building services

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PERAK) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PERAK)

SERI ISKANDAR SERI ISKANDAR

BUILDING SERVICES I

BUILDING SERVICES I

(BSR 101)

(BSR 101)

WA

WATER SUPPLY

TER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE

, SEWERAGE & DRAIN

& DRAINAGE, FIRE

AGE, FIRE FIGHTING AND

FIGHTING AND

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 At:  At:

NO 33 JALAN KESUMA !1L BANDAR TASIK KESUMA "3#00, BERANANG, NO 33 JALAN KESUMA !1L BANDAR TASIK KESUMA "3#00, BERANANG,

SELANGOR SELANGOR

VS VS

BLOK TERATAI, U$TM PERAK KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, 31#0 SERI ISKANDAR, BLOK TERATAI, U$TM PERAK KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR, 31#0 SERI ISKANDAR,

PERAK PERAK

Prepared for: Prepared for:

SR% MOHD NURFAISAL BAHARUDDIN SR% MOHD NURFAISAL BAHARUDDIN

Prepared by: Prepared by:

HUSNA

HUSNA SYASYAHIDAH HIDAH BINTI BINTI AINORDIN AINORDIN ('01"#'3")('01"#'3")

N

NUURRUUL L SSHHAAKKIINNAAH H BBIINNTTI I OOTTHHMMAAN N ((''0011""**1111''))

A

ANNDDRREEA A AANNAAK K DDAALLIINNGG ((''0011""**11''33))

M

MUUHHAAMMMMAAD FD FAARRII A ARRI BI BIIN N AAB RB RAAHHIIMM ((''0011""##''33))

Semester: Semester: JUNE + OCTOBER '01 JUNE + OCTOBER '01 Submission date: Submission date:

WEEK 10 (DURING CLASS)

HUSNA

HUSNA SYASYAHIDAH HIDAH BINTI BINTI AINORDIN AINORDIN ('01"#'3")('01"#'3")

N

NUURRUUL L SSHHAAKKIINNAAH H BBIINNTTI I OOTTHHMMAAN N ((''0011""**1111''))

A

ANNDDRREEA A AANNAAK K DDAALLIINNGG ((''0011""**11''33))

M

HUSNA

HUSNA SYASYAHIDAH HIDAH BINTI BINTI AINORDIN AINORDIN ('01"#'3")('01"#'3")

N

NUURRUUL L SSHHAAKKIINNAAH H BBIINNTTI I OOTTHHMMAAN N ((''0011""**1111''))

A

ANNDDRREEA A AANNAAK K DDAALLIINNGG ((''0011""**11''33))

M

CONTENT CONTENT N Noo CChhaapptteerr PPaaggeess 1 1 CChhaapptteer 1 r 1 : I: INNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN • • 1.1 OVERVIEW1.1 OVERVIEW •

• 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT •

• 1.3 SCOPE OF STUD1.3 SCOPE OF STUD •

• 1.! "ET#ODO$O% OF REPORT1.! "ET#ODO$O% OF REPORT •

• 1.& BUI$DIN% B'C(%ROUND1.& BUI$DIN% B'C(%ROUND

!)& !)&

2

2 CChhaappteter 2 r 2 : W: W''TTER ER SSUUPPPP$$  SSSSTETE""

•

• 2.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW2.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW •

• 2.2 C'SE STUD2.2 C'SE STUD •

• 2.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES2.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES •

• 2.! PROB$E" 'ND RECO""END'TION2.! PROB$E" 'ND RECO""END'TION

*)12 *)12

3

3 ChChapapteter 3 : r 3 : SESEWEWER'R'%E %E ''ND ND DRDR'I'IN'N'%E %E SSSSTETE""

•

•  3.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW 3.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW •

• 3.2 C'SE STUD3.2 C'SE STUD •

• 3.3 3.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND 'ND DIS'DIS'DV'NT'%ESDV'NT'%ES •

• 3.! 3.! PROB$E" PROB$E" 'ND 'ND RECO""END'TIONRECO""END'TION 13)2!13)2!

!

! CChhaappteter ! r ! : F: FIRIRE FE FI%I%##TITINN% S% SSSTETE""

•

• !.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW!.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW •

• !.2 C'SE STUD!.2 C'SE STUD •

• !.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES!.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES

2&)3* 2&)3*

&

& ChChapapteter r & & : : SOSO$$ID ID W'W'SSTE TE "'"'N'N'%E%E"E"ENNTT

•

• &.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW&.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW •

• &.2 C'SE STUD&.2 C'SE STUD •

• &.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES&.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES

3+)!3 3+)!3 * * CChhaapptteer r * * : : CCOONNCC$$UUSSIIOONN • • *.1 REFFERENCES*.1 REFFERENCES !!)!& !!)!& CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 1%0 I

1%0 INTRODUCTNTRODUCTIONION

1.1 OVERVIEW 1.1 OVERVIEW

B,-/-0g ser-es pa a e0tra roe -0

B,-/-0g ser-es pa a e0tra roe -0 o0tr-4,t-0g to the /es-g0 o5 a o0tr-4,t-0g to the /es-g0 o5 a 4,-/-0g4,-/-0g6 0ot 6 0ot o0 -0o0 -0 ter7s o5 oera strateg-es a0/ sta0/ar/s to

9e-ghts6 s-es6 a0/ oat-o0 o5 7a;or pa0t

9e-ghts6 s-es6 a0/ oat-o0 o5 7a;or pa0t a0/ e<,-p7e0t6 the pos-t-o0 o5 ert-a ser-ea0/ e<,-p7e0t6 the pos-t-o0 o5 ert-a ser-e r-sers6 ro,tes 5or the

r-sers6 ro,tes 5or the /-str-4,t-o0 o5 hor-o0ta ser-es6 /ra-0age6 e0erg so,res6/-str-4,t-o0 o5 hor-o0ta ser-es6 /ra-0age6 e0erg so,res6

s,sta-0a4--s,sta-0a4--t a0/ so t a0/ so o0. Th-s 7ea0s that 4,-/-0g ser-es /es-g0 7,st 4e o0. Th-s 7ea0s that 4,-/-0g ser-es /es-g0 7,st 4e -0tegrate/ -0to-0tegrate/ -0to the oera 4,-/-0g /es-g0 5ro7 a er

the oera 4,-/-0g /es-g0 5ro7 a er ear age6 part-,ar o0 o7pe= 4,-/-0g pro;etsear age6 part-,ar o0 o7pe= 4,-/-0g pro;ets s,h as hosp-tas. Wh-st -t -s ,s,a 5or a

s,h as hosp-tas. Wh-st -t -s ,s,a 5or a 4,-/-0g /es-g4,-/-0g /es-g0 tea7 to 4e e/ 0 tea7 to 4e e/ 4 a0 arh-tet6 o04 a0 arh-tet6 o0 4,-/-0gs 9-th er o7pe= 4,-/-0g ser-es re<,-re7e0ts6 a

4,-/-0gs 9-th er o7pe= 4,-/-0g ser-es re<,-re7e0ts6 a 4,-/-0g ser-es e0g-0eer4,-/-0g ser-es e0g-0eer 7-ght 4e appo-0te/ as the ea/ /es-g0er.

