eong ▼. U. 3 . ( 1 8 8 4 ) , 3 , »4-T>
Chia Coe v . M a rtin ( 1 9 0 5 ) , 2 1 7 , 223 C h in Ah On, In r e ( 1 8 8 3 ) , 142
C hin 3 h a o k , Ex p a r t e ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 2 0 7 , 209 C h in S h a e k , In re ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 208
C h in Yow v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 164
Chong S in Yew, In r e E s ta te o f ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 491 Chong Sum Shoe v . Nagle ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 173
Choo Ang Chee v . Neo Chan Nao ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 345
Chow C h in v . Mai t i n ( 1 9 0 5 ) , 226
C h r i s t i e v . Ah Sheung ( 1 S 0 6 ) , 230 C h r i l t l » -*•» Llnt>urgh { 1 9 0 6 ) ,
Chun T eeon g T oy v . Hus g r o v e ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 6 7 , M 6 Chung Chuck v . H. ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 400
Chung Pook v . vs h it© ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 308 Chy Lung v . Freeman ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 40 C oal M ines A c t , In re ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 393
C oal Mines Amendment A c t , 1 8 9 0 , In re ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 317 Commonwealth v . Harm ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 385
Crane v . Hew Y ork ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 383
Cunningham v . Homma ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 1 4 , 3 8 0
Dadoo L t d . v . R r u g e r o d o r p M u n icip a l C o u n c il ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 4 6 5 , 466
Dang Foo v . Dan ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 177 Devos v . R . ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 479
Dong C h o n g 's P e t i t i o n ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 302 Donohoe v . Wong Sa«. ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 225 , 231
Drury v. R. (1906), 481
Duck Lea v . B o is e D ev elop m en t C o . ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 439
gh rahim v . im m ig r a tio n B oard ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 264 S l l i a ▼. S t a t e ( 1 8 6 6 ) , 445
Esaorp v. R .
(1909), 479
E s ta te o f P a q u e t, In r e ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 445 C h r i s t i e v . Ah Poo ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 217
F i s h e r , In r e ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 301
F i s h e r i e s A c t , 1 9 0 4 , In r e ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 402 Fok Yung Yo v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 162
Fong Yue T in g v . U. 3 . ( 1 8 9 3 ) , 153 F r i c k v . Webb ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 437
F u jim o t o , In r e ( 1 9 2 4 ) , 437
G a b r i e l v . Ah Mook ( 1 9 2 4 ) , 219
Ganduer v . Rand T ow nship R e g i s t r a r ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 2 6 0 , 469 Gee H oy, I n r e ( 1 8 9 5 ) , 299
G eorge v . P r e t o r i a M u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 481 Goh T a t Eng v , Goh Eng Loon ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 345 Gong Lum v . R ic e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 443
G reen v . S t a t e ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 445
H in g , Ex p a r t e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 310
Ho C hink Kwan v . P u b lic P r o s e c u t o r ( 1 9 3 2 ) , 348
Ho Poy v . ' P r i n c i p a l I n m ig r a t io n O f f i c e r ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 263 Ho S i v , V ern on ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 249
Ho Y in g v . M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 249 H o f f a je a v . E s t c o u r t L o c a l B oard ( 1 9 0 7 ) , 475 H oi Lee v , Dundee L o c a l B oard ( 1 8 9 8 ) , 429 Hong Yen Chan, In r e ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 299
F a r r i n g t o n v . T o k u s h ig e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 44.5
Ingham v . Hie Lee ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 414
I s m a i l Mia v . Co mmission er f o r I m m ig r at io n ( 1 9 3 3 ) ,
J a p an ese T r e a ty A c t , 1 9 1 3 , In r e ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 3 2 6 , 393 Jen Jan How, In r e ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 195
J oh a n n esb u rg v . T u r f S t o r e s ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 427 Jung Suey Mee, In re ( 1 9 3 2 ) , 209
Jung Y in g , In re ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 198
Juvan v . Im m ig ra tio n O f f i c e r ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 264
Kara v . P r i n c i p a l Im m ig ra tio n O f f i c e r ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 265 Kham lssa v . Mohomed ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 462
Khoo H ooi Leong v . Khoo Chong Yeok ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 346 Khoo Thean T ek »s S e t t l e m e n t s , In r e ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 346 Khoo T ia n g Bee v . Tan Bang <4u a t ( 1 8 7 7 ) , 345
Khotas c o . v . C o l o n i a l T r e a s u r e r ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 4 2 3 , 463
King v . Llntit>Bgigh( 19 0 5 ),
226
