Nan Kai University of Technology
GerontechnologySeptember 25, 2014-2
A technology agenda for aging and aged people
James L. Fozard, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor, Dept. of Gerontechnology and Service
Management
Courtesy Full Professor, School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida 33609, USA
Readings for September 25,2014
•
Fozard, J.L., and Wahl, H-W. Age and cohort
effects in gerontechnology: A reconsideration.
(Paper in honor of dr. Herman Bouma).
Gerontechnology
, 2012, (11)10-21.
•
Kearns, W.D., Fozard, J.L. High speed
networking and embedded
gerontechnologies.
Gerontechnology
,
2007, 6,
Topics for September 25 lecture
•
Summary of September 18 lecture topics
– Aging in different calendar times changes because of
differences in the manmade environment
– Introduced the conceptual framework to analyze the
changing dynamics of aging and environment
•
September 25 lecture topics
– Why we need a technology agenda for aging
– Gerontechnology--define goals for technology
– Assigning functions to man and machine
– Ethical and societal considerations
Discussion Questions for
September 25, 2014
•
Why is a technology agenda needed?
•
In your own words, explain the “…two faces of
age”
•
What is a technology generation? How does
yours differ from that of your parents
•
What are the main determiners of technology
acceptance?
•
What links the goals of public health and those
Why we need a technology agenda
for aging and aged people
•
People of all ages need to benefit from rapid
changes in technology
•
Technology developments need to focus on
identified human needs—trial and error
approaches often seen in marketed products is
wasteful and expensive
•
The balance between technological and humans
performing tasks needs to be properly balanced
•
Gerontechnology provides a way to deal with
these issues
So we need a technology agenda
What is it??
Table constructed from Bouma H., Fozard, J. L. & van Bronswijk, J. E. M. H. (2009). Gerontechnology as a field of endeavour. Gerontechnology, 8(2), 68-75.
Why we need a technology agenda for aging
and aged persons—
’just the facts, man’
• The environment changes over time
– Continuous changes occur in the natural, built and social
environment—called secular changes
• The way we age changes over time
– Overlapping generations of aging people—called age
cohorts--who create and use environment are affected differently by environmental change
• A picture to represent these ideas
– Interactions between person and environment create a
system—change either one and system changes
–
Environment
Person
Interface
System Output Measure
Person and environment are considered as a system.
Environment
Person
Social Built Natural
Receptors Internal Effectors Structures
Interface
Future
Past
Time
System Output Measure
The arrows represent changes over time, from Past to future
What happens when changes over time
are added to the model?
• Adding time to the model, e.g., 10 years, allows us
to consider three additional factors:
– changes within a person as (s)he ages
– Cohort or generational differences between successive
age cohorts as they age
• Variability among members within any cohort increases because
of differences in experience of the environment
Environment
Person
Social Built Natural
Receptors Internal Effectors Structures
Interface
Future
Past
Time
Human aging
Secular change
System Output Measure
LESSON: BOTH age-related
and secular changes affect
Drivers of changing
age-technology mix over time
•
Technology side—secular changes in
environment
– Sophistication, scope, miniaturization, robotics
•
Age side
– Birth cohort—when you were born
• Aging 10 years from 20-30 starting in 1950 is different than aging from 20-30 years starting in 2010
• Other terms: technology generation, digital native vs digital immigrant
– Chronological age--how old you are
Consideration of Age Effects in the Areas of:
Sensory and Motor Functioning
Cognitive Performance
Personality and Self
Motivation and Emotion
Consideration of Cohort Effects Relevant for Gerontechnology:
Unspecific Cohort Effects
Specific Cohort Effects
Technology-related Cohort Effects
Consideration of Major Areas for Applying Gerontechnology:
Health and Self-esteem
Housing and Daily Living
Mobility and Transport
Communication and Governance
Work and Leisure
Gerontechnology Supported Quality of Life in Later Life
A Comprehensive View on
the Age X Cohort Interplay in Gerontechnology
J.L. Fozard, NKUT lecture 9/22/2014
Cohort differences in use and
acceptance of technology
•
Research on topic has become a cottage
industry amongst social scientists
– Don Tapscott --“Growing up digital,” (2007)
“Grown up digital,” (2009); calls generation Y members ‘Net gens’
– Reinhold Sackmann-- “Technology generations” – Numerous studies in USA and other countries
•
In gerontechnology, studies reported show
Concept of Technology Generation
used by German sociologists
•Technology generation = groups of birth cohorts, whose
conjunctive experience with technology and/or social position differ due to social change
•Technology generations in Germany:
born before 1939 pretechnological generation;
born 1939-1948 generation of the household revolution; born 1949-1963 generation of technology spread;
born 1964-1978 computer generation
Source: Sackmann and Winkler at ISGxISARC2012, Eindhoven, June, 26th to 29th 2012
Differences in private use of information and
communication technologies
??