7-ght 4e appo-0te/ as the ea/ /es-g0er.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORTREPORT

•

• To ,0/ersta0/ o,r esso0 -0 ass 4etter To ,0/ersta0/ o,r esso0 -0 ass 4etter  •

• To -0rease o,r >0o9e/ge a4o,t these sste7sTo -0rease o,r >0o9e/ge a4o,t these sste7s •

• To >0o9 the sa5et o5 the 4,-/-0gsTo >0o9 the sa5et o5 the 4,-/-0gs •

• To 7a>e s,re that 9e >0o9 a the 5o9 o5 these sste7sTo 7a>e s,re that 9e >0o9 a the 5o9 o5 these sste7s

1.3 SCOPE OF STUD 1.3 SCOPE OF STUD

Th-0gs that 9e ear0 a0/

Th-0gs that 9e ear0 a0/ /-soer -0 th-s t,tor-a -s6 /-soer -0 th-s t,tor-a -s6 9ater /-str-4,t-o0 sste7s6 se9erage a0/9ater /-str-4,t-o0 sste7s6 se9erage a0/ /ra-0age sste7s6 5-re 5-ght-0g sste7s a0/ so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t. ' o5 the sste7s /ra-0age sste7s6 5-re 5-ght-0g sste7s a0/ so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t. ' o5 the sste7s 7,st 4e -0est-gate/ 4ase/ o0 o,r

7,st 4e -0est-gate/ 4ase/ o0 o,r ase st,/ 9h-h -s a ase st,/ 9h-h -s a /o,4e)store ho,se a0/ a 7e/-,7/o,4e)store ho,se a0/ a 7e/-,7 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g. We 7,st >0o9 a the a/a0tages6 /-sa/a0tages6 pro4e7s a0/

h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g. We 7,st >0o9 a the a/a0tages6 /-sa/a0tages6 pro4e7s a0/

reo77e0/at-reo77e0/at-o0 o5 o0 o5 these sste7s.these sste7s.

1.! "ET#ODO$O% OF REPORT 1.! "ET#ODO$O% OF REPORT

"etho/ o5 /o-0g th-s t,tor-a6 9e

"etho/ o5 /o-0g th-s t,tor-a6 9e 0ee/ to ,0/ersta0/ 9hat 9e hae ear0e/ -0 0ee/ to ,0/ersta0/ 9hat 9e hae ear0e/ -0 the ass a0/the ass a0/ app -t -0 o,r t,tor-a. F-rst6 9e 0ee/ to seet a 7e/-,7 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g a0/ >0o9 a4o,t app -t -0 o,r t,tor-a. F-rst6 9e 0ee/ to seet a 7e/-,7 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g a0/ >0o9 a4o,t the 4,-/-0gs? 4a>g

the 4,-/-0gs? 4a>gro,0/. We 7,st sho9 the ro,0/. We 7,st sho9 the 5o9hart o5 the sste7s 4ase/ o0 5o9hart o5 the sste7s 4ase/ o0 o,r aseo,r ase st,/ to 7a>e -t earer a0/ o7p-e -t 9-th p-t,res as e-/e0es. We 0ee/ to re5er ;o,r0as6 st,/ to 7a>e -t earer a0/ o7p-e -t 9-th p-t,res as e-/e0es. We 0ee/ to re5er ;o,r0as6 4oo>s a0/ -0ter0et to o4ta-0 7ore

4oo>s a0/ -0ter0et to o4ta-0 7ore so,res. The06 9e 0ee/ to a>0o9e/ge the pro4e7 a0/so,res. The06 9e 0ee/ to a>0o9e/ge the pro4e7 a0/ the reo77e0/at-o0 a4o,t the sste7. 'so6 9e 0ee/ to >0o9 the a/a0tages a0/

the reo77e0/at-o0 a4o,t the sste7. 'so6 9e 0ee/ to >0o9 the a/a0tages a0/ /-sa/a0tages o5 the sste7 -0 the 4,-/-0gs. $ast6 a o0,s-o0 -s 7a/e 4ase/ o0 o,r /-sa/a0tages o5 the sste7 -0 the 4,-/-0gs. $ast6 a o0,s-o0 -s 7a/e 4ase/ o0 o,r st,/-es.

st,/-es.

1.& BUI$DIN%

1.& BUI$DIN% B'C(%ROUNDB'C(%ROUND

#

 '//ress No 33 Jaa0 (es,7a &@1$ Ba0/ar Tas-> (es,7a !3+AA Bera0a0g6 Sea0gor.

Bo> Terata-6 U-T" Pera> (a7p,as Ser- Is>a0/ar6 31+&A Ser- Is>a0/ar6 Pera>.  'ge o5 the 4,-/-0g 1Aears 1+ ears P,rpose o5 the 4,-/-0g Res-/e0e U0-ers-t Water a,thor-t '%0 WATER SUPPLY

2.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW

DIRECT SSTE" OF CO$D W'TER SSTE"

For e55--e0t operat-o06 a h-gh press,re 9ater s,pp -s esse0t-a part-,ar at per-o/s o5 pea> /e7a0/. P-pe9or> -s 7-0-7a a0/ the storage -ster0 s,pp-0g the hot 9ater -0/er 0ee/ o0 hae 11& -tres apa-t. The -ster0 7a 4e oate/ 9-th-0 the a-r-0g ,p4oar/ or 4e o74-0e/ 9-th the hot 9ater -0/er. Dr-0>-0g 9ater -s aa-a4e ar eer /ra9)o55 po-0t a0/ 7a-0te0a0e aes sho,/ 4e 5-tte/ to -soate eah set-o0 o5 p-pe9or>. W-th eer o,tet s,pp-e/ 5ro7 the 7a-06 the poss-4--t o5 4a> s-pho0age 7,st 4e o0s-/ere/.

Ba> s-pho0age a0 o,r 9he0 there -s a h-gh /e7a0/ o0 the 7a-0. Negat-e press,re a0 the0 /ra9 9ater 4a> -0to the 7a-0 5ro7 a s,47erge/ -0et 6 e.g. a r,44er t,4e attahe/ to a tap or a sho9er 5-tt-0g 9-tho,t a he ae 5a--t e5t -0g -0 /-rt 4ath 9ater.

INDIRECT SSTE" OF CO$D W'TER SUPP$

The -0/-ret sste7 o5 o/ 9ater s,pp has o0 o0e /r-0>-0g 9ater o,tet6 at the s-0>. The o/ 9ater storage -ster0 has a 7-0-7,7 apa-t o5 23A -tres6 5or oat-o0 -0 the roo5 spae. I0 a//-t-o0 to -ts 0or7a s,pp 5,0t-o06 -t pro-/es a0 a/e<,ate e7erge0 storage -0 the ee0t o5 9ater 7a-0 5a-,re. The sste7 re<,-res 7ore p-pe9or> tha0 the /-ret sste7 a0/ -s there5ore 7ore e=pe0s-e to -0sta6 4,t ,0-5or7 press,re o,rs at a -ster0)s,pp-e/ o,tets. The 9ater a,thor-t-es pre5er th-s sste7 as -t -7poses ess /e7a0/ o0 the 7a-0.  'so6 9-th 5e9er 5-tt-0gs attahe/ to the 7a-06 there -s ess ha0e o5 4a> s-pho0age. Other

a/a0tages o5 o9er press,re -0,/e ess 0o-se a0/ 9ear o0 5 -tt-0gs6 a0/ the opport,0-t to -0sta a 4aa0e/ press,re sho9er 5ro7 -ster0.

2.2 C'SE STUD

#o,se "e/-,7 #-gh R-se B,-/-0g Sste7 D-ret Water S,pp Sste7 I0/-ret Water S,pp Sste7 Fo9hart

Sink in the kitchen will receive water straight

Water 5ro7 7a-0 p-pe s,pp 9- 4e /-str-4,te/ thro,gh ser-e p-pe to s-0> -0 the >-the0 to get ea0 9ater.

P-pe 7eter 

Water 5ro7 7a-0 p-pe s,pp 9- 4e /-str-4,te/ thro,gh ser-e p-pe to the a//-t-o0a 9ater storage ta0> a0/ 9ater storage ta0> -0 the

7e/-,7 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g.

Water will be istrib!te b" istrib!tion pipe to all

bathrooms on each #oor. Water Storage $ank

I0/-ret Water S,pp Sste7 Water 5ro7 storage ta0> 9- 4e /-str-4,te/ 4 /-str-4,t-o0 p-pe to a 4athroo7s -0 the ho,se.

D-agra7 a4oe -s she7at- /ra9-0g o5 9ater /-str-4,t-o0 5or ho,se.

D-agra7 a4oe sho9s she7at- /ra9-0g o5 9ater /-str-4,t-o0 5or 7e/-,7 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g

Service pipe (ain s! l )leaning *ipe +ver#ow pipe Storage tank ,istrib!tion Service ,istrib!ti on pipe )leanin i e +ver#ow

Water storage tank Service pipe %itional water stora e *!mp -(ain pipe s!ppl" (ain pipe s!ppl" *!mp %

2.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES

 '/a0tages D-sa/a0tages D-ret Water S,pp • Sa-0g -0 p-pe9or>

espe-a -0 7,t-)store 4,-/-0g.