K ing v . Sam Shak ( 1 9 0 7 ) , 192 K ir b y v . K ir b y ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 445 K n ig h t , In r e ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 3 o l
K r u g e r s d o r p M u n i c i p a l i t y v . Dadoo L t d . ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 424 Kruse v . Joh nson ( 1 8 9 8 ) , 483
Kwock Jan P at v . W h ite ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 165
Lam Moon S in g v . U. S . ( 1 8 9 5 ) , 163 Inaba v . Nagle ( 1 9 2 9 ) , 310
Lam Mow, In r e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 30 5
Lee Chow Y ln g , I n _ r e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 207 Leo Pay v . V in c e n t ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 412 Lee Him. In re ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 196
L e e J o o Neo v . L e e Eng Suae ( 1 8 8 7 ) , 345 Lee Lung v . P a t t e r s o n ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 163
Lee S a n , Jto r e ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 190 Lee S i n g , In r e ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 45
L eong Mow v . B oard o f C o n n iis s lo n e rs ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 38 Leung ^ u ln n v . A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 248 Lew Shee v . N ea g le ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 163
L i S i n g , In r e ( 1 8 9 8 ) , 163 L i S in g v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 1 ) , 149
L i »Van ¿¿uai v . C h r i s t i e ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 218 L in Pack v . G le e s o n ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 227 L in S in g v . W ashburn ( 1 8 6 2 ) , 39 Lo Pak, £ x p a r t e ( 1 8 8 8 ) , 67
Look T in S in g , In re ( 1 8 6 4 ) , 1 4 5 , 303 Low Cho 0y v , N a gle ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 174
Low Hong H in g , In r e ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 2 0 6 , 209 Low Wah Suey v . B ackus ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 308
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Lura v . A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l f o r New Z e a la n d ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 240
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M adrassa v . J o h a n n e sb u rg M u n ic ip a l C o u n c i l ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 464
M id d le b u r g M u n i c i p a l i t y v . G e r tz e n ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 482 M i n i s t e r o f P o s ts and T e le g r a p h s v . K a s o o l ( 1 9 5 4 ) ,
1 9 , 4 8 2 , 485
Mohamed v . The Governm ent (1 B 9 8 ), 421
Moharasd v . Ira n ig ra n ts A p p e a l B oa rd ( 1 9 1 7 ) , 260 H o l l e r v . K eim ors S c h o o l Com m ittee ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 4 8 5 ,
486
Moosa and S id a t v . S p r in g s Town C o u n c i l ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 427 M o r r is o n v , C a l i f o r n i a ( 1 9 3 4 ) , 3 0 0 , 438
Motan v . T r a n s v a a l Governm ent ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 4 2 8 , 478 Mott v . C lin e ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 438
Muramats v . Commonwealth E l e c t o r a l o f f i c e r ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 458
Murphy v . C a l i f o r n i a ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 385
M usgrove v . Chun T eeon g T oy ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 6 7 , 210
H akane, In r e ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 183 N a gle v . L o i Hoa ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 144
N a t h a lie v . P r i n c i p a l Im m ig ra tio n O f f i c e r ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 256
N6 Fung Ho White ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 170 Ng Fung S i n g , Ex p a r t e ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 309
N o e l v . P i e t e r m a r it z b u r g Town C o u n c i l (1 9 1 3 ), 430 N o r th -E a s te r n D i s t r i c t A s s o c i a t i o n v , Norwood Land
C o . ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 470
Ny L o o k , In r e ( 1 8 9 2 ) , 156
O h io v . D ic k e b a c h ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 38 5
On Lung, In re ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 160
O r i e n t a l O r d e r » - i n - C o u n c i l V a l i d a t i o n A c t , He ( 1 9 2 2 ) ,
3 3 0 , 393 —
0*awa v . U. S . ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 300
Pace v . Alabama ( 1 8 8 2 ) , 446 pang S in g v . Catham ( 1 9 0 9 ) , 398 P a r r o t t , T i b e r e i o , In r e ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 41
P e e r v . L ad y sm ith Town C o u n c i l ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 431 p e l t z v . L ic e n s in g O f f i c e r , Durban ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 431 p e o p le v . Downer ( 1 8 5 5 ) , 39
p e o p le v . K a g le e ( 1 8 5 0 ) , 36
p e o p le v . S . S . C o n s t i t u t i o n ( 1 8 7 2 ) , 38 P o la k v . R e g i s t r a r o f Deeds ( 1 9 0 7 ) , 462 P o r t e r f i e l d v . V/e'ct ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 436
P o t t e r v . Minahan ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 2 1 7 , 2 2 4 , 231
p r i n c i p a l I n m i g r a t i o n ' O f f i c e r v . Bhula ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 266 p r i n c i p a l Im m ig ra tio n O f f i c e r v . Sonday ( 1 9 3 1 ) , 266 p r i n c i p a l I m m i g r a t i o n O f f i c e r v , purshotam ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 266
