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August 2009
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
STATISTICS
Forfás has responsibility for the collection and publication of research and innovation statistics for Ireland. To this end, Forfás monitors research and development activity in the government, academic and private sectors and publishes the relevant statistical information in the regular publications: The Science Budget; Survey of Research and Development in the Higher Education Sector and Business Expenditure on Research and Development.
This publication brings together the key facts and figures from these three sectors (government, academic and private) and provides a statistical compilation of Ireland's science and technology activity. This information is based on the latest available data in 2008.
For further information please contact:
Andrew Stockman, Monica Roche S&T Indicators Unit
Section 1
National Expenditure on R&D - Headline Figures
Chart/Table Page
1 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) - Ireland 1998-2008 10
2 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage
of GDP/GNP - Ireland, EU and OECD 11
3 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP/GNP - Ireland and Selected Countries 12
4 Funding sources of national R&D 13
5 Performance of national R&D by sector 14
6 (i) Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) - sources of
funding, 2008 15
(ii) Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) - performers,
2008 15
7 (i) Government Budget Outlays or Appropriations
of R&D (GBOARD) as a percentage of GDP/GNP 16
(ii) Government Budget Outlays or Appropriations of R&D (GBOARD) as a percentage of GDP/GNP,
Expenditure on R&D by Sector:
Business, Higher Education and Public
Chart/Table Page
8 Business sector performed R&D (BERD) in current and
constant prices 20
9 Business sector performed R&D (BERD) as a percentage
of GDP/GNP 21
10 Business sector performed R&D (BERD) by industrial
sector 22
11 Distribution of business sector R&D (BERD) expenditure
by size of spend 23
12 Higher education sector performed R&D (HERD) in
current and constant prices 24
13 HERD as a percentage of GDP/GNP 25
14 Government sector performed R&D (GOVERD) - in
current and constant prices 26
15 Government sector performed R&D (GOVERD) as a
R&D Workforce
Chart/Table Page
16 Total researchers (FTE) per 1,000 total employment
(Ireland, EU, OECD & US) 30
17 Total researchers (FTE) per 1,000 total employment
(Ireland and selected countries) 31
18 Headcount of PhD and other researchers in the business
sector 32
19 (i) R&D FTE personnel by sector of employment 33
(ii) R&D FTE personnel by sector of employment
- share of total 33
20 R&D FTE personnel by sector of employment and
category of employment 34
21 (i) Male/female research personnel by sector 35
(ii) Female research personnel by sector of performance
and occupation 36
(iii) International comparison of women researchers
as a percentage of total researchers 37
22 (i) Science and engineering new graduates as a
percentage of total graduates 38
Other S&T Indicators
Chart/Table Page
23 (i) OECD countries’ relative citation impacts in
1991-1995 and 2001-2005 42
(ii) Science and engineering articles in all fields,
by country 43
24 (i) Triadic patent families per million population 44
(ii) Patents applications per million population
Innovation Statistics
Chart/Table Page
25 (i) Innovation activity rate by size of enterprise
(% total firms) 48
(ii) Innovation types by sector and size 48
26 Sectoral innovation activity rates 49
27 (i) Percentage of total turnover attributed to product
innovation activities 50
(ii) Innovation hampering factors (all enterprises)
Gross R&D spending in the government, higher education and business sectors of the economy is estimated to have increased by 6.4% in current prices in 20081. The overall R&D intensity
ratio is expected to reach 1.68% of GNP in 2008 up from 1.51% in 2007. This increase in the R&D intensity ratio is expected to bring Ireland closer to the OECD and the EU27 averages, although this ratio improvement has been assisted by the rapid decline in Gross National Product throughout the year.
Overall improvements in R&D spending continue to be a strong driver of innovation performance in the business sector. Between 2004 and 2006 over 47.2% of firms were engaged in innovation activities, with 56.7% of industrial firms and 41.3% of service industry firms being active in innovation of some kind. In monetary terms product innovation activities contributed an estimated €33.5bn to company turnover in Ireland (12.6% of the total turnover of businesses), much of which was underpinned by research and other knowledge investments.
grow to 1.09% of GNP in 2008 from 0.96% in 2006 bringing it close to the EU27 average of 1.12%. The rate of growth in business sector performed R&D eased somewhat though to 5.4% in 2008 from the 9.6% annual growth posted in the previous year. The business sectors performing the largest percentage of R&D are the computer and related sectors and the chemicals, chemical products and man-made fibres sector with 24.5% and 20% respectively of the total.
Expenditure on R&D in the higher education sector (HERD) rose to an estimated €713 million in 2008. The HERD intensity ratio (HERD as a % of GNP) is therefore 0.46% which is above the OECD and EU 27 averages of 0.39%.