• Fresh /r-0>-0g 9ater 7a

4e o4ta-0e/ at a0 po-0t.

• O0 0ee/s a s7a storage

-ster0.

• I5 the -s ,t o55 ee0 5or 

a short per-o/6 there -s 0o 9ater aa-a4e

• Whe0 the s,pp -s ,t

o556 4a> s-pho0age o,/ o,r9h-h o,/ o0t-7ate the 7a-0s.

I0/-ret Water S,pp • Water -s s,pp-e/ -5 the

7a-0s stop 9or>-0g

• Ca0 s,pp o/ 9ater ee0

-5 9ater press,re -s o9.

• $ess sste7 0o-se

• "ore e=pe0s-e to

-0sta

• Ca00ot /ea 9-th arge

/e7a0/ o5 9ater 

• Water a0 gro9

har75, 4ater-a

#o,se B,-/-0g Pro4e7 • Ba>)s-pho0age

 ' reerse 5o9 o0/-t-o0 reate/ 4 a /-55ere0e -0 9ater press,res that a,ses 9ater to 5o9 4a> -0to the /-str-4,t-o0 p-pes o5 a /r-0>-0g 9ater s,pp 5ro7 a0 so,re other tha0 the -0te0/e/ o0e.

• Water #a77er-0g

Water ha77er -s a spe-5- p,74-0g 0o-se6 0ot a ge0er- 0a7e 5or p-pe atter. It o,rs 9he0 o, sh,t o55 the 9ater s,//e0 a0/ the 5ast)7o-0g 9ater r,sh-0g thro,gh the p-pe -s

4ro,ght to a <,-> hat6 reat-0g a sort o5 sho> 9ae a0/ a ha77er-0g 0o-se. P,74-0g thats proper -0stae/ has a-r ha74ers6 or ,sh-o0s6 that o7press 9he0 the sho> 9ae h-ts6 so5te0-0g the 4o9 a0/ pree0t-0g th-s ha77er-0g. The

ha74ers a0 5a-6 tho,gh6 4ea,se 9ater ,0/er press,re gra/,a a4sor4s the a-r. Reo77e0/at-o0 The s-7pest6 7ost re-a4e 9a to

pro-/e 4a>5o9 pree0t-o0 -s to pro-/e a0 a-r gap. '0 a-r gap -s s-7p a0 ope0 ert-a spae

4et9ee0 a0 /e-e that o00ets to a p,74-0g sste7 ->e a ae or 5a,et a0/ a0 pae 9here

o0ta7-0ate/ 9ater a0 oet or poo. ' s-7pe a-r gap has 0o 7o-0g parts6 other tha0 5o9-0g 9ater. "a0 p,74-0g o/es spe-5 a 7-0-7,7 a-r gap /-sta0e re<,-re/ 5or ar-o,s -r,7sta0es6 s,h as a /ra-0 o00et-o0 5or a /-sh9asher6 e.g.6 BS *22.

 'ter0at-e6 a spe-a-e/ 4a>5o9 pree0ter ae 7a 4e -0stae/ at strateg- oat-o0s -0 the p,74-0g sste7 9hereer there -s a r-s> o5 o0ta7-0ate/ 5,-/s e0ter-0g the 9ater s,pp p-pes. These aes are ,se/ 9here there -s 0ot s,55--e0t ert-a eara0e or phs-a spae to -0sta a0 a-r gap6 or 9he0

o, a0 ,re 9ater ha77er 4 t,r0-0g o55 the 9ater 4eh-0/ the 9aterogge/ ha74er6 ope0-0g the o55e0/-0g 5a,et a0/ per7-tt-0g the 5a,et to /ra-0 thoro,gh. O0e a the 9ater /ra-0s 5ro7 the

ha74er6 a-r 9- 5- -t aga-0 a0/ restore the ,sh-o0. I5 the a-r ha74er -s oate/ 4eo9 the o,tet6 o, 7a hae to /ra-0 the 7a-0 s,pp -0es to ao9 the ha74er to 5- 9-th a-r aga-0.

press,r-e/ operat-o0 or other 5ators r,e o,t ,se o5 a0 a-r gap. Bea,se these aes ,se 7o-0g parts6 the are o5te0 re<,-re/ to 4e -0spete/ or teste/ per-o/-a.

3%0 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

3.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW

SEWER'%E 'ND DR'IN'%E SSTE" U0/ergro,0/

The tpe o5 /ra-0age sste7s seete/ 5or a 4,-/-0g 9- 4e /eter7-0e/ 4 the oa 9ater a,thor-t?s esta4-she/ se9er arra0ge7e0ts. These 9- 4e -0stae/ 9-th regar/ to 5o, 9ater proess-0g a0/ the poss-4--t o5 /-spos-0g s,r5ae 9ater -a a se9er -0to a oa 9ater

o,rse or /-ret -0to a soa>a9a.

Th-s ,ses a s-0ge /ra-0 to o0ert 4oth 5o, 9ater 5ro7 sa0-tar app-a0es a0/ ra-09ater 5ro7 roo5s a0/ other s,r5aes to a share/ se9er. The sste7 -s eo0o7-a to -0sta6 4,t the proess-0g oasts at the se9age treat7e0t pa0t are h-gh.

• Separate Se9erage Sste7

Th-s has 5o, 9ater 5ro7 the sa0-tar app-a0es o0ee/ -0 a 5o, 9ater se9er. The

ra-09ater 5ro7 roo5s a0/ other s,r5aes -s o0ee/ -0 a s,r5ae 9ater /ra-0 -0to a s,r5ae 9ater se9er or a soa> a9a. Th-s sste7 -s reat-e e=pe0s-e to -0sta6 part-,ar -5 the gro,0/ has poor /ra-0age <,a-t-es a0/ soa>a9as a00ot 4e ,se/. #o9eer6 the 4e0e5-ts -s re/,e/ o,7e a0/ treat7e0t osts at the proess-0g pa0t.

• Part-a Separate Se9erage Sste7

For o0e0-e0e a0/ to re/,e s-te osts6 the oa 9ater a,thor-t 7a per7-t a0 -soate/ ra-09ater -0et to 4e o00ete/ to the 5o, 9ater /ra-0. Th-s -s sho90 9-th the ra-09ater -0et at ' o00ete/ to the 5o, 9ater -0spet-o0 ha74er. 'so6 a ro//-0g po-0t -s sho90 at B. these are o5te0 ,se/ at the hea/ o5 /ra-06 as a0 ater0at-e to a 7ore ost -0spet-o0 ha74er.

 ' 4a> -0et g, a0 4e ,se/ 5or o00et-0g a ra-09ater /o90 p-pe or a 9aste p-pe to a /ra-0. The 4e0/ or trap pro-/e a ,se5, resero-r to trap eaes. Whe0 ,se/ 9-th a 5o, 9ater /ra-06 the sea pree0ts a-r o0ta7-0at-o0. ' ar/ g, -s so5e 5or oet-0g s,r5ae

9ater a0/ o00et-0g th-s 9-th a /ra-0. It -s s-7-ar to a roa/ g,6 4,t s7aer. ' ra-09ater shoe -s o0 5or o00et-0g a ra-09ater p-pe to a s,r5ae 9ater /ra-0. The so- a0/ e0t p-pe or /-sharge sta> -s o00ete/ to the 5o, 9ater /ra-0 9-th a rest 4e0/ at -ts 4ase. Th-s a0 4e p,rpose 7a/e or pro/,e/ 9-th t9o 13& 4e0/s. It 7,st hae a e0tre)-0e ra/-,s o5 at east 2AA77.

TPES OF S'NIT'TION PIPIN% SSTE" '4oe the gro,0/

• O0e)p-pe sste7

Stack ma" be oset above the highest sanitar" appliance

The 5, e0te/ o0e)p-pe sste7 -s ,se/ -0 4,-/-0gs 9here there are a arge 0,74er o5 sa0-tar app-a0es -0 ra0gesG e.g 5ator-es6 shoos6 o55-es a0/ hosp-tas

The trap o0 eah app-a0e -s 5-tte/ 9-th a0 a0t-)s-pho0 or e0t p-pe. Th-s 7,st 4e o00ete/ 9-th-0 3AA77 o5 the ro90 o5 the trap.