Quon Quon Poy v . Joh n son ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 164 Quong l i n g ▼. R . ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 323
Quong 7®oo, In r e ( 1 8 8 2 ) , 42
R . v . A in Hong ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 249 K. v . amod ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 482
B. v . Chong gee ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 392 R. v . Chong Sam ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 463
R. v . C i t y o f V i c t o r i a ( 1 0 8 8 ) , 6 7 , 395 R . v . Data A b d u lla h ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 249
R. v . Fong S o n g ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 189
r. v . G old C om m ission er o f V i c t o r i a ( 1 8 8 6 ) , 390 r. v . H i l d i o k Sm ith ( 1 9 2 4 ) , 418
R. v . Lok Jan ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 252 R . v. iffee Wah ( 1 8 8 6 ) , 1 4 , 396 R . v . M cC u llo ch ( 1 9 3 0 ) , 480 R . v . Padaha ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 260 r. v . P r i e s t ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 393 r. v . Quong W ing ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 403 R. v . Sen A nton ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 253
r. v . 3 o m e r v i l l e C annery C o . ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 402 r# v . T a m b lin ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 463
r. v . Wah Kee ( 1 9 2 0 ) , 399 r. v . W illa n s ( 1 8 5 8 ) , 344
R . v. W ing C hong
(1 8 8 5 ),
l o ,
5 0 ,180,
39 0 R e lo o m e l v . R e c e i v e r o f Revenue ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 427 R e y n o ld s v . O o th u iz e n ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 464R o o d e p o o r t-J fla r a is b u r g Town C o u n c i l v . E a s te r n P ro p e r t i e s L t d . ( 1 9 3 3 ) , 471
S a lu g e e v . H. ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 481 S e e d s t , In r e ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 259
Shanaghan v . Low S h in g ( 1 9 1 1 ) , 416 r. v . Chung Chuck ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 400
S in g h , In r e ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 183
Smith v . O erm iaton M u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 478
W -1
S t a t e v . Ja ck s on ( 1 8 8 3 ) , 445 S t a t e v . M ontgomery ( 1 9 0 0 ) , 385
S u lim a n C o . v . M id d le b u rg ( 1 8 8 8 ) , 420 Sung Lung v . R e c o r d e r « « C ou rt ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 398 Sw arta v . P ie t o r i a Town C o u n c i l ( 1 9 0 5 ) , 473
T a i S in g v . M aguire ( 1 8 7 8 ) , 9 , 4 8 , 1 7 8 , 390 Tam Chung, I n re ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 177
T em plar v . M ich ig a n ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 386 T e r r a c e v . Thompson ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 434 Tom Hong v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 159
( W ... '. ■ -Tom Yum, In r e ( 1 8 9 4 ) , 164 T o y a to v . U. S . ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 302
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T r a n s v a a l A rca d e L t d . v . Hand Tow nahlp R e g i s t r a r ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 469
T r a n s v a a l In v e s tm e n t C o . v . S p r in g s M u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 468
1). £« v . wind 5»tyt ( 1 § 0 5 ) , 1 7 ” T ru ax v . R a ic h ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 384 T a o l Sim v . U. S . ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 174
U n ion C o l l i e r y C o . v . B ryden ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 1 4 , 31 7 U. S . v . Ah Fawn ( 1 8 9 3 ) , 158
u. s . V. Chu Chee ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 157
u. s . V. Chung K i Poon ( 1 8 9 7 ) , 158 u . s . V. D ou glas s ( 1 8 8 3 } , 148
u . 3 » Y. P oon g K in g ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 148 u . 3 . V. Gue Lira ( 1 9q0 ) , 173
‘ * ^ ^ ' »■ ^ Jk JJ’ S& ,1» V; V i
u. S . V. Hung Chang ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 157 u. s . V. Jim ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 148
u. 3 • V . Ju Toy ( 1 9 0 5 ) , 164
u. 3 . V. Jung All Lung ( 1 8 8 7 ) , 143 0 . 3 . V . Leo Chee ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 160 u . S . V. Lee Yen T a l ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 161 u . S. V. Leo Won Tong ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 157 u. s . V. Leung Sara ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 164 u . s . V. Long Hop ( 1 8 9 2 ) , 149
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u. s . V. L oo Way ( 1 8 9 5 ) , 149 u . s . V . Lung Hong ( 1 9 0 0 ) , 159 0 . s . V. Pin If wan ( 1 9 o o ) , 159 u. s . V . S in d Bow ( 1 9 0 5 ) , 177 u . s . V. S in g Tucfc ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 164 u. s . V. Tuck Lee ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 149
' u . 3 . V. Wong Dep Ken ( 1 8 9 3 ) , 157
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a . s . V . Wong Jung ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 160 '... , i * ■ * * v #
u. 3 . V . Wong Kim Ark ( 1 8 9 8 ) , 303 <*. V--- \ A. } - «1,*
u.
