Technical Drawing Y1

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Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing

Module No.: 1

Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing

Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education

PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Copyright Department of Education 2008

First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning

Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel,

Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of

the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following

personnel:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI

Roy S. Luneta

Bauan Technical High School

Bauan, Batangas

Ariel F. Maglalang

Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino

Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III

Juanito Bugaoisan

Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology

San Fernando, La Union

Arlene V. Tobias

Mabalacat Technical High School

Mabalacat, Pampanga

Facilitator:

Aida T. Galura

Angeles City National Trade School

Sunset Valley, Angeles City

(3)

Encoders:

Mel Contapay

Office of Legal Affairs

Department of Education

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

Maria Riza Zamora

DepED Budget Division

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in

Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the

concerted effort of the following writers:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11

Condrado C. Casulla

Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades

Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01

Nelson M. Arisga

Malvar National High School

Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A

Alexander M. Latoga

Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades

Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A

Mirasol F. Dasig

San Pedro Relocation Center National High School

San Pedro, Laguna

Region 4A

Contextual Writer:

Marvin R. Viernes

Muntinlupa Business High School

Muntinlupa City, NCR

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Encoder:

Lawrence D. Cruz

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Jeffree O. Ponce

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Facilitator:

Orlando E. Manuel PhD

Principal

Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

Cabarroguis, Quirino

Region 02

This work was funded by the Department of Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949.

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

editon: 1960

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a

post-assessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the

specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

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Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title

:

Preparing Freehand Drawing

INTRODUCTION

People around the world speak with different languages but they come up with common understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing becomes a universal language.

This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different lettering styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:

LO1 Perform different lettering styles and techniques.

LO2 Sketch simple objects.

LO3 Perform sketches.

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TECHNICAL TERMS

Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters. Slant line is an inclined line.

Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing. Sketching is a preliminary drafting.

Stroke is the technique of printing letters.

Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets.

Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or

drawing.

Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing

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1 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title

:

Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning Outcome 1 :

Perform different lettering styles and

techniques

Assessment Criteria

1. Importance of lettering is properly explained

2. Each style of letter is performed on commercial standards.

3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments are properly observed and practiced.

4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used.

5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose.

References:

1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th_{editon: 1960}

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

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2 LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Perform different lettering styles and techniques

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1

2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to test your knowledge about lettering.

3. Review the information sheet if some items were not properly carried out.

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3 INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality standard in printing letters.

Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of the drawing once it is not done well.

The Four Group of Letters

1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the

four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo

Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy

Two forms of gothic letters:

a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used for advertisement purposes only.

b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for engineering drawing purposes.

2.

Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they

have pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp

Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy

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4

The Three Classics of Roman Letters:

a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the thin stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy stem.

b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen.

c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen. However, this style must be printed in the absence of serif.

3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely

used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four

groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

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5

The Rule of Stability of letters

This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters particularly on the following:

1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form. Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line.

Example:

2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line, base line, and dropped line.

Example:

The General Proportion of Letters

1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be

applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size.

Example:

COMPRESSED

A B C D E F G

cap line waist line base line

a b c d f g y

cap line waist line dropped line base line

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6

2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The

width of the letter is wider than the height. Example:

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The

letter is printed in the normal size. Example:

NORMAL

The Two Proportion of Thickness

1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.

Example:

BOLDFACE

2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.

Example:

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7

Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses:

1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of letters

2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting 3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting

4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer 5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer 6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching 7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters

8. Leroy Lettering Pen - used for engineering and architectural lettering

Order of Strokes in Lettering

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal. You should practice making these letters according to the models.

The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given.

The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the circle.

The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by 25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.

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8 Making Numerals

All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and 5 units wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1

Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals Figure 1.1

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9

Single stroke vertical lower case letters Figure 1.2

Single stroke inclined upper case lower case letters and numerals Figure 1.3

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10

Single stroke inclined lower case letters Figure 1.4

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11 SELF CHECK 1.1

LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques

I. Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the letter of the word or group of words that will make the statement complete and correct.