I0/--/,a e0t p-pes o74-0e -0 a o77o0 e0t 5or the ra0ge6 9h-h -s -0-0e/ ,0t- -t 7eets the ert-a e0t sta>. Th-s e0t sta> 7a 4e arr-e/ to o,ts-/e a-r or -t 7a o00et to the /-sharge sta> at a po-0t a4oe the sp-oer ee o5 the h-ghest app-a0e.

The 4ase o5 the e0t sta> sho,/ 4e o00ete/ to the /-sharge sta> ose to the 4otto7 rest 4e0/ to re-ee a0 o7press-o0 at th-s po-0t.

S-e o5 4ra0h a0/ sta> e0ts:

D-sharge p-pe or sta> D 77 Ve0t p-pe 77 H+& +&)1AA 1AA A.*+D &A A.&AD

 ' p-pe s-es are 0o7-0a -0s-/e /-a7eter.

Th-s sste7 9as /e-se/ to o7p 9-th the o/ $o0/o0 Co,0tr Co,0- re<,-re7e0ts 5or o00et-o0 o5 so- WC a0/ ,r-0a a0/ 9aste 4as-06 4ath6 4-/et6 s-0> app-a0es to separate sta>s. For 7o/er0 sste7s the ter7s so- a0/ 9aste p-pes are ge0era repae/ 4 the pre5erre/ ter7-0oog6 /-sharge p-pes a0/ /-sharge sta>s. There 7a0 e=a7pes o5 the t9o)p-pe sste7 -0 ,se. 'tho,gh reat-e e=pe0s-e to -0sta6 -t -s st- per7-ss-4e a0/ 7a 4e reta-0e/ -0 e=-st-0g 4,-/-0gs that are the s,4;et o5  re5,r4-sh7e0t.

It 7a aso 4e ,se/ 9here the sa0-tar app-a0es are 9-/e spae/ or re7ote a0/ a separate 9aste sta> -s the o0 -a4e 7etho/ 5or o00et-0g these to the /ra-0. ' ar-at-o0 tp-a o5 13As /9e-0gs has 5-rst 5oor 4ath a0/ 4as-0 9astes /-sharg-0g thro,gh the 9a -0to a hopper. The 9aste sta> 5ro7 th-s a0/ the gro,0/ 5oor s-0> 9aste /-sharge oer a g,. ' g, 7a 4e ,se/ as a0 ater0at-e to a rest 4e0/ 4e5ore the /ra-0.

• S-0ge sta> sste7

/est ben or beck0iniet g!ll"

f  is less than than 3''' the stack m!st terminate &''mm above the winow opening.

The s-0ge sta> sste7 9as /eeope/ 4 the B,-/-0g Researh Esta4-sh7e0t /,r-0g the 1*As6 as a 7ea0s o5 s-7p-5-0g the e=te0s-e p-pe9or> pre-o,s asso-ate/ 9-th a4oe gro,0/ /ra-0age. The o0ept -s to gro,p app-a0es aro,0/ the sta> 9-th a separate 4ra0h p-pe ser-0g eah. Bra0h p-pe e0gths a0/ 5as are o0stra-0e/. I0-t-a the sste7 9as -7-te/ to 5-e stores6 4,t app-at-o0s hae proe/ s,ess5, -0 h-gh r-se 4,-/-0gs o5 oer 2A stores. Bra0h e0t p-pes are 0ot re<,-re/ ,0ess the sste7 -s 7o/-5-e/. $e0gths a0/ 5as o5 9aste p-pes are are5, seete/ to pree0t oss o5 trap 9ater seas. Water seas o0 the 9aste traps 7,st 4e +&77 &A77 4ath a0/ sho9er.

Bra0h p-pe sope or 5a:

S-0> a0/ 4ath K 1 to A 77@7

Bas-0 a0/ 4-/et K 2A to 12A77@7

Water oset K  77@7

The sta> sho,/ 4e ert-a 4eo9 the h-ghest sa0-tar app-a0e 4ra0h. I5 a0 o55set -s ,0ao-/a4e6 there sho,/ 4e 0o o00et-o0 9-th-0 +&A 77 o5 the o55set.

The 4ra0h 4ath 9aste o00et-o0 7,st 4e at east 2AA 77 4eo9 the e0tre o5 the WC 4ra0h to ao-/ ross5o9. Th-s 7a re<,-re a &A 77 0or7a /-a7eter parae p-pe to o55set the 4ath 9aste p-pe6 or a0 LS? trap WC to o55set -ts o00et-o0.

The e0t part o5 the sta> 7a re/,e to +& 77 0or7a /-a7eter 9he0 -t -s a4oe the h-ghest 4ra0h.

#o,se "e/-,7 #-gh R-se B,-/-0g U0/er The

%ro,0/ Separate Se9erage Sste7

1 Se9age 5ro7 o,r 4athroo76 to-et6 >-the0 a0/ a,0/r e0ters the se9erage sste7 thro,gh a 0et9or> o5   ,0/ergro,0/ p-pes. There are t9o 7a-0 p-pes.

2 Se9erage -s /-sharge -0to the se9erage sste76 that -s ,s,a o0ta7-0ate/ e=ept ra-0 9ater. #o9eer6 se9erage -s /-sharge t9o /-55ere0t th-0gs6se9age a0/ ra-0 9ater6 thro,gh /-55ere0t p-pes.

1 Se9age 5ro7 4athroo7s6 to-et6 a0/ s-0>s6 5o9s thro,gh t9o /-55ere0t p-pes. There are t9o 7a-0 p-pe.

2 Se9age -s /-sharge -0to the se9erage sste76 9h-h -s ,s,a o0ta7-0ate/ e=ept ra-0 9ater. Separate se9er  sste7s are /es-g0e/ to o0e 9aste 9ater a0/ stor7 9ater@ra-0 9ater -0 separate p-pes.

3 Se9age 5o9s to arger   se9ers. Sa0-tar se9er  sste7 oet a0/ tra0sport 9aste 9ater. Ra-0 9ater  oete/ a0/ tra0sporte/ r,0o55. The se9er sope /o909ar/s so se9age a0 ,se gra-t to so9 5o9s ao0g.

Sa0-tar se9er sste7s 7a aso oet 9et 9eather 5o9 -a ---t o00et-o0s 5ro7 ho,se /ra-0s or stor7 se9ers6 as 9e as thro,gh /e5ets -0 the p-pes a0/

7a0hoes. $ast6 se9age e0ters treat7e0t pa0ts. The treat7e0t pa0ts proess se9age 4e5ore -t a0 4e s,pp-e/ as ree/ 9ater  or reease/ -0to the e0-ro07e0t. Th-s proess a0 ta>e ,p to 3A)3& /as.

Sa0-tar se9er sste7 oet a0/ tra0sport 9aste 9ater. Ra-0 9ater oete/ a0/ tra0sporte/ r,0o55. The se9er sope /o909ar/s so se9age a0 ,se gra-t to so9 5o9s ao0g.

! Sa0-tar se9er sste7s 7a aso oet 9et 9eather 5o9 -a ---t o00et-o0s 5ro7 ho,se /ra-0s or stor7 se9ers6 as 9e as thro,gh /e5ets -0 the p-pes a0/ 7a0hoes. $ast6 the 9- /-sharge to the treat7e0t pa0ts. The se9age 9- 4e proesse/ 3A)3& /as 4e5ore s,pp-e/ as ree 9ater or reease/ -0to the e0-ro07e0t.

Sewa e an waste water are

Sewage an waste water are ischarge thro!gh rainage pipes !ner the gro!n.

It 9- the0 4e /-sharge -0to p,4- se9ers that arr 9aste 7ater-as to a se9age treat7e0t pa0t.

It 9- 4e proesse/ 4 I0/ah Water s/0.4h/

D-agra7 a4oe sho9s ho9 separate se9erage sste7s 9or>s 5or ho,se

S,r5ae 9ater 9- 4e /-shar/Mge/ -0to se9ers /-ret to r-ers or the sea.