S . V . Wong Yon ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 168•
V in c e n t v . Ah Yeng ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 412
Waja v . P o la k ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 470 Webb v . O 'B r ie n ( 1 9 2 3 ) , 436
W eedin v . C h in Bow ( 1 9 2 7 ) , 1 7 6 , 30 6
W h ite v . P r e t o r i a M u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 0 8 ) , 478 W illia m s o n v . Ah On ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 219
W ing T o y , In r e ( 1 9 0 4 ) , 191 Wo T a i L i , In r e ( 1 8 8 8 ) , 143 Wong Him v . C allah am ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 440 Wong Lowe v . G eorges on ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 417 Wong Gck Yae v . W oedin ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 306 Wong S h o o , In r e ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 192
Wong S in g v . B ed a rd ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 397 Wong S i t K i t , In r e ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 197 Wong Suey Mong, In r e ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 199 Wong W ing v . U. S . ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 156 Woo T i n , In r e ( 1 8 8 8 ) , 66
Y a n o 's E s t a t e , In r e ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 437
Yap Tham T h a i v . Low Hup Neo ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 3 4 7 , 49o Yee Clun v . C i t y o f R e g in a ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 404
Y ee P o o , In r e ( 1 9 2 5 ) , 204 Y ee Won v . W h ite ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 145 Y i c k Wo v . H opkins ( 1 8 8 6 ) , 43
Y ou n g , In r e ( 1 3 1 2 ) , 301
t.'■&£***■ - ■t *’■ ^-s srsv. -5fc "' :,j ï t »•'♦> ? j-i «•
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O.W .ft. O n ta r io W eek ly R e p o r t s , Canada.
R . D . I . Revue de D r o i t i n t e r n a t i o n a l p u b l i c . Sawyer R e p o r ts o f C a ses d e c id e d in th e C i r c u i t
C o u r t f o r th e D i s t r i c t o f C a l i f o r n i a ( 1 8 7 3 - 1 8 9 1 ) .
S .A .R .
S ire y S . L . R . S . S . L . R .
Law R e p o r ts o f th e S o u th A f r i o a n Repub l i c ( 1 8 7 7 - 1 8 9 9 ) .
R e c u e i l Q e n é ra l d es L o is e t d es A r r ê t s . S a sk a tch ew a n Law R e p o r t s , C anada.
S t r a i t s S e t t le m e n t s Law R e p o r ts (fr o m 1 8 9 3 ) .
S .T . o r S t a t e
T o y n b e e , S u rv e y T. P . D.
T .S .
u . s . V . L . R . W .A .L .K . W .L .D .
W.W.R.
* T o y n b e e , S u rv ey o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l A f f a i r s . * S ou th A f r i c a n Law R e p o r t s , T r a n s v a a l
P r o v i n c i a l D i v i s i o n .
* R e p o r ts o f th e Supreme C o u rt o f th e T r a n s v a a l C o lo n y (1 9 0 2 - 1 9 0 9 ) . ■ U n ite d S t a t e s Supreme C o u rt R e p o r t s . ■ V i c t o r i a n Law R e p o r t s , A u s t r a l i a . » Y /e s te m A u s t r a l i a Law R e p o r t s .
« S o u th A f r i c a n Law R e p o r t s , W itw a te rs r a n d L o c a l D i v i s i o n .
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The o m n ip re s e n c e o f C h in e s e c o l o n i e s th r o u g h o u t th e w o r ld V' ^ i.O’ifk *3fli -i «. V ' b i * VJ? •' A* X '■££*£ v*.
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c o n s t i t u t e d alm ost e x c l u s i v e l y o f n a tiv e s of two provinces o n ly , Fukien and Kwangtung, out o f the s i x c o a s t a l provinces or of
the e ig h te e n provinces o f China p ro p er. Nor are they drawn from a l l parts o f these two, but are r e c r u ite d from a few
d i s t r i c t s near and around the C ity o f Canton in Kwangtung, and Amoy in Fukien. E arly m igration was m otivated by the pursuit
o f trsd e and confin ed mainly to the so u th -e a ste r n A s i a t i c
i s l a n d s . L a te r, through the sgenoy o f European merchants with o r ie n t a l p o s s e s s io n s , i t extended to more remote le n d s . Modern m ig r a tio n , which was made p o s s ib le by the opening up o f China, pagan in the 'f o r t i e s of the n in e te e n th ce n tu ry , and helped much to d evelo p the young c o lo n i e s , which a t f i r s t welcomed Chinese labour but la t e r dieoouraged i t , e l le g i n g "u n ju s t i f i e d c o m p e titio n ’1. This a t t it u d e may perhaps be a ttr ib u te d to the X srg e , indeed e x c e s s iv e , numbers o f the em igrants, with which the Chinese Government were bound by tr e a ty not to I n t e r fe r e . Xt i s much to be r e g r e tte d that the modern exodue o f a teeming p o p u la tio n has r e s u lte d in f a i l u r e and d is g r a c e .
