BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATION FOR
M.E. DEGREE COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAJOR: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
(NEW SCHEME)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UVCE, JNANABHARATHI
BANGALORE 560 056
ME Regulation 2008-09 BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BANGALORE
REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE POST GRADUATE COURSES IN ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE (M.E. and M.Arch.) 1. Title and Duration of the M.E and M.Arch. courses.
1.1 The courses governed by AICTE shall be called the Degree course in Master of Engineering, in-short, M.E. and the course governed by the Council of Architecture (COA) shall be called the Degree course in Master of Architecture, in-short M.Arch.
1.2 The Masters Degree courses consist of four semester of total duration 24 months. Each semester shall have a minimum of 90 working days.
2. Department-wise M.E and M.Arch. courses offered in different specialization at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University Bangalore. 2.1 Department of Civil Engineering.
1. Construction Technology 2. Environmental Engineering 3. Geo-Technical Engineering 4. High Way Engineering
5. Pre-Stressed Concrete Engineering 6. Structural Engineering
7. Water Resource Engineering 8. Earthquake Engineering
2.2 Department of Mechanical Engineering. 1. Machine Design
2. Manufacturing Science and Engineering 3. Thermal Science and Engineering 4. Advanced Material Technology 2.3 Department of Electrical Engineering.
1. Power and Energy Systems 2. Power Electronics
3. Control Engineering
2.4 Department of Electronics Engineering. 1. Electronics and Communication 2. Digital Electronics
2.5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering. 1. Computer Science and Engineering
2. Information Technology 3. Computer Networking 4. Bioinformatics 5. Web Technology 6. Software Engineering 2.6 Department of Architecture.
1. Construction and Project Management 2. Landscape Architecture
3. Eligibility Criteria for Admission to M.E and M.Arch. Degree courses. 3.1 AICTE Approved courses:
(a) Candidates who have passed the B.E degree examination by securing an aggregate minimum of 50% of marks of all the semesters / years of the qualifying examination [(Total sum of the secured marks of all the semesters or years including class marks ÷ Total sum of the marks) ≥ 50, with no rounding off the fraction to 50%] in the appropriate branch of Engineering of Bangalore University or any other equivalent Examination recognized by the Bangalore University / State Government with a valid GATE score or entrance test score are eligible for admission to the appropriate course as decided by the Bangalore University / State Government from time to time. (b) In case of SC/ST candidates satisfying the condition 3(a), the aggregate is
relaxed to 45% with no rounding off the fraction to 45%.
(c) Not withstanding 3(a), members of the Teaching and Technical staff of the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Teaching staff of Government Engineering Colleges / Aided Engineering Colleges / Government Polytechnics / Aided Polytechnics, Engineers, in the order of preference, working in State Government Departments / Central Government Departments/ Quasi State and Central Departments / Public Sector units, Teaching staff of other Engineering Colleges and polytechnic and Engineers working in a registered firm / Company / Industry etc, all located in Karnataka, with a minimum of 3 years of experience on full time basis after the graduation are eligible to the course as sponsored full time students. 3.2 COA approved courses:
(a) Candidates who have passed the B.Arch. Degree examination by securing an aggregate minimum of 50% of marks of all the semesters / years of the qualifying examination [(Total sum of the secured marks of all the semesters or years including class marks ÷ Total sum of the marks) ≥ 50, with no rounding off the fraction to 50%] in the branch of Architecture of Bangalore University or any equivalent Examination recognized by the Bangalore
University / State Government with a valid GATE score or entrance test score are eligible for admission to the M.Arch. course as decided by the Bangalore University / State Government from time to time.
(b) In case of SC/ST candidates satisfying the condition 3(a), the aggregate is relaxed to 45% with no rounding off the fraction to 45%.
(c) Not withstanding 3(a), members of the Teaching and Technical staff of the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Teaching staff of Government Engineering Colleges / Aided Engineering Colleges / Government polytechnics/ Aided polytechnics, Engineers, in the order of preference, working in State Government Departments / Central Government Departments/ Quasi State and Central Departments / Public Sector units, Teaching staff of other Engineering Colleges and polytechnic and Architects working in a registered firm / Company / Industry etc, all located in Karnataka, with a minimum of 3 years of experience on full time basis after the graduation are eligible to the course as sponsored full time students. 4. Selection of Candidates for admission to Post Graduate Courses:
The selection of candidates for admission shall be based on the GATE score or on the entrance test score.
(a) General category seats are filled by GATE qualified candidates on all India basis.
(b) The general category seats not filled by the GATE qualified candidates shall be filled by candidates by merit based on the Entrance test conducted by the Bangalore University or by any other body authorized by the State Government.