#o,se "e/-,7 #-gh R-se B,-/-0g  '4oe The

%ro,0/ O0e P-pe Sste7

1 The p,74-0g sste7 -0 9h-h the 9aste 5ro7 s-0>s6 4athroo76 a0/ 9ash 4as-0s6 a0/ so- p-pe 4ra0hes are a oete/ -0to o0e ert-a 7a-0 p-pe.

2 The 9aste the0 /-str-4,te/ to gro,0/ 5oor thro,gh the ert-a 7a-0 p-pe.

3 ' the traps o5 9ater osets6 4as-06 4athroo7 are o7pete e0t-ate/ to presere the 9ater sea.

! '5ter that6 those 9aste 5o9s to /ra-0age thro,gh ,0/ergro,0/ p-pe o00ete/ 4et9ee0 ert-a 7a-0 p-pe a0/ /ra-0age.

1 The 9aste 9ater 5ro7 s-0>s6 4athroo76 a0/ 9ash 4as-0s are /-ret 5o9s to the ert-a 7a-0 p-pe.

2 The 9aste the0 /-str-4,te/ to gro,0/ 5oor thro,gh the ert-a 7a-0 p-pe.

3 ' the traps o5 9ater osets6 4as-06 4athroo7 are o7pete e0t-ate/ to presere the 9ater  sea.

! '5ter that6 those 9aste 5o9s to /ra-0age thro,gh ,0/ergro,0/ p-pe o00ete/ 4et9ee0 ert-a 7a-0 p-pe a0/ /ra-0age.

3.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES

 '/a0tages D-sa/a0tages Separate

Se9erage Sste7

 The oa/ o0 treat7e0t pa0t

-s ess as o0 se9age -s arr-e/ to the pa0t

 The s-e o5 se9er -s s7a6

th,s eo0o7-a

 Nat,ra 9ater -s 0ot

,00eessar- po,te/ 4 se9age  No 0,-sa0e o5 s7e6 7os<,-toes or 5-es  $-7-te/ or 0o r-s> o5 se9age oer5o9  Cea0-0g o5 se9er -s /-55-,t

/,e to the-r s7a s-e

 "a-0te0a0e ost -s h-gh

 Nee/s o5 re-a4e s,pp o5 

p-pe/ 9ater 

 Pro4e7s asso-ate/ 9-th

4o>ages a0/ 4rea>/o90 o5  p,7p-0g e<,-p7e0t

 #-gher r-s> o5 9ater po,t-o0 4

a-/e0ts o-6 he7-a

O0e P-pe Sste7

  'o9s 5or eah ter7-0a to 4e

o0troe/ separate 4 -0sta-0g the r-ght aes

 Co0sta0t 5o9 o5 9ater 

e0s,res re/,t-o0 -0 4o>age pro4e7.

 #-gh eo0o7-a -0 ter7s o5 

ost.

 Eas to o0str,t. Re<,-re/

 Cost o5 repa-r-0g ea>age p-pe

4ea,se o0 o0e p-pe

 #-gh r-s> o5 4o>age 4ea,se

so-/ a0/ -<,-/ 9aste are /-sharge 9-th o0 o0e p-pe.

 D-55-,t -0 ter7 o5 o0str,t-o0

9or>.4-gger s-e o5 p-pe6 hea p-pe ) /-55-,t to ha0/e

o0 o0e ert-a 7a-0 p-pe.

 Eas-er 9or> o5 7a-0te0a0e

/,e to o0 o0e 7a-0 p-peert-a arge p-pe

7ore ost 3.! PROB$E" 'ND RECO""END'TION Pro4e7 Reo77e0/at-o0 Separate Se9erage Sste7

The stor7 se9ers o7e -0 operat-o0 -0 ra-0 seaso0 o0. The 7a 4e ho>e/ -0 /r seaso0 4 gar4age

"a>e s,re the gar4age -s a9as thro9 -0s-/e the r,44-sh 4-0. Th,s6 th-s 4eha-or a0 7a>e o,r

0e-gh4or-0g s,rro,0/-0g 7ore ea0.

O0e P-pe Sste7 Bo>age -0 the ert-a 7a-0 p-pe 7a o,r.

The ,ser sho,/ 0ot thro9 a0 so-/ 7ater-as -0 the 9ater oset s,h as pa7pers6 oths a0/ a0

7ater-as that a0 a,se 4o>age to the 7a-0 p-pe.

"%0 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

!.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW

The 5-re protet-o0 sste7 pas a er -7porta0t roe to pree0t the sprea/ o5 5-re 4rea>o,ts -0 4,-/-0gs. The /,t o5 the 5-re protet-o0 sste7 -s to e=t-0g,-sh the 5-re a0/ o0tro the sprea/ o5 5-re. Bes-/es6 -t aso re/,es the -7pat o5 ,0o0troe/ 5-re a0/ to protet h,7a0 -5e a0/ state6 p,4-6 a0/ pr-ate propert 5ro7 5-re. There are t 9o 5-re protet-o0 7etho/s6 9h-h are at-e 5-re protet-o0 7etho/ a0/ pass-e 5 -re protet-o0 7etho/.

 'CTIVE FIRE FI%#TIN% SSTE"

 't-e 5-re protet-o0 -s the proess o5 protet-0g a 4,-/-0g or str,t,re 5ro7 5-re 9-th 7etho/s that ,se the at-o0 o5 7o-0g parts. 9-segee>6 0./. These sste7s a0 4e a,to7at- or 7a0,a s,h as 5-re aar7 sste76 s7o>e  heat /etetor6 9et  /r r-sers6 hose rees a0/ CO2 5-=e/ -0staat-o0.

• F-re e=t-0g,-sher 

F-re e=t-0g,-sher -s ,se/ to e=t-0g,-sh s7a or -0-t-a o,t4rea> 5-res6 o5te0 -0 e7erge0 s-t,at-o0s. It -s 0ot -0te0/e/ 5or ,se o0 a0 o,t)o5)o0tro 5-re. It sho,/ 4e oate/ at o0sp-,o,s oat-o0. Tp-a6 a 5-re e=t-0g,-sher o0s-sts o5 a ha0/)he/ -0/r-a press,re esse o0ta-0-0g a0 age0t 9h-h a0 4e /-sharge/ to e=t-0g,-sh a 5-re.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 22+ ) Porta4e e=t-0g,-sher sha 4e /es-g0e/ a0/ -0stae/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 1&3.

• E=ter0a 5-re h/ra0t

 ' 5-re h/ra0t -s a sste7 o5 p-pe 9or> that ao9s 9ater to 5o9 5ro7 a 9ater 7a-0 9-th the o0tro o5 a ae -0 or/er to p,t o,t a 5-re. 9-segee>6 0./. The 9ater -s /-sharge/ -0to the 5-re e0g-0e 5ro7 9h-h -t -s the0 sprae/ oer the 5 -re.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 22&2 ) Eer 4,-/-0g sha 4e sere/ 4 at east o0e 5-re h/ra0t oate/ 0ot 7ore tha0 !& 7eter 5ro7 the 5-re 4r-ga/e aess6 /es-g0e/ a0/ -0stae/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 1!. I0 a0 ase6 h/ra0ts sha 4e oate/ 0ot 7ore tha0 A 7eters apart. U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 22&3 ) Depe0/-0g o0 the s-e a0/ oat-o0 o5 the 4,-/-0g a0/ the pro-s-o0 o5 aess 5or 5-re app-a0es6 a//-t-o0a 5-re h/ra0t sha 4e pro-/e/ as 7a 4e re<,-re/ 4 the D.%.F.R.

#ose ree sste7s -0te0/e/ 5or o,pa0t to ,se /,r-0g ear stage o5 5-re. It o0s-st o5 p,7ps6 p-pes6 aes6 hose ree ta0> a0/ hose rees oate/ strateg-a -0 a 4,-/-0g6 e0s,r-0g proper oerage o5 9ater to o74at a 5-re.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 22*' ) #ose ree sste7s sha 4e /es-g0e/ a0/ -0stae/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 1!.