1 The
beginning of Chinese emigration can be
traced back to
the travel* of Fa-Hien from
399to 414 A.D., and of Yi-Tsing
from 671 to 695 A.D., around the south-western Pacific Islands^
ZjThe f a c t that China had long emerged as the " b i g b r o th e r " in the Continent o f A sia undoubtedly e x p e d ite d Chinese em igra tion , .... ... — ---- --- " ■ --- — — ... — ...
which spread to the southern and e a ste rn co u n trie s b efo re Euro pean pioneers ever s e t fo o t on o r ie n t a l s o i l . Many o f tho A s i a t i c S ta te s were a t l e a s t nom inally under Chinese su z e r a in ty ,
and r a c i a l s i m i la r i t y between the Chinese and the n a tiv e s a ls o f a c i l i t a t e d t h e ir p eacefu l p e n e tr a tio n . Commercial i n t e r course w ith Western nations a c c e le ra te d the m igratory movement away from the mainland. Chuanchow and Changchow in Fukien were much re so rte d to toy the Portuguese ahipa during the la t e r
part of the Sung Dynasty (9 6 0 -1 2 7 6 a.D .) and throughout the Mongol Dynasty (1 2 7 7 -1 3 6 7 A .D . The Portuguese were soon fo llo w e d toy the Spanish and the Dutch. The Chinese ex p e d i t io n s to the "W estern Oeean** (up to the O ulf o f Aden) a t the begin n in g o f the f i f t e e n t h century g r e a tly encouraged mercan t i l e adven tu res. In 1 5 1 1 , Malacca was taken by the Portuguese, who a ls o occupied Macao in 1 5 17, where f o r t y yoara la t e r they were perm itted by the Chinese a u t h o r it ie s to s t a y . S p a in ,
then the most powerful n a tio n in Europe, had in 1565 d is c o v e r ed and annexed Luzon and tbs neighbouring la la n d s , to which was given the c o l l e c t i v e name of the P h ilip p in e « , and a la rg e volume o f trade sprang up between Manila and Changehow. The Dutch e s ta b lis h e d them selves in Java in 1 6 1 9 , and f i v e years
l a t e r , took poasesaion o f Formosa, which is separated by a 1
narrow s t r a i t only from the Pukien m ainland. The people o f Fukien, who traded in these fo r e ig n possess io n s , were even t u a ll y introduced v ia the neighbouring P h ilip p in es to Mexico and L atin -A m erioa. * ^ Prom the Dutch E ast Indies they were introduced to Cape Colony in South A f r lo a , which was annexed to O rest B r ita in in 1806« From the f a c t th a t the Capa from 1652 to 1803 e it h e r made i t s own s t a t u t e s r e la t i n g to Chinese or took the ready-made s ta tu te s from B a t a v i a ,^ i t i t evident
th a t th ere were Chinese and a Chinese problem in the Colony from q u ite e a r ly tim e s. The t e r r i t o r i a l c o n tin u ity o f Annam with the southern provinces o f China a la o made i t a base fo r e a r ly Chinese o o lo n ls a tlo n and southward movement.
The C ity o f Canton had been sin c e the la t e r Tang Dynasty (6 1 8 -9 0 7 A .D .) a port o f in te r n a tio n a l tr a d e , and i t was here th a t the E ast met the West fo r the f i r s t tim e. Thus the Kw&ngtung people sod the people o f Fukien were the f i r s t to do business w ith w e ste rn e rs. ^ * In an e a r ly survey o f Chinese e m ig ra tio n , a B r i t i s h agent in China reported a t fo llo w s s
"E m igration from th is province [Kwangtungland the a d jo in in g one o f Fukien dates from a very e a r ly p e r io d , and i t is
( 1 ) Bonaparte, Le Mexique au début du XXe * s i è c l e ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 1 , 317. (2 )
cf.