________ 1. Which of the styles of letter is applicable for engineering drawing?

a. Single stroke gothic letters b. Commercial gothic letters c. Modified roman letters d. Modern roman letters

________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is enough.

a. compressed b. extended c. normal d. lightface

________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest width?

a. N and O b. M and W c. C and X d. H and L

________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly define the meaning of rule of stability?

a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters

b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters. c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters.

d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the different lettering tools.

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12

________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for limited space?

a. compressed proportion b. extended proportion c. normal proportion d. boldface proportion

II. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not properly printed.

2. How important is lettering in the drawing?

III. Direction : Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of Gothic,

and Roman letters.

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13 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title

:

Preparing Freehand Drawing

LO2. Sketch simple objects

Assessment Criteria

1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed. 2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified.

3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects based on commercial standards are explained.

4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed.

References:

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14 LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object

2. Read information sheet no. 2

3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for better understanding.

 Try to answer the self check.

 Try to follow the procedure correctly.

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15 INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will be exposed to higher level of drawing activities.

Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching tools and materials.

Principles of Sketching Objects

Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic principles in sketching. The following are:

 Analyze the proportions of the subject.

 Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject.

 Determine the small details on the subject.

 Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.

 Use the appropriate sketching materials.

The Two Basic Proportions of Object

 Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must be proportioned to the width of the subject.

 Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be proportioned to the height of the subject.

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16 Basic Shapes of Objects

1. Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are

right angles.

2. Square - has four equal sides and angles

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17

4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles which may not be right angles but are also equal.

5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.

6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are

equal.

7. Equilateral Triangle- is a triangle with all sides and angles are equal.

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18

8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.

9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the circle.

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19 SELF CHECK 2.1

LO2. Sketch simple object

Direction : A. Identify the terms referred in the following.

____________________1.The most important role in freehand sketching. ____________________2.A polygon with six equal sides.

_____________________3. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal right angles.

____________________4. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and whose angles are also right angles.

____________________5. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel. ____________________6. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal. ___________________ 7. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides are equal.

B. Enumerate what are being asked.

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20 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title

:

Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning outcome 3:

Perform freehand sketches

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements. 2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and

equipment are observed and practiced.

3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard procedure.

4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard specification.

5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate drawing materials.

6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied

.

References:

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21 LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES

Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Sketches

1. Read information sheet no. 3.

2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to test your understanding.

3. If not able to answer all items correctly, review again the information no. 3

4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1

 Observe carefully the teacher’s demonstration 5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2,

analyze the given procedure.

6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to test your knowledge on freehand sketches.

 Try to answer the self check.

 Ask the teacher when some items are difficult to understand.

 Ask your teacher for some clarifications.

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22 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand drawing

Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching

Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in organizing their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and economical means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so that a choice can be made between them at the outset. Often, much time can be made between them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the designer starts his scaled layout before adequate preliminary study with the aid of sketches. Information concerning changes design, covering replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually conveyed through sketches.

Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials

1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of

various sheet thickness.

2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring purposes.

3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a

mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is produced.

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23

4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten your paper.

5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.

6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.

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24

7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45- degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.

8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started. the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of tape.

9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum. of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to

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25

10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the inside scale which is the opposite.

11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing

compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the

pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg.

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26

12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than arcs and circles.

12. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.

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27

14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.

15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.

Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments

1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger. keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and after using.

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28 Basic consideration in freehand sketches

It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines: 1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180

deg. It is drawn from left to right.

2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to bottom.

3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.

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29 Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches

Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is applied in a variety of tones or values.

The following are the tones or values of shading:

1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the greatest amount of light.

2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives less amount of light.

3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of light.

In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming from the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are imagined to be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.

Techniques in Shading Application

1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives more light.

2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium values.

3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light with a heavy shade.

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30

Methods of shading application

1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object by using lines.

2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce dots on the surface of the object.

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31

3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted

shading must not be applied to the same surface of the object.

4. Continuous Tone Shading or Smudge Shading. This is applied by using the powdered graphite or lead of a pencil.

Note:

Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the application of this activity.

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32 SELF CHECK 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches

Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank.

____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line drawing.

____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with a convenient height that will make you comfortable while drawing.