5. Academic requirements:
(a) Attendance: The student shall be eligible to appear for the Examination only if the candidate has attended 75% of the number of working periods in each of the semester in each of the subjects i.e., Theory, Practical, Seminars and Dissertation etc., or as prescribed by the University from time to time.
(b) Sessional: The students shall secure 50% of class marks in each subject to appear to the University examination at the end of each semester. Students failing to obtain the minimum class marks (i.e., 50% of the maximum in each of the subjects) even in one subject of any semester, he/she shall not be permitted to appear for that semester examination. Such students shall repeat the semester during the next academic year and then appear for that semester examination.
(c) Course completion: A candidate admitted for the M.E /M.Arch degree course must completely pass in all the subjects prescribed in the Scheme of study within 48 months from the date of joining the course failing which the admission stands cancelled.
6. Dissertation and Viva - Voce:
(a) Dissertation: The candidate in consultation with the concerned guide during third semester itself shall choose the dissertation subject and title. The subjects shall be directly related to the candidate's major field of specialization. The title may be modified, if required, during the fourth semester, before the final submission. The work should be carried out during both 3rd and 4th Semesters. The candidate shall submit the dissertation at the end of the fourth semester on satisfactory completion of the Sessional requirements.
(b) Viva - Voce:
(i) The Viva - Voce examination shall be held only after the student successfully completes all the requirements of all the four semesters. (ii) The Viva - Voce shall cover the work carried out by the candidate for
the dissertation and the related topics.
(iii) The Viva - Voce is conducted by a committee consisting of the Chairman, Departmental Council, Chairman BOE of the concerned specialization, the internal guide and the external appointed examiners for evaluation of the dissertation.
(iv) The average of the marks assessed by the internal guide and external examiners separately of the dissertation is taken as the marks awarded to the candidates.
(v) The candidate whose dissertation is rejected, even by one of the examiners, may be permitted to revise the dissertation and re-submit the same for the next University examination.
(vi) In case the internal guide or the external examiners are not available for evaluation of Dissertation / conducting of Viva-Voce examination, the Chairman, BOE of the concerned specialization shall make alternate arrangement in consultation with Registrar (Evaluation), Bangalore University.
7. Minimum for Pass:
The candidate shall be declared to be successful in any of the semester examination only on securing a minimum of 50% marks in each subject of the examination as well as 50% of the Class marks in each subject as per Clause 5(b). 8. Benefit of Exemption:
A candidate failing to obtain the prescribed minimum for a Pass in any of the subject/s of the examination shall be permitted to appear for the subject/s of that examination in which the candidate has secured less than 50% of the maximum marks.
9. Eligibility:
(a) A candidate is permitted to carry only two subjects of I semester for admission to II semester and two subjects of I/II semesters, considered together, to III semester.
(b) The candidates will be admitted to IV semester only after he/she passes all the subjects of the previous semesters.
(c) Those candidates who had lost the eligibility to go to IV semester shall carryout the dissertation work after getting eligibility and shall submit the dissertation for Viva- Voce examination along with the regular students of IV semester.
10. Declaration of Results:
The results of the successful candidates will be declared as follows :
(a) “Second class” to the candidate who obtains above 50% but below 60% of the aggregate marks in all the four semester examinations.
(b) “First class” for the candidate who obtains 60% and above of the aggregate marks in all the four semester examinations.
(c). “First class with Distinction” for the candidate who obtains 75% and above of the aggregate marks of all the four semester examinations and must have passed all the examinations in the first attempt.