South A frlo a n Law Jou rn al. X X III ( 1 9 0 6 ) , 2 4 5 .the*e provinces alone which have reclaim ed the Islan d s of For mosa and Hainan; introduced industry and various o f the most u s e f u l a r ts in to the co u n trie s o f Cochin-China, Cambodia and Siam , s e t t le d many of the isla n d s of the Indian A rch ip e la g o ; and co n trib u ted more than any other race to the r i s e and
p r o sp e r ity of the European se ttle m e n ts In Java, the P h ilip pin es and the Malay P en in su la. The d i e t r i e t a which have furnished the la r g e s t amount o f em igration are those of chaonchow and Keaying in Kwangtung and Changchow and Chuanchow in p u k i e n ."* 1 *
The modern phase o f Chinese em igration may be aaid to be g in with the opening up o f the Five Ports fo r fo re ig n trade by the f i r s t A nglo-C hinese T reaty o f 1 8 4 2 . I t co n tra ste d w ith the em igration of the e a r ly period In s e v e r a l m a n ife stly d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s . W hile the o s r ly m igration had fo r i t s purpose
the p u rsu it o f tra d e , the la t e r em igrants s ta r te d in most oases as manual la b o u r e r s . The e a r ly c o lo n i s t s did not venture
beyond the southern and w estern A s in tió I s la n d s , but th e ir auocessora in the middle o f the n in eteen th century proceeded as fax' as Am erica, the W est In d ie s , A u s tr a lia and Hew Z ealan d . The former were m o stly men from Fufcien, but now i t i s the
Cantonese who form the b u lk o f the em igrants. The f i r s t p io n e e r s , in so fa r as they prooeeded to t r o p ic a l c o lo n ie s o n ly , did n o t crea te or experience r a c i a l antagonism . On the
on« hand, Europeans could not work with su ccess in these p la c e s , la r g e ly owing to the h o t o lIm a te , and so there Is no com peti t io n between them and the C h in ese, on the other hand, the t r o p ic a l Isla n d s had alrea dy a dense n a tiv e p o p u lation , which precluded a w holesale white se ttle m e n t such as was p o s s ib le in temperate r e g io n s . F u rth er, the white men who s e t t l e d there found the c o lla b o r a tio n o f an "In te rm ed ia te r a c e " in butlneas d e a lin g s with the n a tiv e s to be alm ost Ind ispensable* L a s t ly , the s e ttle m e n t o f Chinese in these co u n tries had begun lo n g b e fo r e European c o lo n i s a t io n took p la c e . Generation a f t e r g e n e r a tio n , they have survived in the land o f t h e ir adoption and have acquired co n sid era b le i n t e r e s t s . Their number has grown so overwhelmingly la rg e th a t any attempt to ouat them i s p r a c t i c a lly im p o s s ib le .
Quite d i f f e r e n t was the fortu n e o f the la t e r em igra n ts, who in temperate o o u n trie s found them selves competing w ith white s e t t l e r s , In A u s t r a li a , New Zealand and North America where young communities o f European o r ig in had e s ta b lis h e d
th e m selv es, the en ergy, e f f i c i e n c y and a d a p t a b ilit y o f the Chinese caused them to bo feared aa form idable com petitors fo r u ltim a te p o sse ssio n o f the l a n d . ^ In these c o u n trie s the would-be Chinese immigrant is e ith e r re fu sed adm ission by more or le a s d r a s t ic m easures, or d isc rim in a te d a g a in st so aa to
passed with the o b je c t o f making the e x is te n c e o f the Chinese in the lands more and more d i f f i c u l t , or o f r e s t r i c t i n g to the p oin t o f p r o h ib itio n any fu rth e r im m igration. So u n iv e
r-] s a l la th is type o f l e g i s l a t i o n th a t i t may bs wondered whether
j
the e n tir e disappearance o f tho Chinese immigrant as s c la s s in not u n lik e ly .\ The t o t a l number o f Chine30 abroad was estim ated in Janu a r y , 1 9 3 4 , to be about l l £ m illio n p a r s o n s , ^ o f whom an
overwhelming m a jo rity ware to be found in the Malay A rch ip e la g o , w ith whioh the Chinese had th o ir f i r s t in te r c o u r s e , and Foraiosa, which was a C h in ea e province u n t i l 1 8 9 5 . R o u g h ly sp eak ing,
thoro ere about two m illio n s in B r i t i s h Malaya and Borneo, more fj than one m i lli o n in the Dutch Saat In d io s , and three and a h a l f m illio n s in Formosa. The remainder, so a ro o ly more than a tenth o f a m i l l i o n , la found s c a tte r e d throughout c e r t a in "w h ite * c o u n tr ie s } and i t is th is f r a c t i o n which hae been the s u b je c t o f the l e g i s l a t i o n which is the c h i e f concern o f the present studyJ
The co u n trie s d e a lt w ith in t h i s t h e s is f a l l in to three
ft groups. F i r s t , the United S ta te s o f Am erica, between whioh
and China in tim ate r e la tio n e have lo n g e x i s t e d , and in which 1
(1 ) S ta te sman*s Year Book. 1 9 3 4 . 2 4 9 . The fig u r e ie given
th® C hines® h a ve v a s t i n t e r e s t s . ï h e i r e n t r y i n t o th e c o u n t r y ia s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d , h o w e v e r , and t h e i r r e s i d e n c e t h e r e la g o v e r n e d b y a c o m p lic a t e d s y s te m o f l e g i s l a t i o n . S e c o n d l y , th e B r i t i s h D om in ion s o f C anada, A u s t r a l i a , He* Z e a la n d and S o u th A f r i c a , w h ich have a l s o had lo n g and d i f f i c u l t e x p e r i e n c e o f th e C h in o s® . Th® C h in e s® , in d e e d , commenced t h e i r m odern e m i g r a t i o n in r e s p o n s e t o i n v i t a t i o n s fr o m t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , w h ich s o o n l e g i s l a t e d w it h th® o b j e c t o f a c c o r d i n g them a
a p o d a l s t a t u s . The B r i t i s h D om in ion s and th e U n ited S t a t e « , h o tto v o r , p u rsu e d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t s i n l e g i s l a t i n g w it h r e g a r d
t o th e C h in e s e , and n o a n a lo g y ca n be drawn b o tw e e n th e p o s i t i o n s o f C h in e s e im m ig ra n t» in th e one and th© o t h e r , on a c c o u n t o f th e w id e d i v e r g e n c e b e tw e e n th o p u b l i c law o f th e two g r o u p s o f S t a t e s .