Total expenditure on R&D performed in the State sector (GOVERD) is expected to increase to €200 million in 2008 (including R&D performed in hospitals). The anticipated GOVERD intensity ratio for 2008 is 0.13%, and this remains below the EU and OECD averages.
1 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
- Ireland 1998-2008
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
2008* 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
€m
GERD €m constant prices GERD €m current prices
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* GERD €m
current prices
972 1,069 1,176 1,284 1,447 1,637 1,840 2,029 2,209 2,443 2,600
% annual
change 10.0% 10.0% 9.2% 12.7% 13.1% 12.4% 10.3% 8.9% 10.6% 6.4%
* Estimate
0.50% 0.75% 1.00% 1.25% 1.50% 1.75% 2.00% 2.25% 2.50%
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
OECD EU 27 GERD/GNP Ireland GERD/GDP Ireland
2 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as
a percentage of GDP/GNP - Ireland,
EU and OECD
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* OECD 2.13% 2.21% 2.22% 2.19% 2.26% 2.29%
EU 27 1.67% 1.74% 1.76% 1.73% 1.76% 1.77% GERD/GNP Ireland 1.41% 1.32% 1.36% 1.46% 1.45% 1.68%
GERD/GDP Ireland 1.24% 1.12% 1.11% 1.23% 1.25% 1.43%
* Estimate
3 Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a % of
GDP/GNP - Ireland and Selected Countries*
Sources: Derived from the Survey of R&D in the Business Sector, 2007/8 (CSO/Forfás); Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector, 2006 (Forfás); The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás); Main Science & Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD).
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Slovak Republic Poland Italy Portugal New Zealand Spain Ireland (GNP) Netherlands EU 27 UK Canada France OECD Germany US Finland Sweden 0.46 0.57 1.13 1.18 1.21 1.27 1.68 1.70 1.77 1.79 1.82 2.08 2.29 2.54 2.68 3.46 3.60
% GERD financed by other sources % GERD financed by public sector (incl.EU) % GERD financed by industry
% GERD financed by other sources % GERD financed by public sector (incl.EU) % GERD financed by industry
2008 2002
35.0%
62.7% 2.3%
30.0%
69.0% 1.0%
4 Funding sources of national R&D
Sources: Derived from the Survey of R&D in the Business Sector, 2007/8 (CSO/Forfás); Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector, 2006 (Forfás); The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás).
% GERD financed by other sources % GERD financed by public sector (incl.EU) % GERD financed by industry
% GERD financed by other sources % GERD financed by public sector (incl.EU) % GERD financed by industry
2008 2002
35.0%
62.7% 2.3%
30.0%
5 Performance of national R&D by sector
% GERD performed by government sector % GERD performed by higher education sector % GERD performed by industry
% GERD performed by government sector % GERD performed by higher education sector % GERD performed by industry
2008 2002
27.4%
64.9% 7.7%
22.3%
69.1% 8.6%
Sources: Derived from the Survey of R&D in the Business Sector, 2007/8 (CSO/Forfás); Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector, 2006 (Forfás); The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás).
% GERD performed by government sector % GERD performed by higher education sector % GERD performed by industry
% GERD performed by government sector % GERD performed by higher education sector % GERD performed by industry
2008 2002
27.4%
64.9% 7.7%
22.3%
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Other sources Public sector (inc. EU)
Industry 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Government Higher Education Industry 200 713 1,687 60 910 1,630 €m €m 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Other sources Public sector (inc. EU)
Industry 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Government Higher Education Industry 200 713 1,687 60 910 1,630 €m €m
6(i) Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
- sources of funding, 2008
6(ii) Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
- performers, 2008
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% Poland Luxembourg Italy Belgium Ireland (GNP) United Kingdom Japan Netherlands Germany France Sweden Finland United States Portugal Spain 0.32% 0.39% 0.59% 0.61% 0.66% 0.71% 0.71% 0.74% 0.76% 0.77% 0.80% 1.00% 1.04% 1.04% 1.06%
7(i) Government Budget Outlays or
Appropriations of R&D (GBOARD)
as a percentage of GDP/GNP *
Sources: Derived from The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás); Main Science & Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD)
0.31% 0.39% 0.45% 0.51% 0.55% 0.58% 0.60% 0.66% 0.67% 0.68% 0.71% 0.72% 0.79% 0.92% 0.97% 1.03%
0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% Poland Luxembourg United States United Kingdom France Italy Belgium Ireland (GNP) Sweden Japan Germany Netherlands Denmark Spain Finland Portugal