11. Calendar of Events and Scheme of examination:
(a) The Calendar of Events shall be fixed by the University from time to time. (b) The Scheme of study, syllabus and scheme of examination for the various
SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATION FOR M.E DEGREE COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAJOR: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (2008-2009 onwards)
FIRST SEMESTER
No. of Hrs. Code
No. Title of Subject Theory
Practicals/ Computer Lab. Class Marks Exam Marks Total 2K8GT101 Finite Elements in Geotechnical Engineering 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT102 Site investigation and
Improvement techniques 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT103 Geotechnology and
Advanced soil testing 4 3 25 100 125
2K8GT104 Advanced soil mechanics 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT105 Design of Shallow foundations 4 0 25 100 125 2K8GT106 Elective I 4 0 25 100 125 2K8GT107 Seminar 0 2 50 - 50 Total 200 600 800 2K8GT106 Elective - I
a) Case histories in Geo technical Engineering b) 2K8HW 102 Pavement Design
SECOND SEMESTER
No. of Hrs. Code No. Title of Subject
Theory Practicals/ Computer Lab. Class Marks Exam Marks Total 2K8GT201 Soil dynamics 4 0 25 100 125 2K8GT202 Rock Mechanics 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT203 Design of Deep foundations 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT204 Earth and Rock fill Dams 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT205 Reinforced soil structures 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT206 Elective - II 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT207 Seminar – II 2 50 - 50
Total 200 600 800
2K8GT 206 Elective – II
a) Environmental Geotechniques
b) Special problems in Highway Engineering c) Airport Planning & Design
SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATION FOR M.E DEGREE COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAJOR: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (2008-2009 onwards)
THIRD SEESTER
No. of Hours Code
No. Title of Subject Theory Practical
Sessional Marks Exam Marks Total 2K8GT301 Foundation Engineering in difficult ground 4 0 25 100 125
2K8GT302 Behavior and Testing of
unsaturated soils 4 0 25 100 125 2K8GT303 Elective - III 4 0 25 100 125 2K8GT304 Dissertation - 6 75 - 75 2K8GT305 Seminar – III - 2 50 - 50 Total 200 300 500 2K8GT303 Elective – III
a) Expansive soil Engineering
b) 2K8HW 301Rural Roads
FOURTH SEMESTER
No. of Hours Code No. Subject
Theory Practical Internal Assessment Marks Exam Marks Total 2K8GT401 Dissertation - 6 50 200 250 2K8GT402 Seminar – IV - 2 50 - 50 Total 300
I SEMESTER
2K8GT101 FINITE ELEMENTS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 1. Introduction: General, General description methods, brief description of FEA for
stress analysis problem, finite element method vs classical method. FEM vs FDM a brief history of FEM, need for studying FEM.
2. Basic Equations in Elasticity: Introduction, Stress in typical element, equations of equilibrium, strains, strain displacement equations, linear constitutive law.
3. Finite element Basics: Introduction, elements, shape functions, co-ordinate transformation, strain displacement relations, stiffness equations, body forces, surface tractions, geotechnical considerations: effective stress methods loadings, initial stresses, excavation, fills.
4. Variable - Elastic stress - Strain laws: Introduction, Bi-linear elastic model, K-G model, Hyperbolic model, Comparison of Models, critical state model: Introduction, the geometric model, hardening law, yield function, flow rule, stress-strain invariant relation, stress-stress-strain component relation, parameter values, examples.
5. Seepage analysis and analysis of jointed rock masses:
Seepage Analysis: Introduction, some equations, finite element discretization of seepage equation, Computation of velocities and flows, treatment of free surface boundary.
Analysis of Jointed Rock Masses: Introduction, some characteristics of rocks, discontinuities in rock masses, some models of behaviour jointed rocks, generalized plane strain analysis in rock mechanics, effective stress analysis if undrained rock masses.
References
1. FEM Analysis by S.S. Bhavikatti- New Age International Publishers.
2K8GT102 SITE INVESTIGATION AND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
1. Site investigation: Planning and experimental programme, investigations, exploration for preliminary design, exploration for detailed design, geo-physical exploration, soundings, probings, boring, boring methods, excavation methods for exploration, ground water investigations, representative, disturbed and undisturbed samples, samplers, rock boring, miscellaneous exploratory techniques, preservation, shipment and storage of samples, bore logs, supervising exploration programs, sub-surface exploration reports.
2. Site improvement:
A. Soils of India, their distribution, problematic types of soils.
B. General methods of stabilization - shallow and deep. Factors to be considered in the selection of suitable method.
C. Compaction: standard methods, equipment, control techniques.
D. Drainage: Soil and filter permeability, filter criteria, drainage layout pumping system.
E. Pre-compression and consolidation: pre-compression principles, sand drains, pore pressure distribution, electro-osmotic consolidation, chemical osmotic consolidation.
F. Grouting: Injection and principles, grouting pressure criteria, grouting equipments, injection chemicals.
G. Mechanical stabilization, lime, cement, bitumen, chemical etc.
H. Thermal methods of stabilization: Heating and cooling effects on soils, equipments.
I. Other methods like moisture barriers, and preventing techniques.
References:
1. Engineering principles of ground modifications by Hausmann, McGraw Hill (1990). 2. Foundation analysis and design by J E Bowles
3. Foundation engineering by S P Brahma
4. Subsurface exploration and sampling of soils for Civil Engg. Purposes by Hvorslev, M.J.
2K8GT103 GEOTECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED SOIL TESTING
PART A
1. Introduction: Geological considerations, stratigraphy, geological structure, weathering and its assessment, description of rock and rock mass for engineering purposes.
2. Study of rocks: Formation, basic types of rocks, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks and their classification, Metamorphosis.
3. Geological structures: Folds, faults and joints, their classification, criterion for the identification of faults and other discontinuities.
4. Clay mineralogy: Origin and occurrence of clay minerals, structure and composition of clay minerals, ion exchange, clay mineral analysis - DTA, electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction.