____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as well as measuring purposes.

____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves other than arc s and circles.

____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.

____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines

B. Enumeration:

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33 OPERATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches

Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing

the learner to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of

drawing emanates from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical,

inclined, and curve lines.

Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines

1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm.

2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts.

3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start

at the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap

distance).

4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle.

Start at the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have

5mm gap distance).

5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a

downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance).

6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have

5mm gap distance).

(See figure 3.5)

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34 Figure 3.5

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35 OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Perform freehand drawing

Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical

drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching.

Procedure in making freehand drawing:

1. Prepare the model/object.

2. Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and

sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.

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36 3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).

4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.

5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.

6. Apply line shading.

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37 SELF CHECK 3.2

DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous

tone shading.

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38 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES

Performance Assessment

Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score (Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria:  Accuracy

50 pts - The output is accurately done.

45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output. 40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed

10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time. 8 pts - The output is done on time.

6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

 Neatness

25 pts. - No errors made on the output.

20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output. 15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

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39

 Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly printed.

10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

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40 ANSWER KEY 1.1

TEST I. 1. a 2. c. 3. b 4. a 5. a

TEST II. ( Teacher’s check)

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41 ANSWER KEY 2.1

1. Proportion 2. Hexagon 3. Rectangle 4. Square 5. Trapezoid 6. Equilateral triangle 7. Rhombus 8. Rectangle 9. Hexagon 10. Square

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42 ANSWER KEY # 3.1

1. T-square 2. Drawing table 3. Scale 4. French curve 5. Divider 6. Triangle 7. White 8. Cream

9. Light and green 10. Buff

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43 ANSWER KEY # 3.2

(Teacher’s Check)

ANSWER KEY 3.1

a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron

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Unit of Competency: Construct Geometrical Figures

Module No.: 2

Module Title: Constructing Geometrical Figures

Department of the Education

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Copyright Department of Education 2008

First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based Learning

Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel,

Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of

the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following

personnel:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI

Roy S. Luneta

Bauan Technical High School

Bauan, Batangas

Ariel F. Maglalang

Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino

Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III

Juanito Bugaoisan

Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology

San Fernando, La Union

Arlene V. Tobias

Mabalacat Technical High School

Mabalacat, Pampanga

Facilitator:

Aida T. Galura

Angeles City National Trade School

Sunset Valley, Angeles City

(54)

Encoders:

Mel Contapay

Office of Legal Affairs

Department of Education

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

Maria Riza Zamora

DepED Budget Division

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in

Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the

concerted effort of the following writers:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11

Condrado C. Casulla

Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades

Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01

Nelson M. Arisga

Malvar National High School

Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A

Alexander M. Latoga

Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades

Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A

Mirasol F. Dasig

San Pedro Relocation Center National High School

San Pedro, Laguna

Region 4A

Contextual Writer:

Marvin R. Viernes

Muntinlupa Business High School

Muntinlupa City, NCR

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Encoder:

Lawrence D. Cruz

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Jeffree O. Ponce

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Facilitator:

Orlando E. Manuel PhD

Principal

Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

Cabarroguis, Quirino

Region 02

This work was funded by the Department of Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

editon: 1960

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Page

How to Use this Module ……….. I Introduction ……….. ii Technical Terms ………. Iii Learning Outcome 1 – Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles & Angles ……….. 1 Learning Experiences/Activities ………. 2 Information Sheet 1.1 ……… 3 Operation sheet 1.1 ……….. 5 Self- Check Sheet 1.1 ………

Self – Check 1.2 ……….. 11 13 Learning Outcome 2 – Draw Regular Polygons ……… 15 Learning Experiences/Activities ……….. 16 Information Sheet 2.1 ……… 17 Operation Sheet 2.1 ……… 18 Self Check 2.1 ……… 23

Learning Outcome 3 – Draw Regular Solids ………. 24 Learning Experiences/Activities ……….. 25 Information Sheet 3.1 ………. 26 Self – Check 3.2 ……… 29 Assessment Resources ……….. 30 Answer Key ………. 32-35

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

post-assessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the

specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

(58)

Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title

:

Constructing Geometrical Figures

INTRODUCTION

This module is designed for the student to familiarize with geometrical figures and plane geometry and to be able to draw mechanically using compass, triangle, dividers, pencils and erasers. The basic knowledge in geometric construction which will be integrated or applied in any area of specialization are discussed in this module.