in th e B r i t i s h D o m in io n s , th e e n a ctm e n ts a g a i n s t C h in e s e h a ve n o t b oon u n ifo r m e i t h e r in k in d o r in p u r p o s e . The r e a s o n f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e s i s t o b e fou n d in th e v a r y i n g h i s t o r i c a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f th e E m p ire . A lth o u g h th o T r e a t y o f 18 42 b etw een G reat B r i t a i n and C h in a
a Dominion, or o f a s t a t e or province of a Dominion, 1« o f the same fo rc e and a u th o rity as an A ct o f the American C ongress, so f a r as i t i s not u lt r a v ir e s the Federal compact, which u su a lly provides ample la t it u d e fo r l o c a l a c t io n , nor d isa llo w e d on p o l i t i c a l grounds, the e x e r c is e o f which power is now p r a c t ic a l l y o b s o le t e . I t i s even su perior to an Act of Congress in th a t I t is s u b je c t to no other c o n s t i t u t io n a l li m i t a t i o n s .
Indeed, many of the Dominion s t a t u t e s , had they been enacted w ith in the p o l i t i c a l fa b r ic o f the United S t a t e s , would have
been n u ll and v o id , although the American S ta te s have grad u a lly le a r n t the technique o f d is c r im in a tiv e l e g i s l a t i o n on a fe d e r a l b a s is •
The th ir d group d e a lt with in t h is T hesis comprises the A s i a t i c c o u n tr ie s where, from the p oin t o f view o f numbers and w e a lth , the r e a l stre n g th o f the Chinese abroad l i e s . The S t r a i t s S e ttle m e n ts , the Malay S t a t e s , Federated and Unfedera t e d , Slam, French Indo-China and the Dutch E ast Indies are a l l reviewed in some d e t a i l . E arly Chinese c o lo n is a t io n in these c o u n t r ie s , w ithout im p e r ia lis t ic and c u lt u r a l a s p i r a t io n s , has made the acceptance o f the n a tiv e ru le by the newcomers a
the o r i e n t a l eye terns, and the Inauguration o f ju d i c i a l dualism soon begjsn to r e f l e c t the i n f e r i o r i t y o f the n a tiv e sta tu s to which the Chinese have so f r e e l y boen a s s im ila t e d . In Slam
the i n s t i t u t i o n o f co n su la r ju r i s d i c t i o n by the Treaty Powers has a ls o a ffe c t e d in no sm all measure the le g a l p o s itio n o f
the r e s id e n t C h in ese.
n a t u r a lly , the v a rio u s a sp ec ts o f Chinese immigration have given r i s e to many question s o f law and diplom acy. S p e o ia l l e g i s l a t i o n in o e r t a ln co u n trie s has attempted to put the C hi nese o u tsid e the pale o f the gen eral law and to govern them by a. sep arate oorpus ju r i s in v o lv in g i n f e r i o r i t y of s t a t u s . But by in te r n a tio n a l law d e v ia tio n from general p r a c tic e in the treatm ent o f c i t i z e n s o f an independent n a tio n by the t e r r i t o r i a l s t a t e i s s u b je c t to c e r t a in r e s t r a i n t s . The network o f in te r n a tio n a l agreements by which modern nations promise to r e c e iv e each oth er*e n a tio n a ls in a stan d ard ised manner hae tended to a s s im ila te the p o s itio n o f an a li e n w ith th a t o f the n a t iv e . Except f o r c e r ta in d i s a b i l i t i e s , the im p o sitio n o f which upon a lie n s may be d ic ta te d by the s p e c ia l circum stances
o f e c o u n try , tbs treatm en t o f a p a r tic u la r c la s s o f a lie n s d i f f e r e n t l y from n a tiv e s or from another e la s s o f a lie n s n eces s a r i l y g iv e s r i s e t o In te r n a tio n a l c o n tr o v e r sy . The present study la m ainly d e s c r ip t i v e , and no s p e o ia l attempt w i l l be made to su g g e st a s o lu tio n o f these c o n t r o v e r s ie s .
showing especially how far the various law-making organa may
enactt legislation affecting the position of aliens or of per
sons belonging to a particular racial group within their terri
tory.
The general historical survey which follows this will
reveal the important faots and problems of the various phases
of Chinese immigration.
Part II is devoted to the discussion
of immigration laws and restrictions under whieh the Chinese
may enter, travel or reside in the countries concerned.
Spe
cial attention has been paid to the constantly changing posi
tion under successive enactments and Judicial interpretations
thereof.