PART B
1. Tests for index properties of soils - specific gravity, grain size analysis (both sieve and hydrometer analysis) Atterberg limits, Relative merits and demerits of different methods.
2. Tests for engineering properties of soils - consolidation characteristics, various shear tests including pore pressure measurements (UU, CU, CD tests to be covered).
3. Field tests for soils like plate load test, SPT, SCPT and their uses.
References
1. Manual of soil laboratory testing, K.H. Head, ELE International Ltd., Pentech Press. 2. Engineering properties of soils and their measurements, J E Bowles, McGraw Hill,
2K8GT104 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS
1. Factors influencing nature and formation of soils. Soil as a multiphase material. Complexity of soil nature, typical soil deposits with special reference to Indian soils. Basic engineering properties of different soils and their uses.
2. Soil structure - Types of bonds, important clay minerals, atomic structure and symbolic representation. Base Exchange capacity. Guoy - Chapman diffuse double layer theory, clay structure measurement – X-ray diffraction, SEM studies, Pore size analysis.
3. Lambe’s compaction theory, structural and engineering, Properties of Compacted soils, Laboratory compaction tests, Field compaction and its control related problems
4. Elastic theories of stress distribution in soils - Boussinesq, Westergaard, Burmister theories. Different conditions of loading, Isobars, New marks chart, related problems
5. Shear strength parameters of cohesionless and saturated cohesive soils, principle of effective stress, effect of rate of strain on shear parameters, stress - strain relationship, pore pressure coefficients, concept of stress path, effect of over consolidation on shear parameters. Laboratory and field testing their limitations. 6. Immediate settlement - methods of determination. Estimation of pre-consolidation
pressure. Three dimensional consolidation, pre-compression of clay deposits with and without sand drains, secondary consolidation - factors affecting.
7. Stability analysis of slope - Effective vs total stress analysis, different methods of stability analysis for finite slopes, method of slices, Taylor stability number, Bishop’s rigours analysis.
References
1. Fundamentals of soil behaviour by J K Mitchell 2. Soil Mechanics by Lambe and Whitman 3. Foundation Engineering design by J E Bowles 4. Soil Mechanics by Terzaghi and Peck
2K8GT105 DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
1. Bearing Capacity of Foundations : Introduction, Types of shallow foundations, Modes of shear failure, Bearing Capacity, Bearing Capacity Equations, Additional Considerations when Using the Bearing Capacity Equations, Bearing Capacity Examples, Footings with Eccentric or Inclined Loadings, Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity, Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils, Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes, Bearing Capacity from SPT, Bearing Capacity Using the Cone Penetration Test (CPT), Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests, Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces, Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes (Presumptive Pressure), Safety Factors in Foundation Design, Bearing Capacity of Rock, Problems.
2. Foundation Settlements : The Settlement Problem, Stresses in Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure, The Boussinesq Method for qv, Special Loading Cases for Boussinesq Solutions, Westergaard’s Method for Computing Soil Pressures, Immediate Settlement Computations, Rotation of Bases, Immediate Settlements: Other Considerations, Size Effects on Settlements and Bearing Capacity, Alternative Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements, Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropic Soils, Consolidation Settlements, Reliability of Settlement Computations, Structures on Fills, Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Differential Settlements, General Comments on Settlements, Problems.
3. Factors to Consider in Foundation Design : Footing Depth and Spacing, Displaced Soil Effects, Net versus Gross Soil Pressure: Design Soil Pressures, Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowing Water, Corrosion Protection, Water Table Fluctuation, Foundations in Sand and Silt Deposits, Foundations on Loess and Other Collapsible Soils, Foundations on Unsaturated Soils Subject to Volume Change with Change in Water Content, Foundations on Clays and Clayey Silts, Foundations on Residual Soils, Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites, Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost, Environmental Considerations, Problems. 4. Mat Foundations : Introduction, Types of Mat Foundations, Bearing Capacity of
Mat Foundations, Mat Settlements, Modulus of Subgrade Reactions Ks for Mats and Plates, Design of Mat Foundations, Difference Method for Mats, Finite-Element Method for Mat Foundations, The Finite-Grid Method (FGM), Mat Foundation Examples Using the FGM, Mat-Superstructure Interaction, Circular Mats or Plates, Boundary Conditions, Problems.
References
1. Joseph E. Bowles “Foundation analysis and Design” McGraw Hill, International edition. 2. S.P.Brahma “Foundation Engineering” Tata McGrawHill publishing Co. Ltd, NewDelhi 3. Narayana M. Nayak “Foundation design Manual” Dhanpat Rai Publications (P) Ltd. 4. Purushotham Raj “Geotechnical Engineering” Tata McGraw Hill publishing company
Ltd, New Delhi.
