Created
Created by
by :
: 1)
1) Helga
Helga Tharadipa
Tharadipa
2) Rina Setianingrum
2) Rina Setianingrum
3) Yudhistira Pangestu
3) Yudhistira Pangestu
Class : 1 CIVIL 2 MORNING
Class : 1 CIVIL 2 MORNING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF JAKARTA
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF JAKARTA
2011
2011
PREFACE
Thank you to God Almighty for His blessing and help in finishing this paper. Thank you too for Mrs. Eri and my friends who help and support us to finishing this paper well. In this paper we describe about compound-complex sentences. Actually, this sentence is complicated because combined from compound sentence and complex sentence but I believe this sentence easy enough to learned . And if you have been understand about compound-complex sentence so you can understand simple, compound and complex sentence too because they are related. They have any different very obvious, so we can analyze their different easily.
We make this paper purpose to help our friends to more than understand about compound-complex sentenceS. So, in this paper we completed with examples and its solution.
We would like to express our appreciation to those who have helped and supported to publish this paper. We realize that this paper is still far from perfection; therefore, any suggestions either about its defeciencis or for the improvement of this paper will be warmly appreciated. Hopefully, this paper can be benefited for us all.
Februari 2011
CONTENTS
COVER………. 1
PREFACE………. 2
CONTENTS……….. 3
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION………. 4
CHAPTER II : COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES a) Definition……… 5
b) Understanding Clauses……… 5
c) Diagramming the Compound-Complex Sentence... 6
d) Identifying Compound and Complex Sentences ……… 9
e) Constructing Compound-Complex Sentences ……… 9
f) Different simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences ………..……….. 10 g) Examples………..……….... 11 RESUME………... 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY……….. 13
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
We will described about compound-complex sentences. Compound-complex sentences is a combination elements of a compound and Compound-complex sentences. In english, there 4 sentence structure such as simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence. To clear this statement so better we classification different between simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentence.
The first sentence structure in english is the simple sentence. Simple sentences consist of one verb clause (one independent clause). A verb clause is an independent clause that is formed by a subject and a predicate. Verb clauses are also referred to as main clauses or matrix clauses. The second sentence structure in English is the compound sentence. Compound sentences consist of two or more verb clauses (independent clauses) joined by a coordinating conjunction or a correlating and coordinating conjunction pair. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. The third sentence structure in English is the complex sentence. Complex sentences consist of one verb clause (one independent clause) and one or more adverb clauses (dependent clauses). An adverb clause is a dependent clause that is formed by a subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. The adverb clauses may either precede or follow the verb clause. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. The fourth sentence structure in English is the compound-complex sentence. Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more verb clauses (independent clauses) and one or more adverb clauses (dependent clauses). In other words, compound-complex sentences are combinations of one or more compound sentences and one or more complex sentences.
From that definition, we know that they are related. Their different is very obvious, so we can analyze their different easily.
CHAPTER II
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
⊛ Definition
Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more verb clauses (independent clauses) and one or more adverb clauses (dependent clauses). In other words, compound-complex sentences are combinations of one or more compound sentences and one or more complex sentences. From that definition, we can know that compound-complex sentence is combines elements of compound and complex sentences. It is the most sophisticated type of sentence you can use. Understanding how to construct the compound-complex sentence will help you take your writing to a new level of compound-complexity. ⊛ Understanding Clauses
A clause is comprised of at least one subject and one verb. There are two types of clauses: the independen clause and the dependent clause.
• Independent Clause
An independent clause makes a statement or asks a question that can act as a complete sentence.
Example: The dog barks. • Dependent Clause
A dependent clause cannot act as a complete sentence because it begins with a subordinating word, such
as when, because, if , whoever, etc. Example: When the dog barks.
All grammatically correct sentences have at least one independent clause, and, therefore, they have at least one subject and one verb.
• Pattern compound-complex sentence
When I looked into the mirror ,I saw an old man,and I was surprised.
Whenever the old man walked around the mansion, he wanted hide his money, for he
feared his children would steal it from him. • Pattern:
Subordinating conjunction subject + predicate,subject + predicate, coordinating
conjunction subject + predicate.
⊛ Diagramming the Compound-Complex Sentence
The independent clauses are pretty simple and boring. They are able to stand all alone without any help from anything else. But remember that subordinate clauses can have any number of jobs. (There are adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. The sentence diagram will look different depending on what type of subordinate clause you have.
