Appro
Approaches of Study
aches of Study of
of
International Relations
International Relations
Classical or
Classical or Conv
Conventional
entional
Approaches
Approaches
Traditional Approaches Traditional Approaches
•
• 1.Historical Approach1.Historical Approach •
• 2.Current Event Approach2.Current Event Approach •
• 3.Institutional, Legal and Normal Approach3.Institutional, Legal and Normal Approach
Philosophical Approaches Philosophical Approaches
•
• 1.Realistic Approach1.Realistic Approach •
Methods or Approaches of
Methods or Approaches of
International Relations
International Relations
II. Scientific or Behavioral Approaches
II. Scientific or Behavioral Approaches
•• 1.Balance of Pow1.Balance of Power Approacher Approach •
• 2.Loose Bi-Polar Syst2.Loose Bi-Polar System em ApproachApproach •
• 3.Tight BI-Polar System Approach3.Tight BI-Polar System Approach •
• 4.Universal International System Approach4.Universal International System Approach •
• 5.Hierachical International System Approach5.Hierachical International System Approach •
III. Policy Science Approaches
III. Policy Science Approaches
•
• 1.Decision-Making Approach1.Decision-Making Approach •
• 2.Communication 2.Communication ApproachApproach •
• 3.Games Theory Approach3.Games Theory Approach •
• 4.Bargaining 4.Bargaining Theory ApproachTheory Approach •
The Idealistic
The Idealistic Appro
Approach
ach
It is one of the classical approaches It is one of the classical approaches
•
• It is the liberal approach is It is the liberal approach is follofollowed inwed in
between the two world wars between the two world wars
•
• Woodrow was the proponent of this approachWoodrow was the proponent of this approach •
• According to this approach, a society or nationAccording to this approach, a society or nation
is formed due to evolution. is formed due to evolution.
•
•
• In 1795 Condorcet visualized a world order freeIn 1795 Condorcet visualized a world order free
from war, in equality and tyranny. from war, in equality and tyranny.
•
• This new order would be marked by constantThis new order would be marked by constant
progress in human welfare brought about by the progress in human welfare brought about by the use of
use of reason, education and science.reason, education and science.
•
• The future system was visualized to be free fromThe future system was visualized to be free from
power politics, immorality and violence power politics, immorality and violence
•
• President Woodrow Wilson of USA who gave aPresident Woodrow Wilson of USA who gave a
concrete shape to this his idealism through text concrete shape to this his idealism through text of
•
• He made a strong plea for world peace andHe made a strong plea for world peace and
international organization. international organization.
•
• The difficulty of this system is that such a systemThe difficulty of this system is that such a system
could emerge only by following the moral could emerge only by following the moral
principles in mutual relations in place of power, principles in mutual relations in place of power, which is not possible in
which is not possible in practicepractice..
•
• Secondly, to bring about such order theSecondly, to bring about such order the
totalitarian forces must be crushed by all means totalitarian forces must be crushed by all means of through the use
of through the use of democratic methods andof democratic methods and the last necessity is the
the last necessity is the estestablishment of worldablishment of world government.
Realist Approach
Realist Approach
•
• The realistic approach was propounded by HansThe realistic approach was propounded by Hans
J.Morgentheu and George Kenna Spykman are J.Morgentheu and George Kenna Spykman are leading exponents of this theory.
leading exponents of this theory.
•
• According to Morgenthau, the approach to the studyAccording to Morgenthau, the approach to the study
of international relations should take into consider of international relations should take into consider ration human nature as it is actually is, and not what ration human nature as it is actually is, and not what it ought to be.
it ought to be.
•
• It is human nature which is reflected at theIt is human nature which is reflected at the
international level under the name of foreign policy international level under the name of foreign policy of a state.
•
• Human nature is essentially selfish and wantsHuman nature is essentially selfish and wants
to protect its own interest. to protect its own interest.
•
• The master key in the study of internationalThe master key in the study of international
relations is the attainment of power. relations is the attainment of power.
•
• Thus power is the essence of internationalThus power is the essence of international
relations. relations.