Sources: Derived from The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás); Main Science & Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD)
7(ii) Government Budget Outlays or
Appropriations of R&D (GBOARD) as a
percentage of GDP/GNP less defence *
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
BERD constant prices BERD current prices
€m
8 Business sector performed R&D (BERD)
in current and constant prices
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* BERD €m current
prices
698 842 1,000 1,210 1,458 1,687
BERD €m. constant prices
1,011 1,137 1,230 1,407 1,592 1,687
* Estimate
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60%
OECD EU 27 BERD/GNP Ireland BERD/GDP Ireland
9 Business sector performed R&D (BERD)
as a percentage of GDP/GNP
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* OECD 1.46% 1.53% 1.50% 1.48% 1.56% 1.59%
EU 27 1.04% 1.11% 1.11% 1.09% 1.11% 1.12% BERD/GNP Ireland 1.02% 0.94% 0.94% 0.96% 0.96% 1.09%
BERD/GDP Ireland 0.89% 0.80% 0.77% 0.81% 0.82% 0.93%
* Estimate
10 Business sector performed R&D (BERD) by
industrial sector, 2007
Source: Derived from the Survey of R&D in the Business Sector, 2007/8 (CSO/Forfás)
Food, beverages & tobacco 5.4%
Chemicals, chemical products and man-made fibres 20.0%
Electrical machinery and apparatus 7.0% Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus 5.7%
Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks 9.2% Other manufacturing 9.8%
Wholesale and retail trade 5.7% Computer and
related activities 24.5% Research and development 7.5%
Other business activities 2.7% Other services 2.6%
2007
Sector €m. %
Chemicals, chemical products and man-made fibres 320.4 20.0% Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks 147.0 9.2% Electrical machinery and apparatus 112.1 7.0% Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus 91.8 5.7% Food, beverages & tobacco 85.9 5.4%
Other manufacturing 156.6 9.8%
Computer and related activities 392.8 24.5% Research and development services 119.8 7.5% Wholesale and retail trade 91.8 5.7% Other business activities 43.3 2.7%
Other services 41.6 2.6%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
€2,000,000->€5,000,000
€5000,000-€2,000,000
€100,000-€500,000 < €100,000
451
419 411 398
181 226
81 163
2007 2003
No. of Firms
11 Distribution of business sector R&D (BERD)
expenditure by size of spend
HERD €m constant prices HERD €m current prices
HERD €m
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
12 Higher education sector performed R&D
(HERD) in current and constant prices -
Ireland 1998-2008
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* HERD €m current
prices
204 238 322 492 601 713
HERD €m constant prices
296 321 396 572 656 713
* Estimate
13 HERD as a percentage of GDP/GNP
0.00% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25% 0.30% 0.35% 0.40% 0.45% 0.50%
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
OECD EU 27 HERD/GNP Ireland HERD/GDP Ireland
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008*
OECD 0.34% 0.35% 0.39% 0.39% 0.39% 0.39%
EU 27 0.35% 0.36% 0.39% 0.38% 0.39% 0.39% HERD/GNP Ireland 0.30% 0.27% 0.30% 0.39% 0.39% 0.46%
HERD/GDP Ireland 0.26% 0.23% 0.25% 0.33% 0.34% 0.39%
* Estimate
GOVERD €m constant prices GOVERD €m current
€m
0 50 100 150 200 250
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
14 Government sector performed R&D
(GOVERD) - in current and constant prices
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* GOVERD €m current
prices
70.0 96.0 125.0 138.0 150.0 200.0
GOVERD €m constant prices
101.4 129.6 153.8 160.5 163.8 200.0
* Estimate
15 Government sector performed R&D
(GOVERD) as a percentage of GNP/GDP
0.00% 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25% 0.30%
2008* 2006
2004 2002
2000 1998
OECD EU 27 GOVERD/GNP Ireland GOVERD/GDP Ireland
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008* OECD 0.27% 0.26% 0.27% 0.27% 0.26% 0.26%
EU 27 0.26% 0.25% 0.24% 0.24% 0.24% 0.24% GOVERD/ GNP Ireland 0.10% 0.11% 0.12% 0.11% 0.10% 0.13%
GOVERD/ GDP Ireland 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.09% 0.08% 0.11%
* Estimate
16 Total researchers (FTE) per 1,000 total
employment (Ireland, EU, OECD & US)*
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2007 2005
2003
US OECD EU 27 Ireland
2003 2005 2007
US 10.2 9.6 9.7
OECD 7.2 7.3 7.3
EU 27 5.6 5.9 6.0
Ireland 5.8 6.5 6.4
Sources: Derived from the Survey of Business Expenditure on R&D 2007/2008 (CSO/Forfás); Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector 2006 (Forfás); The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás); Main Science & Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD).