5. Gopal Ranjan and A.S.R. Rao “Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics” New age
2K8GT106(a). CASE HISTORIES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (Elective-I)
1. Geotechnical problems in civil engineering. Foundations - soil as construction material in slopes and excavations. Underground and earth retaining structures. 2. Soil as different types of material in behaviour, design and construction.
3. Past and future of applied soil mechanics.
4. Role of calculated risk and safety factors in applied soil mechanics and foundation engineering.
5. New concepts in consolidation, settlements and bearing capacity.
6. Case histories: Typical cases of performance / failure of representative soil engineering projects namely shallow foundations and piles, slope stability, earth dams, retaining structures, machine foundations etc.
References
1. Fundamentals of soil behaviour by J K Mitchell 2. Soil mechanics by Lambe and Whitman
3. Foundation engineering design by J E Bowels 4. Soil mechanics by Terzaghi and Peck
5. Current literature for case histories in geotechnical engineering
2K8GT106 (b)/2K8HW 102 PAVEMENT DESIGN (Elective-I) (Core Subject Offered by Highway Engineering stream)
2K8GT107 SEMINAR – I
Student has to select any one topic of his / her choice under the guidance of the faculty in the discipline. He/she should prepare and submit the report (3 copies) after it is presented in the presence of faculty members of the discipline.
II SEMESTER
2K8GT201 SOIL DYNAMICS
1. Theory of vibration – Single degree, Two degree and Multi degree of freedom system, Free and forced vibration, Transient response, Resonance and its effects, wave propagation – theory and application to dynamic problems.
2. Dynamic soil properties – General, laboratory and field methods, factors affecting different properties, vibration inducing and measuring instruments
3. Shear strength and Liquefaction of soils - Stress - Strain and Strength characteristics of soils under dynamic loads, factors affecting, Resonance column test, Triaxial tests under dynamic loads, Liquefaction of soils and factors influencing liquefaction, Dynamic earth pressure, retaining wall problems under dynamic loads.
4. General principles of Machine foundation design – Introduction, Design criterion, types and requirements of Machine foundation.
i) Foundation for Reciprocating Machines ii) Foundations for forge hammers
iii) Foundations for Turbo generators
5. Vibration Isolation – Introduction, Mechanical Isolators, isolation by artificial barriers, active and passive isolation, Case histories of foundation isolation.
References
1. D D Barkan, Vibration of soils and foundations.
2. F E Richart Jr., J R Hall Jr. and R D Woods, Vibrations of soils and foundations, Prentice Hall Inc. NJ.
3. A A Major, Vibration analysis and design of foundation for machines and turbines, London Collects Holding Ltd. 1962.
4. IS Codes of Practice.
5. Swami Saran “Soil dynamics and Machine foundation” Golgotia (1999)
6. P. Srinivasalu and C.V. Vydyanathan “Hand book of Machine foundation” Tata Mc Graw Hill (1976)
2K8GT202 ROCK MECHANICS
1. Introduction: Fields of application of rock mechanics. Rock forming minerals, classification of rocks-geological, petrographic and engineering. Index properties of rocks – porosity, density, permeability, strength slake and durability, logging of cores, core recovery, rock quality designation and its engineering importance. 2. Strength of rocks: stress strain behaviour, factors influencing the strength of rocks-
temperature, confining pressure, strain rates, modes of failures of rocks, failure theories of rocks, Mohr’s Hypothesis, Griffith’s Criteria, Murrel’s extension of griffith’s theory, elementary theory of crack propagation, failure of rock by crack propagation, effects of cracks of elastic properties.
3. Testing of Rocks: laboratory testing – uniaxial compression test, tension test, torsion test, hollow cylinder test, diametrical compression test, permeability tests, field tests- flat jack test, plate bearing tests, etc. Insitu test for strength assessment in compression and shearing.
4. Rock foundations: Introduction, types of shallow and deep investigations for foundation design and construction aspect.
5. Rock slope stability, modes of slope failures in rocks, engineered slopes, slope design aspect, excavations in rocks and stabilization concepts.
6. Strengthening of rocks: Foundation treatment for dams and heavy structures by grouting and rock reinforcement. Methods and principles of grouting, Principles of design of rock bolts.
7. Tunnels - Basic Terminology, history and application, site investigations, methods of excavation of tunnels supports and stabilization, construction control and maintenance, tunnel ventilation, control of ground water and gas.
8. Underground Mining - Introduction, Mining methods, planning and design, mining equipments and mining procedures, cause for subsidence and its remedial measures.
References
1. R.E. Goodman, Introduction to Rock Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork (1976 2. John A, Franklin and Maurice B, Dusseault Rock Engineering Application, McGraw
Hill Inc., New Delhi.