Accuracy, proper practice in holding different materials and instruments and safety measures are also included in this module.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:

LO1 Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles

LO2 Draw regular polygons

LO3 Draw regular solids

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Bisect- means to divide in half.

Degree- is a unit of angular measurement.

Divider- is a device used to transfer measurements or to scribe arcs on hard

Surfaces.

Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides. Octagon- is a polygon with eight sides. Pentagon- is a polygon with five sides.

Radius- is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with

a point on the circumference of a circle.

Vertex- is a point in the intersection of two or more sides.

Inscribe- means a polygon is drawn inside a circle.

Circumscribe- means a polygon is drawn outside the circle. Tetrahedron- is a solid with four triangles.

Hexahedron- is a cube.

Octahedron- is a solid with eight triangles. Dodecahedron- is a solid with twelve pentagons. Icosahedron- is a solid with twenty triangles.

Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.

Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting

at a common point called vertex.

Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in

contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.

Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in

passing through a fix point.

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1 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title

:

Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 1: Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing tools and instruments in bisecting lines, angles and arcs are identified.

2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in bisecting lines, arcs, circle and angle.

3. Geometric figures are accurately constructed.

4. Proper handling of drafting tools and equipment is observed. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested.

References:

editon: 1960

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2 LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles. Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1 on bisecting lines, arcs, circles, and angles.

2. Answer self check no. 1.1

3. Check your answers using the answer key.

4. Read operation sheet no. 1.1 about the procedure in bisecting lines, arcs, circles, and angles.

5. Perform task on self check no. 1.2.

6. Review the steps in operation sheet no. 1.1 if some steps were not properly demonstrated.

 Try to answer self-check no. 2.1.

 Try to perform the said Activity.

 Consult your teacher on the items which are difficult to perform.

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3 INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1 :

Bisect lines, arcs, circles and angles

Geometric Construction

Constructing Geometric Forms with drawing instruments is always observed in Technical Drawing. They are in the form of lines, angles, ellipses, quadrilaterals, solids, circle and polygons.

Classifications of Drawing Tools

Scrubing

Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools

 Do not use compass or divider as pick.

 Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter.

 Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T – Square & Triangle.

 Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines.

 Always use a sharp pencil. Triangular

Scale

Triangles

T-square

Divider

Compass

Circular Templates

emplates

Divider

Compass

Foot Rule

Triangles

T-square

Foot Rule

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4

Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment

 Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines.

 Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.

 Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features.

 Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.

Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing

 Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.

 Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.

 Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing.

 Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done.

 Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

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5

Operation Sheet No. 1.1

LO1 :

Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Steps in Bisecting Lines

1. Given Line AB

2. Strike arcs greater than the radius with points A and B as centers.

3. Through the intersections of the arcs at 1 and 2, draw a light vertical line. This line will divide the given line AB at point O. Line AO equals line OB.

A B

A O B

1

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6

Steps in Bisecting Arc

A

B

A

1.Given an Arc AB connect the extremities of the arc with a straight line. Use the same procedure as in bisecting a line.

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7

Steps in Bisecting Angle

.

A B

O

2. Strike arcs passing through the given arc. Connect the two intersections with a line to reveal your bisected arc. Arc AO equals arc OB.

B A

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8

1.Given an angle ABC, With B as center, strike an arc in any convenient radius passing through the given angle and name the intersections 1 and 2

2. Now strike another arc using the intersections 1 and 2 as your centers.

3. Connect vertex of angle (B) to intersecting arcs (O) for angle’s bisector. Angle ABO equals angle OBC.

B A C 1 2 B A C 1 2 B A C 1 2 O

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9

Steps in Bisecting Circle

1.Given a circle strike an arc from the circumference greater than the radius.

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10

2. Repeat Step 2 at the opposite through approximation. Your arc this time intersects the existing arcs.

3. Now connect the two intersecting arcs with each other with a line tocomplete your bisected circle.

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11 SELF – CHECK 1.1

LO1. Bisect Lines, Arc, Circle and Angle

.

I. DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

---1. A tool used for drawing circular features.

a. compass b. Triangle c. T-Square d. Protractor

---2. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square? a. Drawing vertical lines

b. Diagonal lines

c. Drawing horizontal lines d. Scribing circular features

---3. This tool is used to measure out distances.

a. Triangular scale b. Protractor c. Compass d. Divider

---4 Dividing lines requires the use of____________________.

a. Circular template b. Protractor c. Divider d. French curve

---5. The following are ways in handling drafting tools and equipment properly EXCEPT:

a. Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing. b. Use T-square line drawing horizontal lines. c. Always use a sharp pencil.

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12

II Enumeration:

Give 5 safety reminders to remember while drawing. 1.

2 3 4.

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13 SELF – CHECK # 1.2

LO1. Bisect lines, arc, circle and angle

Procedure:

1. Prepare drawing instruments.

2. Perform bisecting line, arcs, circles and angle on the following given figures.

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14

Bisect arcs.

Bisect an angle.

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15 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title

:

Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 2:

Draw regular polygons

Assessment Criteria:

1. Regular polygons are correctly identified.

2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in drawing regular polygons.

3. Tools and instrument in drawing regular polygons are identified. 4. Regular polygons are drawn according to standard specifications. 5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 6. Safety work habits are manifested.

References:

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16 LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 2: Draw Regular Polygon

1. Read information sheet no. 2. about the kinds of polygon.

2. Perform operation sheet no. 2.1

3. If the 80% level of accuracy was not achieved, go over again with the activity.

4. Proceed to operation sheet no. 2.1.

5. If there are items not perfectly done in the job sheet, repeat the activity.

 Try to perform the said activity with 80% level of accuracy.

 Try to perform the job sheet for self checking.

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17 INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1

LO2. Draw regular polygons

Polygons

A polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines.

Regular Polygons

If a polygon has equal angles & equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed around a circle

Inscribe Circumscribe

Common Regular Polygon

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18 OPERATION SHEET # 2.1

LO2. draw regular polygon

Procedures:

1. Draw a 4 cm. horizontal line (fig. 1)

2. Extend the line with its same length. (fig. 2)

FIGURE 2

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19

3. Draw a semi circle, using the center of the combined line which endpoints will be its diameter (fig. 3).

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 3

4. Now, divide the semi-circle into 6 equal parts as if you were slicing a pizza. The 6 parts are the hexagon’s number of equal sides. (Fig. 4).

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20

5. Bisect the third line from your extended line (See fig. 5)

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 5

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21 FIGURE 8

8. Draw a circle. The intersection from fig. 7 will be the center of your circle and one of the endpoints of your given line will serve as your radius (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 7

7. Connect the two bisectors of your line to locate the center of your circumscribed hexagon ( Fig. 7).

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22

10. Connect intersections of the lines that were extended to other intersection of your extended lines (fig. 10).

Note:

Teacher may use other methods.

FIGURE 10

FIGURE 9

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23 SELF – CHECK NO. 2.1

LO2. draw regular polygon

Direction: Referring to your operation sheet #2.1, draw a Circumscribed pentagon.

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24 Program/Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency

:

CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title

:

Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 3:

Draw regular solids

Assessment Criteria:

1. Regular solids are correctly identified.

2. Tools and instruments in drawing regular solids are identified. 3. Regular solids are drawn according to exact shape.

4. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of. 5. Safety work habits are manifested.

Resources:

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25 LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 3: Draw regular solids

1. Read information sheet no. 3 about the kinds of solid.

2. Perform self check no. 3.1.

3. If the activity was not properly accomplished, practice again to achieve accuracy.

4. Answer self check no. 3.2

 Try to perform the said activity for self checking.

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26 INFORMATION SHEET # 3.1

LO3. Draw regular solids

Drawing Regular Solids

Solids - are figures bounded by plane surfaces.

The five regular solids

Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron (4 triangles) (cube) (8 triangles) (12 pentagons) (20 triangles)

Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon and three or more

lateral faces which are parallelogram.

Right Right Oblique square rectangular rectangular

Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting

at a common point called vertex.

Right Right Square Oblique Triangular pentagonal

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27

Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in

contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.

Right Oblique Circular Circular

Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curve line in

passing through a fix point.