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Italy Poland Netherlands UK Spain EU 27 Ireland Germany Total OECD Belgium France Australia U.S. Denmark Sweden Japan Finland
17 Total researchers (FTE) per 1,000 total
employment (Ireland and selected countries)*
2007 (or latest available data)
Finland 15.6 Japan 11.0 Sweden 10.6 Denmark 10.2 U.S. 9.7 Australia 8.5 France 8.3 Belgium 8.2
Total OECD 7.4
Germany 7.2 Ireland 6.4 EU-27 6.0 Spain 6.0 UK 5.6 Netherlands 5.1 Poland 4.1 Italy 3.6
18 Headcount of PhD and other researchers
in the business sector
Source: Business Expenditure on R&D 2007/2008 (CSO/Forfás) 0
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
9,000 Other researchers PhD researchers
2007 2005
2003 2001
1,179 830
466 420
7,063 6,866
Business 62.0%
Public sector 6.8% Higher Education 31.2%
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
2007 2005
2003 2001
Business Public sector Higher Education 9,126
1,739 2,890
9,280
1,162 4,010
10,338
1,133 5,211
10,956
1,278 5,721
Sources: Derived from the Survey of R&D in the Business Sector, 2007/8 (CSO/Forfás); Survey of R&D in the Higher Education Sector, 2006 (Forfás); The Science Budget 2007/2008 (Forfás).
19(i) R&D FTE personnel (researchers plus
support staff) by sector of employment
20 R&D FTE personnel by sector of employment
and category of employment - 2007
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
8,000 7,262
3,694
545 734
4,806
914
Business Public
sector education (e)Higher Researchers (FTE)
Researchers support staff (FTE)
21(i) Male/female research personnel
(headcount) by sector - 2007
Higher Education Public sector
Business
Female (Headcount) Male (Headcount)
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
3,522 10,429
542 841
7,614 8,744
Female headcount
Male headcount
Total
BERD Business 3,522 10,429 13,951
GOVERD Public sector 542 841 1,383 HERD Higher education 7,614 8,744 16,358
Researchers - % women Technicians - % women Support staff - % women
Higher Education Public sector
Business 0%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
23.4% 23.1%
33.0% 37.5% 36.8% 43.1%
38.3% 32.1%
73.3%
21(ii) Female research personnel (headcount) by
sector of performance and occupation 2007
2
1
(iii) International comparison of women
researchers as a percentage of total
researchers (headcount)*
Source: Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD)
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Japan Korea Germany Austria France Czech Republic Denmark Finland Ireland Italy Hungary Greece Spain Poland Portugal 12.4% 13.1% 21.4% 25.3% 27.7% 28.3% 29.7% 32.1% 31.6% 33.3% 33.5% 36.4% 36.7% 39.5% 44.4%
* 2006 or latest available data
22(i) Science and engineering new graduates as
a percentage of total graduates *
Source: Eurostat
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
UK EU 27 Czech Republic Italy Germany Ireland Portugal Spain Sweden Finland Austria
21.7% 22.4% 22.6% 22.7%
25.0% 25.9%
26.5% 26.5% 26.6%
22(ii) PhD science and engineering and
humanities and social science graduates
per 1,000 population
Source: Eurostat: European Innovation Scoreboard 2008
23(i) OECD countries' relative citation impacts
in 1991-1995 and 2001-2005
Sources: Thompson Scientific, NSI 1981-2005
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 2001-2005 1991-1995 Poland
23(ii) Science and engineering articles
in all fields, by country: 2005
Sources: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008
24(i) Triadic patent families* per million
population**
Source: Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2009/1 (OECD)
* A member of the triadic patent family is established when the patent is filed at the European Patent Office and the Japanese Patent Office and is granted by the United States Patent Office (USPTO)
** 2006 or latest available data
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Portugal Greece Czech Republic Hungary Spain Italy Ireland UK Belgium France Austria Denmark USA Netherlands
0.9 1.3 1.7 4.1
5.3 12.9
16.5 27.4
35.0 39.3
46.7 50.7
24(ii) Patents applications per million
population to the EPO
Source: European Patent Office
Section 5
25(i) Innovation activity rate by size
of enterprise, 2004-2006
25(ii) Innovation types by sector and size,
2004-2006
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
All Large
Med Small
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Total Services Total Industry
Any Innovation Ongoing/Abandoned
Innovation Process Innovation
Product Innovation
Source: Community Innovation Survey 2004-2006 - First Findings (CSO/Forfás)
26 Sectoral innovation activity rates 2004-2006
Source: Community Innovation Survey 2004-2006 (CSO)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Transport, storage and communications
27(i) Percentage of total turnover attributed
to product innovation activities
Source: Community Innovation Survey 2004-2006 (CSO) New to firm 5.4%
New to market 7.2%
27(ii) Innovation hampering factors as a
percentage of totals
Source: Community Innovation Survey 2004-2006 (CSO)
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% Non Innovative Innovative