3. J.C. Jeager and N.G.W. Cook, Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Chapmen and Hall Ltd., London, 1976.
4. Roberts. A – Geotechnology, Pergamou Press Ltd., Oxford
2K8GT203 DESIGN OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
1. Single pile – Static capacity and lateral loads
Introduction, Timber, Concrete, Steel piles, Corrosion of steel piles, Soil properties for static pile capacity, Ultimate static pile point capacity, Skin resistance, Static load capacity using Load-transfer, load test data. Tension piles - Piles for resisting uplift. Laterally loaded piles, Buckling of fully and partially embedded piles and poles
2. Single pile – Dynamic analysis and load tests
Dynamic analysis, Pile driving, rational pile formula, other Dynamic formulae and general considerations. Reliability of dynamic pile driving formulae. The wave equation, pile load tests, Pile driving stresses, General comments on pile driving.
3. Pile foundations - Group. Single pile Vs Pile group, Pile group considerations, efficiency of pile groups, stresses on underlying strata from piles, settlements of pile groups, Pile caps, Batter piles, Negative skin friction, Matrix analysis for pile groups, Pile cap design by Computer.
4. Types of Caissons, Bearing capacity, stress distribution and settlement, Design of drilled caissons elements, forces in drilled Caissons, design of elements of Caissons, Constructional aspects of a drilled caissons, Construction of Caissons, problems associated with installation, advantages and disadvantages of Caissons foundation, Comparison of Caisson types.
References
1. Joseph.E. Bowles “Foundation analysis and Design” McGraw Hill, International
edition
2. S.P. Brahma “Foundation Engineering” Tata McGraw Hill publishing company Ltd,
New Delhi.
3. Narayana V. Nayak “Foundation design Manual” Dhanpat Rai Publications
4. Purushotham Raj “Geotechnical Engineering” Tata McGraw Hill publishing company
2K8GT204 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
1. Introduction: Why earth and earth-rockfill dams, homogeneous earth dams, zoned earth and earth-rockfill dams, typical embankment dam sections.
2. Site selection and exploration: Influence of topography and subsoil conditions on location and alignment of the dam, foundation subsurface exploration and studies of embankment construction material.
3. Factors influencing design: Material available for embankment construction, character of the foundation, climate, shape and size of the valley, river diversion, probable wave action, time available for construction, function of the reservoir and earthquake activity.
4. Design details: Material, location and inclination of earth core, shell materials and embankment side slopes, free board, crest width and camber. Filter zones, curving embankment for arch action and raising earth dams. Design provisions to control construction and draw down pore pressures. Berms, upstream and down stream slope protection, internal drainage systems.
5. Treatment of rock foundations and abutments: Types of rock foundation, object of grouting, evaluation of necessity of grouting, planning grouting details, blanket grouting, drilling equipment, size and direction of holes, washing and pressure testing of holes, grouting equipment, procedures for grouting, pressure and consistency of grout, stopping surface leakage, surface treatment of rock foundation and abutments. Earth compaction against rock foundations and abutments, grouting through completed earthern embankments, drainage holes, grouting and drainage galleries.
6. Earth dams on pervious soil foundations: Methods of foundation treatment, preventing under seepage with complete vertical barriers and grouting, reducing under seepage with partial vertical cutoffs and horizontal upstream impervious blankets, controlling under seepage by regulation of leaks and relief wells.
7. Stability analysis: Zones of planes of weakness in foundation, linear failure, plastic failure, composite failure, bearing capacity failure, stability analysis of embankment by Taylor's modified method suggested by Sherard et al., Wedge method, stability analysis in three dimension, stability during construction, full reservoir and drawdown conditions.
8. Special design problems and details: Design considerations in earthquake, ground movements, earthquake intensity scales, periods and amplitudes of ground motion, influence of foundation material, earthquake waves, seiches, slope stability analysis during earthquake as per ISI, problems in loose sand, soft clay and silt foundation.
9. Measurements of pore water pressure and movements: Purposes and types of instruments, piezometer, devices for measuring movements, USBR measurements of pore water pressure and embankments compression, compression of rock fill embankment sections, during construction and post construction foundation settlement, foundation spreading, observation and measurement of leakage.
10. Embankment construction: Equipment for excavating, hauling, spreading, blending, compacting and separating oversized rocks and cobbles, construction procedures and quality control of impervious and semi pervious embankment sections, handling dry and wet materials, construction problems caused by fines, construction procedures of hard and soft rockfill embankments, field test on rock fill embankments, slope treatment and riprap.
References
1. Sherard, J.L., Woodward, R.J., Gizienski, S.F. and Clevenger, W.A. Earth and earth-rock dams, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
2. Sowers, G.P. and Sally, H.L. Earth and rockfill dam engineering, Aisa Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Creager, W.P., Justin, J.D. and Hinds, J. Engineering for dams, John Wiley & Sons, NY. 4. Strange, W.L. Indian storage resources with earthen dams, R & FN Spon Ltd.,
London.