Part III deals with problems of nationality and
naturalisation, showing the conditions under which Chinese may
acquire foreign nationality, and the consequences which follow
such acquisition.
Legislation in restraint of trade and occu
pation is discussed In Part IV, which presents the eoonomio
aspect of the Chinese problem.
Part V coneerns restrictions
of other civil and political rights of the Chinese either as
aliens or as oitissns in their country of adoption. In Part VI
* is considered the special Jurisdictional regime to which the
Chinese are subjeot in certain Asiatic countries.
Just as the
economic laws are the product of Western communities, so Judi
cial dualism is a peculiar institution of the orient.
This
part will begin with the legal status of the Chinese in Slam
either as non-treaty foreigiers, or as subjects of a Power
which enjoys extraterritoriality.
Then come the origin and
THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWER AND THE ALIEN
1 . A lie n a In the U n ite d S t a t e s and t h e i r C h a rte r s o f R ig h t s « - The r i g h t s and d i s a b i l i t i e s o f a l i e n s a r e g e n e r a l
l y d i s c u s s e d fro m th e p o i n t o f v ie w o f t h e i r p o l i t i c a l and c i v i l c h a r a c t e r . A l i e n s a r e g e n e r a l l y d e n ie d th e p o l i t i c a l r i g h t s , I n v o l v i n g the c o n t r o l o f and p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n S t a t e a f f a i r s . The c i v i l r i ^ i t s o f a l i e n s a re fo u n d t o be d e a l t w it h i n th r e e d i f f e r e n t w a y s b y the v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f the w o r l d , t h a t is , t h e r e a re t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f S t a t e l e g i s l a
t i o n a f f e c t i n g a l i e n s : the f i r s t i 3 c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y no d e f i n i t e p r i n c i p l e b u t m e r e l y im p oses c e r t a i n g ra v e d i s a b i l i t i e s on a l i e n s . The s e c o n d t y p e i s b a sed on th e p r i n c i p l e o f
r e c i p r o c i t y , g r a n t i n g t o a l i e n s th e same r i g h t s as a r e a c c o r d e d b y t h e i r c o u n t r y t o n a t i o n a l s o f the la w -m a k in g S t a t e .
The t h i r d sy ste m i s t h a t o f a s s i m i l a t i o n t o a S t a t e ’ s own n a t i o n a l s , and is th e one w h ich i s t o - d a y b e i n g m ost com m only a d o p t e d . ^ The p r a c t i c e o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s w it h r e g a r d t o a l i e n s , w h ile a d h e r in g t o th e f i r s t ty p e a b o v e m e n tio n e d , r e t a i n i n g g r a v e d i s a b i l i t i e s , d i f f e r e n t i a t e s b etw een c i t i z e n s , w h it e a l i e n s , and a l i e n s i n e l i g i b l e f o r A m erica n c i t i z e n s h i p .
D i s t i n c t i o n i s e v e n made b etw een c i t i z e n s o f the w h ite and c o l o u r e d r a c e s . I t may be f u l l y c o n c e d e d t h a t p e r f e c t u n i f o r m i t y o f tre a tm e n t o f a l l p e rso n a i s n e v e r p r a c t i c a b l e n o r e v e n d e s i r a b l e . The r i g h t s and d u t i e s o f a l i e n s d i f f e r w id e l y fr o m t h o s e o f c i t i z e n s , and t h o s e o f a l i e n d e c l a r a n t s d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y fro m t h o s e o f n o n - d e c l a r a n t s . B u t a f u r t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , o f n o n - d e c l a r a n t s , e x i s t s i n the U h lte d S t a t e s , o f p e r s o n s e l i g i b l e and i n e l i g i b l e f o r c i t i z e n s h i p , w h ich
seems t o b e a r b i t r a r y . M o re o v e r , b e t t e r f a c i l i t i e s and p r i v i le g e d tr e a tm e n t i s a c c o r d e d b y law t o p e r s o n s o f a c l a s s and d e n ie d t o t h o s e o f th e same c l a s s b u t o f d i f f e r e n t r a c i a l o r i g i n , and t h i s i s n o t j u s t i f i a b l e .
A l i e n s in th e U n ite d s t a t e s n e v e r t h e l e s s p o s s e s s c e r t a i n c h a r t e r s o f r i g h t s .
( I ) T r e a t y , th e Supreme Law o f th e Land
The r i g h t s o f a l i e n s a re g u a r a n te e d f i r s t by th e t r e a t y b e tw e e n th e U n ite d S t a t e s and th e c o u n t r y o f w h ich th e a l i e n s a r e c i t i z e n s . A r t i c l e V I , s e c t i o n 2 , o f th e F e d e r a l Con s t i t u t i o n s t i p u l a t e s t h a t " t h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n and th e law s o f th e U n ited S t a t e s w h ich s h a l l be made in p u rs u a n ce t h e r e o f and a l l t r e a t i e s made o r w h ich s h a l l be made un d