The Principles of Realist Theory are:
The Principles of Realist Theory are:
•
• 1.Foreign policy should be based o1.Foreign policy should be based on facts and reason.n facts and reason. •
• 2.Foreign policy should be based o2.Foreign policy should be based on national interestn national interest
defined in terms of power. defined in terms of power.
•
• 3.Meaning of national interest defined in terms of 3.Meaning of national interest defined in terms of
power should change with
power should change with the changing circumstances.the changing circumstances.
•
• 4.No place f4.No place for or universal universal moral moral principprinciples les inin
internat
international ional relations.relations.
•
• 5.No identity between moral principles of a 5.No identity between moral principles of a nation andnation and
universal moral principles. universal moral principles.
•
•
• Morton Kaplan’s Six Systems ApproachMorton Kaplan’s Six Systems Approach
•
• The systems approach is the result pf the behavioralThe systems approach is the result pf the behavioral resolution in international relation
resolution in international relation •
• According to him International Relations implies two things:According to him International Relations implies two things:
•
• 1.International system1.International system •
• 2.Nation state system.2.Nation state system.
•
• Nations or states are the main actors in the internationalNations or states are the main actors in the international politic
politics and s and the role the role of the of the state state with the change with the change of of international system.
international system. •
• Kaplan believes that physical force is necessary to keep theKaplan believes that physical force is necessary to keep the system
system in tact and this fin tact and this force is present in the sorce is present in the state state systemystem which is absent in the international system.
•
• Kaplan treats six Kaplan treats six models of models of major intmajor international ernational systems.systems. They are :
They are : •
• 1.The Balance of Power System :-1.The Balance of Power System
:-•
• This system prevailed in the 18This system prevailed in the 18thth and 19and 19thth centuries. Thecenturies. The Balance of Power System approach has six rules :
Balance of Power System approach has six rules :
1.Each state may increase it’s power without war i.e. through 1.Each state may increase it’s power without war i.e. through
negotiation. negotiation.
2.The primary object of each state is to protect its national 2.The primary object of each state is to protect its national
interests even at the risk of war. interests even at the risk of war.
3.One should not eliminate an essential national participant. 3.One should not eliminate an essential national participant. 4.The participant should oppose any coalition of other
4.The participant should oppose any coalition of other
participants in order to avoid predominance of that group participants in order to avoid predominance of that group in relation to the rest of the system.
5.The participant should prevent other 5.The participant should prevent other
participants from subscribing to the participants from subscribing to the supranational principles and
supranational principles and
6.The defeated participants should be permitted 6.The defeated participants should be permitted
to re-enter the system to re-enter the system
•
• When the participants When the participants in this system,in this system,
individually or collectively, do not play individually or collectively, do not play according to these six rules,
according to these six rules, The systThe systemem becomes unstable.
ii.
ii. The Bipolar System :-The Bipolar System
:-•
• According to Kaplan, the unstable balance of pAccording to Kaplan, the unstable balance of power system changesower system changes
itself Into a bipolar system. Kaplan conceives of two types
itself Into a bipolar system. Kaplan conceives of two types of bipolarof bipolar syst
system. They em. They are :-are :-1.
1.The Loose Bipolar The Loose Bipolar systsystem ( em ( The USA and the USSR)The USA and the USSR) non-member actors : ( The Non-aligned
non-member actors : ( The Non-aligned statstates ) and the es ) and the UniversalUniversal actor ( The UNO )
actor ( The UNO )
2.The Tight Bipolar System : Between USA and USSR. 2.The Tight Bipolar System : Between USA and USSR. iii.
iii.The The Universal Universal InternatioInternational nal System: System: UNOUNO Iv . Hierarchical International Syst
Iv . Hierarchical International System em : The : The establishment of Worldestablishment of World Government.
Government.
V . Unit Veto system : The unit veto system would remain stable only if V . Unit Veto system : The unit veto system would remain stable only if
all the actors are prepared to resist threats and retaliate in case of all the actors are prepared to resist threats and retaliate in case of an attack.