• Water storage ta0>

Water s,pp-e/ 5ro7 a /es-g0e/ 9ater ta0> 1*73 oate/ at roo5 ee. The ta0> -s

7a/e ,p o5 presse/ stee a0/ the e=ter0a s,r5ae -s pa-0te/ 9-th a re/ 4a0/ o5 7-0-7,7 2AA77. It has t9o o7part7e0ts 9h-h -s o7part7e0t 1 a0/ 2. Bes-/es6 ee -0/-ator  -s aso pro-/e/.

• Wet r-ser 

Wet R-ser Sste7s are -0stae/ -0 4,-/-0gs 5or 5-re 5-ght-0g p,rposes 9h-h are per7a0e0t harge/ 9-th 9ater 5ro7 a p,7p so,re. prote6 0./. It re<,-re/ 9he0 top7ost 5oor o5 4,-/-0g -s h-gher tha0 3A.&7 a0/ o9er tha0 +A.&7 a4oe the 5-re

app-a0e aess ee. Water s,pp sha 4e apa4e o5 7a-0ta-0-0g a r,00-0g press,re o5 !1A>Pa at the h-ghest a0/-0g ae a0/ g-e a 5o9 rate o5 2.3 I@s.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 2311 ) Wet r-s-0g sste7s sha 4e pro-/e/ -0 eer

4,-/-0g -0 9h-h the top 7ost o,p-e/ 5oor -s 7ore tha0 3A 7eters a4oe 5-re app-a0e aess ee.

• Spr-0>e sste7

 ' spr-0>er sste7 -s -0tegrate/ sste7 o5 p-p-0g 9or>6 o00ete/ to a 9ater s,pp6 9-th -ste/ spr-0>ers that a,to7at-a -0-t-ate 9ater /-sharge oer a 5-re area. Where

re<,-re/6 the spr-0>er sste7 aso -0,/es a o0tro ae a0/ a /e-e 5or at-at-0g a0 aar7 9he0 the sste7 operates.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 22 ) Spr-0>er sste7s sha 4e /es-g0e/ a0/-0stae/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 11A.

• F-re7a0?s s9-th

 ' 5-re7a0?s s9-th -s a0 eetr-a -soat-o0 s9-th oate/ 4es-/e the top e/ge o5 the -5t to per7-t the /-so00et-o0 o5 eetr-a po9er s,pp to the reea0t 5oor or o0e sere/. 'rsa/6 2A11 Bes-/es6 -t -s to ,t /o90 the s,pp o5 eetr-a ser-es to the shop

9he0 the 5-re e=-sts. Th-s -s to ao-/ the eetr- ,rre0t oer 5o9 to a,se e=pos-o0. The 5-re7a0?s s9-th -s pae/ -0 a o0sp-,o,s a0/ aess-4e oat-o0 9h-h 0ot 7ore tha0 2.+&7 5ro7 the gro,0/. Bes-/es6 -t -s pa-0te/ -0 re/ oo,r a0/ 7o,0te/ o0to the 9a.

• "a0,a a po-0t

"a0,a aar7 a po-0ts are /es-g0e/ 5or the p,rpose o5 ra-s-0g a0 aar7 7a0,a o0e er-5-at-o0 o5 a 5-re or e7erge0 o0/-t-o0 e=-sts6 4 operat-0g the p,sh 4,tto0 or 4rea> gass the aar7 s-g0a a0 4e ra-se/. Cro,se)h-0/s6 0./. -t ,ses 4rea> gass a po-0t. It -s -0stae/ at a he-ght o5 1.27 a4oe 5oor ee a0/ s-te/ 9here ,ser a0 4e eas- see0. Bes-/es6 -t -s 5-tte/ o0 the 5oor s-/e o5 a0 aess /oor to a sta-rase so the 5oor o5 or-g-0 -s -0/-ate/ at the Co0tro Pa0e. "oreoer6 the greatest trae /-sta0e 5ro7 a0 po-0t -0 the 4,-/-0g to the 0earest a po-0t /oes 0ot e=ee/ 3A7. F-re sa5et a/-e e0tre6 0./.

The pr-7ar 5,0t-o0 o5 a 5-re 4e -s to aar7 peope 9ho are at r-s> to ta>e the 0eessar prea,t-o0ar sa5et a0/ ea,at-o0 7eas,res. Fest 5-re se,r-t6 0./. F-re 4es are reat-e o,/ a0/ aso /es-g0e/ to pro/,e a spe-5- a0/ ,0-<,e so,0/ patter0 9-th the -0te0t-o0 o5 e-7-0at-0g o05,s-o0 to s,ess5, 9ar0 5or haar/s. The 5-re 4e -s

-0stae/ thro,gho,t the 4,-/-0g 9-th a0 ee0 /-str-4,t-o0.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 23+ ) F-re /etet-o0 a0/ 5-re aar7 sste7s sha 4e/es-g0e/ a0/ -0stae/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 1+!&.

• S7o>e /etetor 

 ' s7o>e /etetors -0-t-a 5,0t-o0 -s to /etet that 5-re -s prese0t. There are t9o tpes o5 /etetors 9h-h are -o0-e/ s7o>e /etetor a0/ -ght satter-0g s7o>e /etetor. S7o>e /etetor -s 7o,0te/ o0 the e--0g. Whe0 s7o>es e0ter the ,0-t6 -t 9- re/,e ,rre0t 9h-h e0erg-es aar7 rea a0/ o4str,t the -ght pass-0g thro,gh. There5ore6 -t 9- tr-gger the aar7 4e to g-e s-g0a 5or the o,pa0ts to esape.

• Vo-e o77,0-at-o0 sste7

 '0 e7erge0 o-e o77,0-at-o0 sste7 ao9s the 5-re)5-ght-0g tea7 to

at-o0 -0 o00et-o0 9-th a 5-re or other e7erge0. e7erge0 teepho0e ha0/sets are se,re 7o,0te/ o0 the 9a a0/ oo,re/ -0 re/. It -s ,se/ as t 9o)9a

o77,0-at-o0 sste7. It -s a 0et9or> o5 teepho0e ha0/sets oate/ at /es-g0ate/ area o5 the 4,-/-0g a0/ o00ete/ to the 7aster ha0/set at the F-re Co77a0/ Ce0tre. F-re sa5et a0/ protet-o0 sste7s6 0./.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 23a ) There sha 4e t9o separate approe/

o0t-0,o,s eetr-a s,per-se/ o-e o77,0-at-o0s sste76 o0e a 5-re 4r-ga/e o77,0-at-o0s sste7 a0/ the other a p,4- a//ress sste7 4et9ee0 the e0tra o0tro stat-o0.

P'SSIVE FIRE FI%#TIN% SSTE"

Pass-e 5-re protet-o0 7etho/ -s a0 -0tegrate/ o7po0e0t o5 the str,t,ra 5-re protet-o0 a0/ 5-re sa5et -0 a 4,-/-0g. It atte7pts to o0ta-0 5-res or so9 the sprea/6 thro,gh ,se o5 5-re)res-sta0t 9as6 5oors6 a0/ /oors. Bes-/es6 pass-e sste7 7,st o7p 9-th the asso-ate/ -st-0g a0/ approa o5 ,se -0 or/er to pro-/e the e55et-e0ess e=pete/ 4 4,-/-0g o/es.

• F-re /oor 

The pass-e sste7 that 9e 5o,0/ -s 5-re /oor 9h-h ao9s the 5o9 o5 tra55- aro,0/ the 4,-/-0g. F-re /oors hae t9o -7porta0t 5,0t-o0s -0 the 5-re -0-/e0t 9h-h are to at as a 4arr-er to stop the sprea/ o5 5-re 9he0 the /oor -s ose/ a0/ to pro-/e a0 esape ro,te 5or o,pa0ts to esape 9he0 the /oor -s ope0e/. F-re sa5et a/-e e0tre6 0./.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 1*3 ) F-re /oors -0,/-0g 5ra7es sha 4e o0str,te/ -0 aor/a0e 9-th "S 1A+3.