2K8GT205 REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES
1. Historical back ground - Introduction to reinforced soil structures, comparison with reinforced cement concrete structures.
2. Principles, concepts and mechanisms of reinforced earth.
3. Materials used, properties, laboratory testing and constructional details, metallic strips, metallic grids, geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes and geocomposites, their functions and design principles.
4. Geotextiles – Introduction, Design methods, Function and Mechanism, Geotextile properties and test methods. – Physical, Mechanical and Hydraulic properties, Construction methods and techniques using Geotextiles.
5. Design applications of reinforced soil structures in pavements. Embankments, slopes, retaining walls and foundations. Reinforced soil structures for soil erosion control problems, Geosynthetic clay liners.
References
1. Koerner, R.H. Designing with Geosythetics, Prentice Hall Inc, 1994.
2. Jones, C.J.E.P. Reinforcement and soil structures, Butterworth Publications, 1996. 3. Jewel, R.A. Soil reinforcement with Geotextiles, CIRIA, 1996.
4. Ingold, J.S. and Miller, K.S., Geotextiles hand book, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1988 5. Rankilor, P.R., Membranes in ground engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
Current literature
2K8GT 206 a) ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICS (Elective – II) 1. Production and classification of wastes.
2. General environmental effects on geotechnical problems. Mitigative measures and soil pollutant interaction, waste disposal facilities.
3. Liners, basic concepts, design and construction.
4. Transport phenomena, contaminated ground water and seepage. 5. Stabilization/ solidification reuse of waste materials.
6. Monitoring of subsurface contamination, special application and case studies. 7. Environmental significance of geotechnical processes and their consequences. References
1. Thick, S.G., Planning and analysis of tailing dams, Wiley (1979).
2. Daniel, D.E. (1993) Geotechnical practice for waste disposal, Chapman and Hall, London.
3. Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology (1986).
2K8GT206 b). SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HIGHWAY (OFFERED BY HIGHWAY ENGINEERING STREAM)
2K8GT206 c). AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGN (OFFERED BY HIGHWAY ENGINEERING STREAM)
2K8GT206 d). PLANNING AND DESIGN OF FLYOVERS AND BRIDGE STRUCTURES
(OFFERED BY HIGHWAY ENGINEERING STREAM) 2K8GT207 SEMINAR – II
Student has to select any one topic of his / her choice under the guidance of the faculty in the discipline. He/she should prepare and submit the report (3 copies) after it is presented in the presence of faculty members of the discipline.
III SEMESTER
2K8GT301 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING IN DIFFICULT GROUND 1. Introduction: Classification, swelling and shrinkage, sensitivity, settlement and
bearing capacity of clays, fissures in clay, glacial deposits, and difficult rocks.
2. Site investigation in difficult ground: Objectives, difficulties in determining the characteristics of the ground, remedial measures.
3. In-situ testing and geophysical surveying: Introduction, penetrometers, SPT, CPT, Plate bearing tests, pressure meters, seismic surveying, Resistivity surveying.
4. Ground water and foundations: Introduction, effective stress theory, Oil tanks on poor ground, effect of raising the ground water level - Reclaimed land, Foundation on the sea bed.
5. Foundations and earth movements: Introduction, creep of rock masses, landslides, earthquake - primary and secondary effects, earthquake resistant design.
6. Design of foundations: Introduction, General principles, strip and pad foundations, Building on shrinkable soils, Building on fill, Raft foundation - variable soil and make up ground, pile foundation - choice, type construction problems.
7. Stability of slopes in difficult ground: Introduction, mechanism of stability, strength of distorted clay, factor of safety, analysis, remedial measures.
8. Ground treatment: Introduction, ground water lowering techniques, electro-osmosis and electro-chemical stabilization, thermal techniques, grouts and grouting, reinforcements, other stabilization techniques, Dynamic consolidation, pre loading, vibroflotation, stone columns.
References
1. Foundation in difficult ground, F.G. Bell, Butterworths & Co. 2. Foundation design and analysis, J.E. Bowles.
2K8GT302 BEHAVIOUR AND TESTING OF UNSATURATED SOILS 1. Introduction to unsaturated soil mechanics. Types of problems, typical profiles of
unsaturated soils. Tropical and residual soils, Expansive and collapsing type of soils. Origin and formation, Identification and classification of expansive and collapsing soils.