Noun Clause
For instance, here is one with a noun clause acting as the direct object of one of the independent clauses. And, of course, it's easy to tell that it's a noun clause because the whole clause is taking up the place of the direct object- which is a noun job.
Rachael Ray explained how cookies are made, and we practiced her techniques at home.
How cookies are made is a noun clause acting as the direct object of the verb explained .
Adjective Clause
Here a sentence with an adjectival subordinate clause. It's easy to see that the subordinate clause is acting as an adjective because it is modifying the subject. (See how the subordinate clause is connected to the subject with a dotted line?). Adjective clauses don't have to modify the subject. They can modify any noun or pronoun in a sentence.
I would have used the recipe Kari gave me, but her cookies taste funny.
(that) Kari gave me is an adjective clause modifying the noun recipe. The word (that) is an elliptical relative pronoun.
Adverb Clause
And finally, here is a basic sentence diagram with the subordinate clause being an adverb clause. You can tell the clause is acting as an adverb because it is modifying a verb.
Because we had lots of cookies, we had a party, and our guests ate the freshly baked treats.
⊛ Identifying Compound and Complex Sentences
• The Compound Sentence A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for , and , nor , but , or , yet , or so) and a comma or by a semicolon alone.
Example: The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the buried treasure.
• The Complex Sentence A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. When the dependent clause is placed before the independent clause, the two clauses are divided by a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is necessary.
Example: Because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave. ⊛ Constructing Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller,
and he enjoyed it very much.
Example: Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally
Because compound-complex sentences are normally longer than other sentences, it is very important to punctuate them correctly. Refer to your Commas 101 handout for tips on correct comma usage
⊛ Different simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences
Compound complex sentences are the most complicated and difficult sentences to write well. This is a sentence or statement that contains more than one main clause and has one or more subordinate clauses. So as you may gather, this type of sentence can be very long and elaborate. Well, that depends. I believe these sentences are not too difficult to write, once you understand and are comfortable with the syntactical terms and rules. Ok, this type of sentence must have two main clauses and also a
subordinate clause.
For those of you who are unsure of syntactical terms, a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and predicate. It also, of course, must contain a verb.
↷ A simple sentence is actually a clause or main clause.
• For instance, 'I looked out the window.' (simple sentence - main clause) A subordinate clause is a little different to a main clause. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone. It must be linked to a main clause.
• For instance, 'As I put my coat on...' (subordinate clause) As we can see, 'as I put my coat on,' is an incomplete sentence or statement.
↷ A compound sentence is two main clauses (simple sentences) linked together by a coordinating conjunction. Both main clauses in a compound sentence could stand alone as simple sentences. The coordinating conjunction makes the two independent sentences into one long one.
• For example, 'I looked out the window but I couldn't see any rain.' The 'but' is the coordinating conjunction here.
Now, complex sentences can be a little more difficult to grasp. Complex sentences have a single main clause, but also have a subordinate clause attached to the main clause.
• If we join together our earlier examples, we get. 'as I put my coat on, I looked out the window,'
As we learnt earlier, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone and needs the main clause to be considered a complete thought.
↷ A compound complex sentence is simply a complex sentence that has an extra main clause attached to it. The extra main clause is of course
So to sum up, we have two main clause attached by a coordinating conjunction, and also one or more subordinate clauses.
• For example, 'As I put my coat on, I looked out the window, but I couldn't see any rain.'
⊛ Examples
He got up and (he) rushed to the door when he heard some noise. ‘He got up’ = coordinate clause
‘(he) rushed to the door’ = coordinate clause = COMPOUND SENTENCE
‘he rushed to the door’ = main clause
‘when he heard some noise’ = subordinate clause = COMPLEX SENTENCE
This sentence has a compound sentence and a complex sentence in it; therefore, it is called a COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
⋟ 1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
• independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately" • independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with" • dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "
2. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.
• independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent" • independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong" • dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies
RESUME
Compound-complex sentences consist of two or more verb clauses (independent clauses) and one or more adverb clauses (dependent clauses). In other words, compound-complex sentences are combinations of one or more compound sentences and one or more complex sentences. From that definition, we can know that compound-complex sentence is combines elements of compound and complex sentences. It is the most sophisticated type of sentence you can use. Understanding how to construct the compound-complex sentence will help you take your writing to a new level of complexity.
And if you have been understand about compound-complex sentence so you can understand simple, compound and complex sentence too because they are related. Beside compound-complex sentences, there simple, compound, and complex sentences in english sentence structure. They have different and have characteristics each other and their different is very obvious, so we can analyze their different easily.