• F-re esape ro,te

 ' 5-re esape -s a tpe o5 e7erge0 e=-t. It ,s,a pro-/es a /-ret-o0a e=-t s-g0s 5or o,pa0ts to eae 5or a sa5e pae -77e/-ate. It -s ,s,a 7o,0te/ to the o,ts-/e o5 a 4,-/-0g or oas-o0a -0s-/e 4,t separate/ 5ro7 the 7a-0 areas o5 the 4,-/-0g. The 5-re esape pa0 -s oate/ 4es-/e the -5t 5or sho9-0g these esape ro,tes.

• Sta-rase a0/ o7part7e0t

The 5-re esape sta-rase -s 4e-0g proper /es-g0e/ to 7eet the re<,-re7e0t o5 UBB$ 1* part . Th-s a0 4e proe/ 4 the 0,74er o5 r-ser per 5-ght are 0ot 7ore tha0 1*6 trea/  r-ser /-7e0s-o0s are o0s-ste0e6 0o 9-0/ers -0 esape sta-rase a0/ the e0gth o5 the a0/-0g -s 0ot ess tha0 9-/th. Bes-/es6 the 4,-/-0g -s s,4)/--/e/ -0to

o7part7e0t 4 ,s-0g o7part7e0t 9as a0/ o7part7e0t 5oors. The per-o/ o5 -0s,at-o0 sho,/ 0ot ess tha0 1& 7-0,tes.

U0/er UBB$ 1! Set-o0 1*! ) The re<,-re/ 9-/th o5 a sta-rase sha 4e 7a-0ta-0e/ thro,gho,t -ts e0gth -0,/-0g at a0/-0gs

!.2 C'SE STUD

"e/-,7 #-gh R-se B,-/-0g

• Staircase

• mergenc" eit sign

• )orrior • eat etector •  $riggers • %larm bell • ose reel • ire eting!isher

 't-e F-re F-ght-0g Sste7 Pass-e F-re F-ght-0g Sste7 #o,se

!.3: 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES OF FIRE FI%#TIN%

• Staircase

• ,oor

• *art" wall

 $here is no active 9re 9ghting s"stem in this ho!se.

 '/a0tages D-sa/a0tages  't-e F-re F-ght-0g Sste7 •  'o-/a0e o5 5-re sprea/-0g • I7proe/ aess-4--t o5 5-re pae • Better protet-o0 o5 -05rastr,t,re • Destrat-5-at-o0 o5 s7o>e aer 

• "ore o7pe= e<,-p7e0t • Re/,t-o0 o5 -s-4--t Pass-e F-re F-ght-0g Sste7 • No operat-o0a 7a-0te0a0e • No 5a--0gs •  'o-/s str,t,ra /-s-0tegrat-o0 • Re/,e spa-0g

• Does 0ot pree0t 5-re

sprea/-0g

• Does 0ot a,se a0

oo-0g e55et

• %-es 0o protet-o0 5or

perso0s a0/ eh-es

%0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

&.1 $ITER'TURE REVIEW

Waste 7a0age7e0t -s a r,-a area reate/ to the eo0o7- stat,s o5 a o,0tr a0/ the -5este o5 -ts pop,at-o0. So-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t a0 4e /e5-0e/ as a /-s-p-0e asso-ate/ 9-th the o0tro o5 ge0erat-o06 storage6 oet-o06 tra0s5er a0/ tra0sport6 proess-0g a0/ /-sposa o5 so-/ 9astes a0/ -0 sp-te o5 the aggress-e eo0o7- /eeop7e0t -0 "aas-a6 the so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t -s reat-e poor. Waste oet-o0 7etho/s ar 9-/e a7o0g /-55ere0t o,0tr-es a0/ reg-o0s. Do7est- 9aste oet-o0 ser-es are o5te0 pro-/e/ 4 oa goer07e0t a,thor-t-es6 or 4 pr-ate o7pa0-es 5or  -0/,str-a a0/ o77er-a 9aste. So7e areas6 espe-a those -0 ess /eeope/ o,0tr-es6 /o 0ot hae 5or7a 9aste)oet-o0 sste7s. Var-o,s oet-o0 a0/ o0ta-0er sste7s are ,se/ /epe0/-0g o0 the areas o5 9aste oet-o0. There -s 4oth /oor)to)/oor oet-o0 a0/ -0/-ret oet-o06 9-th o0ta-0ers or o77,0a 4-0s pae/ 0ear 7ar>ets6 -0 apart7e0t o7pe=es6 a0/ -0 other appropr-ate oat-o0s 5or ha,age to tra0s5er stat-o0s a0/ /-sposa s-tes 4 spe-a 9aste eh-es.

M$2 R$4 B2$5$.6

F-g,re 1.1 "e/-,7 r-se 4,-/-0g

F-g,re 1.2 Re5,se h,te

"e/-,7 r-se 4,-/-0g ->e apart7e0t or 5at 9o,/ ,se re5,se h,te.Re5,se h,te sste7 are a h-gh prat-a s-7pe a0/ ost e55et-e so,t-o0 5or ha0/-0g /o7est- gar4age -0 o9 a0/ h-gh r-se 4,-/-0g. There are 0or7a -0orporate/ -0 the 4,-/-0g o0str,t-o0 phase 6ho9eer the a0 aso 4e retro5-tte/ -0 soph-st-at-0g the gar4age /-sposa sste7 o5 the 4,-/-0g.Re5,se h,te sste7 o7p 9-th pert-0e0t a-/e0t pree0t-o0 a0/ hg-e0e o/e re<,-re7e0ts.S-0e these sste7 -0,/e ea0-0g 6 9ash a0/ /-s-05et-0g 5a--t-es.Re5,se h,te -s a0 -0tegrate/ o7po0e0t o5 a /9e-0g ,0-t.U0/er the 4,-/-0g pa0 5or e0-ro07e0ta heath6re5,se storage a0/ oet-o0 sste7 sha 4e /es-g0e/ s,h that there 9- 4e 7-0-7,7 0,-sa0e to o,pa0ts a0/ 0e-gh4o,r-0g pre7-ses a0/ 0o po,t-o0 to the e0-ro07e0t.It aso state/ that re5,se h,te sha 4e pro-/e/ 5or h-gh r-se a0/ 7e/-,7 r-se 4,-/-0g so that o,pa0ts 0ee/ 0ot hae to ta>e the-r  re5,se -0to -5ts a0/ 9a> /o90 the sta-rs 9-th -t.

D275 S/89 H24

Do,4e store ho,se -s oate/ -0 a res-/e0t-a area.Res-/e0t-a area -s a a0/ ,se -0 9h-h ho,s-0g pre/o7-0ates6 as oppose/ to -0/,str-a a0/ o77er-a areas. #o,s-0g 7a ar s-g0-5-a0t 4et9ee06 a0/ thro,gh6 res-/e0t-a areas. These -0,/e s-0ge)5a7- ho,s-0g6 7,t-)5a7- res-/e0t-a. o0-0g 5or res-/e0t-a ,se 7a per7-t so7e ser-es or  9or> opport,0-t-es or 7a tota e=,/e 4,s-0ess a0/ -0/,str.

For so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t sste7 -0 res-/e0t-a area are ho,seho/ 9aste oet-o0.Th-s ser-e -s arr-e/ o,t thro,gh street o0ta-0ers6 /oor to /oor 4ags oet-o0 ser-e -0oes the a4o,rers e0ter-0g the pre7-ses6 oet-0g gar4age 5ro7 a storage area a0/ e7pt-0g -t -0to the oet-o0 eh-e 64,-/-0g to 4,-/-0g ->e oet-0g gar4age 5ro7 o,ts-/e@a/;ae0t to 4,-/-0gs6 ao0g streets or ae9as a0/ p0e,7at- oet-o0 4o=es a0/ 4-0s 5or oet-o0 -0 shops.

#a0/art oet-o0 -s a tpe o5 a >er4s-/e oet-o0 sste7. $a4o,rers oet 9aste store/ -0 o0ta-0ers6 4ags o5 9aste e5t at the >er4s-/e or oet 9aste /-ret 5ro7 the res-/e0t. #a0/arts 7,st tra0s5er the-r oa/s to a trator6 orr or o7pator 5or  tra0sportat-o0 to the /-sposa s-te. I0 areas o5 the to90@-t that hae 0arro9 or o0geste/ roa/s6 ha0/arts are o5te0 ,se/ 5or oet-o0.

