weapons, fundamentally changed the Cold War 1. ___________________________________

(1)

International Relations Unit 5 Notes (B)

A. Coexistence and Crises, 1953-1961

a. By March 6, 1953 Joseph Stalin was pronounced dead i. His death, along with the development of nuclear

weapons, fundamentally changed the Cold War 1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

b. By 1950’s, the Cold War was prominently between the U.S. and Soviet Union

i. Each side saw each other as completely hostile 1. They used imaginable weapons, alliances,

economic and military aid, espionage, proxy wars, targeted assassinations and arms race

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

c. During this time nearly 100 new nations were created i. Created a fertile breeding ground for great power

competition

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

ii. Areas were used for proxy wars

B. Life Post-WWII

a. U.S. citizens were accustomed to conscription

i. Nearly 3.5 million people were serving through the draft

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

c. Intelligence agencies used any means to monitor

Notes:

(2)

i. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

d. Public relations firms sought to boost their U.S.

images and secure maximum economic and military assistance

C. Communist Hysteria

a. Communist threat created a near hysterical fear and suspicion that “…Communist were everywhere…”

i. “Busy undermining your government, plotting to destroy your liberties and try to aid the Soviet Union

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. Church membership soared during this period as well

1. Dwight D. Eisenhower had “In God We Trust” added to coins

c. Some U.S. officials viewed the Cold war as equivalent to a holy war

d. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. Claimed to have the names of known communist operatives within the U.S. government other influential positions

1. Ultimately became so ridiculous that Congress censured him

ii. Ultimately ruining the lives of many dedicated public servants and eliminated much of its expertise on East Asia

Notes:

(3)

D. A New U.S. Cast

a. Dwight D. Eisenhower

i. Personified the values the nation clung to under external threat

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. He kept his military advisers at arm’s length

iii. Had the NSC meet weekly or more b. John Foster Dulles

i. Became the nation’s Secretary of State

1. Related to previous famous secretary of states

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

E. Handling Post-Stalin USSR

a. New leaders Molotov, Beria and Malenkov attempted to shift toward a less confrontational mode with the U.S.

i. However coolly received by U.S. officials ii. U.S. officials viewed the peace overtures by

USSR as designed to undermine Western morale and hold back Western rearmament

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

ii. Also believed even greater in propaganda and psychological warfare

F. East Asian Success and New Problems

a. Eisenhower was able to negotiate an end to fighting on

Notes:

(4)

b. Indochina became the new hotspot for the Cold War i. In 1954 France’s 8 year war against the

Communist-led Vietminh seemed to be tipping away from France

ii. U.S. sought to help due to the famous domino theory,

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

a. Possibly leaving affects in Middle East and Japan

iii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. Fear that he would lose to Ho Chi Minh iv. Dulles negotiated the Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization (SEATO)

1. Similar in design and purpose to NATO c. China-Taiwan

i. U.S. in 1955, fearful of Chinese intentions, recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s establishment of an independent country on the island of Taiwan ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. Today still a hot-bed issue

iii. Possibly the start of Chinese desire for Nuclear weapons

G. Eastern Europe

a. Even more fervently, Eisenhower used psychological warfare to win hearts and minds in Eastern Europe

i. Used the Radio Free European radio station, despite jamming by the Soviet Union

Notes:

(5)

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. Sobered U.S. expectations for quick uprisings in Eastern Europe

b. The United States during the 1950’s even initiated cultural exchanges with the Soviet Union and blocs

i. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. 1955, Voice of America’s “Music of America,” reached an estimated thirty million people in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

ii. Became a very powerful tool to gain positive recognition of the U.S. throughout Eastern Europe

H. Arab-Israeli Conflict

a. By 1955, Krushchev had struck an arms deal with Egypt

i. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. In return, U.S. signed an arms deal with Israel

b. Eisenhower and Dulles deepened U.S. involvement in the Middle East

i. Military bases, lines of communication and huge reservoirs of oil

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

2. However not realizing the amount of hate throughout the Middle East

c. Iranian nationalist took control of British Anglo-

Notes:

(6)

i. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

ii. Eisenhower called for CIA to overthrow the Prime Minister of Iran

1. Replaced him with the Shah

a. A friendly government, yet ended up becoming a brutal dictatorship

2. Tried same thing in Syria, however unsuccessfully

d. In 1954, signed the Baghdad Pact with Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan

i. Viewed by some as the West’s new form of imperialism

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

I. Suez Canal of 1956

a. In 1952, Nasser overthrew British puppet King Farouk in Egypt

i. U.S. sought to win him over by giving $400 million to help build a dam at Aswan on the Nile

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

2. Nasser then in 1956 overthrew British controllers of the Suez Canal

ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

1. The West threatened to use sanctions against Israel and Soviet threatened to unleash rockets against London and Paris

Notes:

(7)

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

J. Latin America

a. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. Insisted instead that modest loans and private investment were the correct path to economic development

1. Also warned about the dangers of Communism

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. Continued the practicing dating back to the 1920’s

c. Operation PBSUCCESS in 1954 was used to overthrow the Guatemalan government

i. Mainly successful due to Arbenz resigning, fearful of U.S. doing anything to get rid of him ii. _______________________________________

_______________________________________

K. Cuban Relations

a. The rise of Fidel Castro, and his lean toward Soviet Union, brought the Cold War into the U.S. backyard

i. With U.S. support, Fulgencio Batista governed oppressively in Cuba

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

ii. Fidel had tried in both 1953 and 1956 to overthrow U.S. dominance

1. Ended disastrously

Notes:

(8)

iii. Finally on January 1, 1959, Fidel rode

triumphantly into Havana on a tank given to Batista by the U.S.

b. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

i. He legalized the Communist Party, executed Batista supporters, purchased weapons from the Soviet Union

ii. In response the U.S. began the Social Progress Trust Fund to help stabilize Latin America

1. ___________________________________

___________________________________

L. Beginnings of a Cooling, or Détente

a. At the end of Eisenhower’s 2

^nd

term, politicians began questioning his foreign policy, specifically the New Look Program

i. October 4, 1957 Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1. It created a sense of profound vulnerability 2. ___________________________________

___________________________________

ii. In response he created NASA, and ordered the construction of super-secret underground bunker complexes

b. Both Khrushchev and Eisenhower began to come to agreements on nuclear disarmament and inspection