Right circular Oblique circle Oblique circle

(frustum) (truncated)

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28 SELF CHECK # 3.1

LO3. Draw regular solids

Procedure:

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29 SELF CHECK # 3.2

LO3. Draw regular solids

Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each number.

___________________________1. It is a solid with eight triangles.

___________________________2. It is a regular solid with four triangles. ___________________________3. It is a cube solid.

___________________________4. A regular solid with twenty triangles. ___________________________5. A solid composed of twelve pentagon.

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30 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES

Performance Assessment

Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score (Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy 50 45 40 Speed 10 6 8 Neatness 25 20 15 Lettering/Labeling 15 12 10 8 Total Performance Criteria:  Accuracy

50 pts - The output is accurately done.

45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output. 40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.  Speed

10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time. 8 pts - The output is done on time.

6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.  Neatness

25 pts. - has no error

20 pts - has two to three erasures 15 pts - has four or more erasures

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31

Lettering/Labeling

15 pts. - All pieces of information are completely indicated and 12 legibly printed.

pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

10 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and misspelled.

8 pts. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.

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2 ANSWER KEY 1.1

Test I.

1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a

Test II. Enumeration.

1. Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean. 2. Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.

3. Avoid eating and touching sticky and wet thing while drawing. 4. Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing

will be done?

5. Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

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3 ANSWER KEY 1.2

( Teacher’s check)

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4 ANSWER KEY 2.1

( Teacher’s check)

Self-Check 2.1

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5 ANSWER KEY 3.1

a. Octahedron b. Tetrahedron c. Hexahedron d. Icosahedron e. Dodecahedron

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Unit of Competency: Construct Orthographic Projection

Module No.: 3

Module Title: Constructing Orthographic

_Projection

Department of the Education

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared at the Competency-Based Learning

Materials Development Workshop conducted at the Marikina Hotel,

Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and Development Academy of

the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following

personnel:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI

Roy S. Luneta

Bauan Technical High School

Bauan, Batangas

Ariel F. Maglalang

Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino

Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III

Juanito Bugaoisan

Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and Technology

San Fernando, La Union

Arlene V. Tobias

Mabalacat Technical High School

Mabalacat, Pampanga

Facilitator:

Aida T. Galura

Angeles City National Trade School

Sunset Valley, Angeles City

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Encoders:

Mel Contapay

Office of Legal Affairs

Department of Education

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

Maria Riza Zamora

DepED Budget Division

Meralco Ave., Pasig City

The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in

Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the

concerted effort of the following writers:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Tagum National Trade School

Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11

Condrado C. Casulla

Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades

Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01

Nelson M. Arisga

Malvar National High School

Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A

Alexander M. Latoga

Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades

Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A

Mirasol F. Dasig

San Pedro Relocation Center National High School

San Pedro, Laguna

Region 4A

Contextual Writer:

Marvin R. Viernes

Muntinlupa Business High School

Muntinlupa City, NCR

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Encoder:

Lawrence D. Cruz

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Jeffree O. Ponce

DepEd EID-TS

DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.

Quezon City

Facilitator:

Orlando E. Manuel PhD

Principal

Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

Cabarroguis, Quirino

Region 02

This work was produced with funding provided by the

Department of Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

editon: 1960

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Page

How to Use this Module ……….. I Introduction ……….. ii Technical Terms ………. iii Learning Outcome 1 –Construct Orthographic Views ……….. 1 Learning Experiences/Activities ………. 2 Information Sheet 1.1 ……… 3 Operation Sheet 1.1 ……… 14 Self – Check 1.1 ……….. 28 Self - Check 1.2 ……… Self -Check 1.3 ……… Self -Check 1.4 ……….. 29 30 31 Operation Sheet 1.2 ……….. 34 Self – Check 1.5 ……….. 38 Self – Check 1.6 ……….. 39 Self – Check 1.7 ……….. 40 Learning Outcome 2 – Apply General Specific Dimensions ……… 41 Learning Experiences/Activities ……….. 42 Information Sheet 2.1 ……… 43 Self Check 2.1 ……… 45 Self Check 2.2 ……… 47 Assessment Resources ……….. 49 Answer Key ……….. 51-57

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

post-assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified

learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.