&.2 C'SE STUD

N: - 

72$5$.6 TERATAI;S BLOCK HOUSE

W:4/ <55</$.

494/

• Terata-?s 4o> -s tpe o5 7e/-,7

r-se 4,-/-0g .For th-s 4o> the ,s-0g 5oor to 5oor 9aste oet-o0 sste7.

• Eer/a ea0ers 9- oet

gar4age 5oor to 5oor a0/ the 9- 4r-0g the gar4age to the area pro-/e/.

• Th-s ho,se oate/ -0 res-/e0t-a

area.Th-s ho,se tpe -s /o,4e store terrae ho,se .The ho,se -s oate/ -0 res-/e0t-a area so the ,se ho,se to ho,se 9aste oet-o0 sste7.

• #o,seho/ or ,ser 9- eae the-r 

gar4age /-ret o,ts-/e the-r ho7es aor/-0g to a gar4age p->),p she/,e set 9-th the oa a,thor-t-es.

• Th-s -s the pae to oet the

gar4age. Th-s pae oate/ 4eh-0/ Upto90 U-t7 Ser- Is>a0/ar. $arge

o0ta-0ers ,se/ 5or the oet-o0 o5  9aste6s,-ta4e 5or 7e/-,7 r-se 4,-/-0g. Coetors 9- o7e to ta>e the trash to 4e se0t to a a0/5- -0 S-t-a9a06Pera>.

•  ' 9aste 7a0age7e0t oet-o0

sste7 9o,/ 7a0age 4 "a;-s Daerah Pera> Te0gah.

• Coetors 9o,/ 5ro7 ho,se to ho,se to

oet the gar4age.The 9o,/ go-0g aro,0/ res-/e0t-a area to oet the gar4age 5ro7 ho,se o ho,se.The gar4age 9o,/ se0t to the a0/5- -0 B,>-t Tagar6#,, Sea0gor.

•  'a7 Fora S/0 Bh/ -s respo0s-4e to

7a0ages the tra0sportat-o0 a0/ 9aste oet-o0 -0 Sea0gor area.

• Bo> Terata- 9as pae/ -0 U-t7

Ser- Is>a0/ar Ca9a0ga0 Pera> 6 a the 9aste oet-o0 9o,/ se0t to a0/5- that oate/ at S-t-a9a0 area "a0;,0g6Pera>.

•  '5ter a 9aste oet-o0 at res-/e0t-a

area /o0e 6a the so-/ 9- se0/ to the a0/5- that oate/ at B,>-t Tagar6#,, Sea0gor.' the proess ->e re-0g 9o,/ /o0e at that pae.

&.3 'DV'NT'%ES 'ND DIS'DV'NT'%ES T9= -  B2$5$.6 A>:./:6 D$4:>:./:6 M$2?8$4 B2$5$.6

• $arge o0ta-0ers hae 4ee0

pro-/e/ to oet a so-/ 9aste 4e5ore the tra0sportat-o0 o5 9aste oet-o0 o7e ta>e.

• #o,seho/ /-/0?t 0ee/ to go

/o90sta-r to thro9 the trash.

• Re/,e/ o//,r po,t-o0 5or 

res-/e0t-a area.

I5 the 9aste oet ate67a4e the 9aste 9o,/ to 4e 5-e/ <,->.

S7e po,t-o0 7a o,r /,e to the tra0sportat-o0 o5 9aste oet-o0 9o,/ o7e to oet the 9aste -0 aor/a0e 9-th the she/,e set. Cost -0staat-o0 the re5,se h,te -s e=pe0s-e.

D275

S/89 H24

#o,seho/ /-/0?t 0ee/ to p,t the 9aste 5ar 5ro7 the-r ho,se6the  ;,st 0ee/ to p,t the-r gar4age

o,ts-/e the-r ho,se.

Its eas 5or oeter to oet the 9aste.

• Cost o5 -0staat-o0 0ot to

e=pe0s-e.

• "a0age7e0t o5 the 9aste oet-o0

sste7 pro4e7 the ;,st oet the 9aste t9-e a 9ee>

• S7e pro4e7 -05ro0t ho,se 4ea,se

o5 oet-o0 o5 9aste are ate a,se o5  the 5oo9 the she/,e that area/ set.

• The oetor 0ee/ to go-0g ho,se to

ho,se aro,0/ the res-/e0t-a area to oet the 9aste at eer ho,se6 to 7a0 9or> 0ee/ to /o.

*.A CONC$USIONS

Thro,gh th-s ass-g07e0t6 9e hae /eeope/ the a4--t to -/e0t-5 a0/ e=pa-0 the reea0t -05or7at-o0 reate/ to 5-re protet-o0 sste76so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t6 9ater s,pp sste7 a0/ se9erage a0/ /ra-0age sste7. It has aso a/a0e/ o,r s>- to /-st-0g,-sh a0/ /-55ere0t-ate the -0staat-o0 o5 ar-o,s tpes o5 ser-es -0 a 4,-/-0g as 9e as -0reas-0g o,r apa4--t to a0ae a0/ sr,t-0-e o0 the pro4e7 o5 the 4,-/-0g ser-e sste7s.

For 9ater s,pp sste76 9e a>0o9e/ge 4oth a/a0tages a0/ /-sa/a0tages 5or /-ret 9ater s,pp sste7 a0/ -0/-ret 9ater s,pp sste7 a0/ aso pro4e7s that 7a 4e e0o,0tere/ 4oth sste7s. (0o9e/ge o5 the 4e0e5-ts a0/ pro4e7s a0 hep ,s to

/eter7-0e ho9 to hoose the r-ght 9ater s,pp sste7 9h-h -s to 4e -0stae/ -0 a part-,ar  4,-/-0g. Not o0 that6 -t aso e0a4es ,s to /eter7-0e ho9 to proper 7a-0ta-0 the sste7 so that 9e a0 ao-/ a0/ pree0t pro4e7s -0 the sste7 a0/ th,s6 hae a 4etter6 5,0t-o0a a0/ o0g)ter7 9ater s,pp sste7. 's the teh0oog -s -7pro-0g6 9e 9ere a4e to -/e0t-5 seera -7proe7e0ts that o,/ 4e 7a/e to 9ater s,pp sste7 -0 or/er to e0ha0e the sste7 a0/ e-7-0ate or re/,e pro4e7s -0 the sste7.

We aso >0o9 ho9 -7porta0t -t -s to hae the >0o9e/ge a4o,t 5-re 5-ght-0g sste7 -0 a 4,-/-0g. Base/ o0 o,r ass-g07e0t6 4oth 4,-/-0g 7,st ta>e at-o0 to s,pport the operat-o0 a0/ 7a-0te0a0e o5 the 7eha0-a6 eetr-a a0/ p,74-0g 4,-/-0g ser-es to e0s,re a sste7s are 5, operat-o0a a0/ o7p-a0t as 9e as s,pport-0g the 4,-/-0g a0/ ser-es 7a0ager to e0s,re 5, o7p-a0e o5 a operat-0g sste7s part-,ar 9-th the 5-re

protet-o0 sste76 -/e0t-5-0g r-s> a0/ s,pport-0g so,t-o0s to reate proe/,res 9h-h are ear /o,7e0te/.

W-th a goo/ 4,-/-0g ser-e sste76 -t a0 pro-/e a0 opt-7,7 ee o5 o,pa0ts? o75ort a0/ protet the ,sto7ers as 9e. Sa7e goes to so-/ 9aste 7a0age7e0t a0/ se9erage a0/ /ra-0age sste7. Both sste7s 7,st 9or> reg,ar so that there 9- 4e 0o pro4e7 -0 proess-0g a0/ 7a0ag-0g 9aste pro/,ts.

I0 a 0,tshe6 th-s ass-g07e0t to,ght ,s a ot a4o,t ho9 to ooperate 9e -0 the gro,p -0 or/er to o7pete th-s 9or>. We 9a0t to tha0> eero0e 5or the -05or7at-o0 9e are gett-0g.