2. Collapse and heave – Collapse potential and swell potential, Importance and their determination by different laboratory methods, Heave prediction based on oedometer tests. Suction tests and empirical procedures, Heave and collapse settlement
3. Soil suction – Matric and osmotic suction, Total suction. Theory of soil suction, Measurement by direct and indirect methods – Tensiometers, Axis translation technique, Pressure plate apparatus, Filter paper method, Psychrometers, Squeezing technique of measuring osmotic suction
4. Design alternatives for structures on expansive soils - Structural foundation alternatives. Treatment of expansive soils – General considerations and guidelines, Surcharge loading, Prewetting, Use of admixtures, Electrochemical soil treatment, Moisture control and soil stabilization, Treatment alternatives for highways and airfield pavements.
5. Phase properties and relations for unsaturated soils. Properties of individual phases, Interaction of air and water, Volume – mass relations, changes in volume – mass properties. Densities of mixtures subjected to compression of the air phase, Piston porous stone analogy Effective stress concepts and stress state variables for unsaturated soils. Equilibrium analysis for unsaturated soils – Total or overall equilibrium, Independent phase equilibrium – water phase, Air phase, Contractile skin (meniscus)
6. Shear strength – History of shear strength, Failure envelope for unsaturated soils, Use of effective stress parameters to define shear strength, Mohr-coulomb and stress points envelopes. Triaxial tests on unsaturated soils, CD tests, Constant water content tests, CU tests with pore pressure measurements, Undrained tests, Multistage testing, Measurement of shear strength parameters.
7. Flow through unsaturated soils – Flow laws, Darcy’s law for unsaturated soils, Coefficient of permeability with respect to water phase and air phase, Air diffusion, Measurement of permeability and air coefficient of permeability.
References
1. D.G. Fredlund and H. Rahardjo, Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, Wiley-interscience publication, John Wiley and Sons, NY.
2. G.E. Blight, “Mechanics of residual soils” A.A. Balkema publishers, USA
3. John D. Nelson and Debora J. Miller “Expansive soils-Problems and practice in foundations and pavement engineering” John Wiley and Sons, NY.
2K8GT303 (a) EXPANSIVE SOIL ENGINEERING (Elective – III)
1. Introduction: Origin, distribution of expansive soils, recognition and identification of expansive soils - clay mineral, x-ray diffraction, DTA, electron microscopy, classification, free swell, shrinkage index, swelling potential and swelling pressure - methods of determination, factors influencing.
2. Heave prediction: Introduction, soil suction, measurement of soil suction - tensiometers, axis translation, filter paper method, psychrometers, osmotic method. Heave prediction based on oedometer tests, based on soil suction tests.
3. Design alternatives: Introduction, drilled pier and beam foundation, mat foundation, under-reamed pile foundation, general conditions for under reamed piles, design and construction.
4. Design for highway and air-field pavements: Introduction, general principles of pavement design, design features and treatment methods for expansive soil subgrades, air-field procedures.
5. Treatment of expansive soils: Introduction, removal and replacement, remoulding and compaction, pre-loading, pre-wetting, stabilization - lime, cement, fly ash, application methods, moisture control, electro chemical treatments.
6. Remedial measures: Introduction, remedial measures for buildings and pavements, case histories.
7. Methods of construction on expansive soils: Introduction, sub-base preparation, constructional and water - protection measures, maintenance and rehabilitation of structures founded on expansive soils.
8. Swell - shrink behaviour of expansive soils: Introduction, investigation of foundation movements, cyclic behaviours, factors affecting cyclic behaviour, case histories. References
1. Foundations on expansive soil, F H Chen, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, NY. 2. Construction of buildings on expansive soils, E A Sorochan, Oxford & IBH
Publications.
3. Expansive soils - Problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering - John D. Nelson and Debora J. Miller, John Wiley & Sons.
2K8GT303 (b) / 2K8HW301 RURAL ROADS (Elective- I) (Offered by Highway Engineering stream)
2K8GT304 DISSERTATION
Candidate has to make a detailed literature study on a specified topic in the related field under the guidance of a concerned faculty member. The same topic shall be continued in the fourth semester. The preliminary report may include the literature review along with the proposed study and its detail. An internal examiner and the concerned guide will evaluate this report.
2K8GT305 SEMINAR – III
Student has to select any one topic of his / her choice under the guidance of the faculty in the discipline. He/she should prepare and submit the report (3 copies) after it is presented in the presence of faculty members of the discipline.
2K8GT401 DISSERTATION
The Dissertation topic selected in the Third semester should be continued. A detailed investigation of the selected topic should be made and the Dissertation thesis should be submitted which shall be evaluated by an external examiner and the concerned guide (internal examiner). The quantity of work done should be equal to one semester work load.
2K8GT402 SEMINAR - IV
Students have to select any one topic of his / her choice, preferably in connection with their Dissertation topic, under the guidance of the faculty in the discipline. He/she should prepare and submit the report (3 copies) after it is presented in the presence of faculty members of the discipline.
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