•Survey on private use of information and communication
technologies by the Statistical Bureau of Germany, waves 2004 and 2009. N = 10303 (2004); 23556 (2009)..
Hypotheses:
•Differences in use of internet by technology generations persists •Differences in use of E-mail by technology generations are very
small
•Within the computer generation, those born after 1990 will use
social media more than those born earlier
Differences in use of internet by
technology generations persists
0
2.7
7.4
20.1
54.6
1 / (p/q) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 ln(p/q) 2004 2009 Year Pre-technical Generation
Generation of the household revolution Generation of advanced household technology Computer Generation
Internet Generation
N(2004) = 7878 N(2009) = 19523 p < 0.001
Source: Sackmann and Winkler at ISGxISARC2012, Eindhoven, June, 26th to 29th 2012
Differences in use of E-mail by technology
generations are small
0
2.7
7.4
20.1
54.6
1 / (p/q) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 ln(p/q) 2004 2009 Year Pre-technical Generation
Generation of the household revolution Generation of advanced household technology Computer Generation
Internet Generation
N(2004) = 6782 N(2009) = 18607 p < 0.001
Those born after 1990 use social media more
than those born earlier
0
2.7
7.4
20.1
54.6
1 / (p/q) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 ln(p/q) 2004 2009 Year Pre-technical Generation
Generation of the household revolution Generation of advanced household technology Computer Generation
Internet Generation
N(2004) = 6782 N(2009) = 18607 p < 0.001
Source: Presentation by Sackmann and Winkler at ISGxISARC2012, Eindhoven, June, 26th to 29th 2012
Two Parts to Concept of
Technology Generations
Technological interfaces between tools and users: mechanical; electromechanical; and software generation (Docampo
Rama/Ridder/Bouma 2001; Langdon/Lewis/ Clarkson 2009; Lim 2010).
Digital divide: First digital divide: possession differentials in computer and internet between technology generations hold on, even if gender, income and educational level differences are diminished with diffusion (Korupp/Szydlik 2005; Coneus/Schleife 2010; Zillien/Hargittai 2009).
Source: Presentation by Sackmann and Winkler at ISGxISARC2012, Eindhoven, June, 26th to 29th 2012
Making technology easier/safer to use by
people of different ages and generations
• Use cohort differences in technological interfaces
between tools and users:
(
Docampo Rama/Ridder/Bouma 2001;Langdon/Lewis/ Clarkson 2009; Lim 2010
)
• Use controls and displays that are appropriate to the
task --do you need menu driven controls on your washer?
• Dividing attention between virtual and real world
events can be very harmful to your health--texting and
driving is dangerous at any age
• Be smart in deciding what system tasks should be
assigned to people and machines--problems of automation in
Making technology easier/safer to use by
people of different ages and generations
•
Gerontechnology 101
•
Involve user in designing
and evaluation of
technology
Prevention and heavy labor—getting workers
involved in Japan
• Nagamachi (2005) reported several examples of job
redesign in Japan
– Removing and replacing doors on auto assembly line
– Redesign of tasks that require bending and lifting from 8
awkward positions in air conditioning plant
• Teams of older workers and experts developed
robots to help in their work. They gave the robots nicknames and “…loved their as much as they loved their families.” (Nagamachi, 2005, p. 8)
– The teams were given time to study robotics and control
software and then developed the system of robots for
their own setting. They then served as trainers for further teams. This program was used in two factories—farm
J.L. Fozard, NKUT lecture 9/22/2014
Technology Acceptance –More than just
Technology Acceptance –More than just
age group membership
age group membership
See: H. Bouma et al. 2007. Gerontechnology in perspective. Gerontechnology 6(4):190-216
Social norms & habits
Cognitive appraisal of effectiveness
Perceived usefulness
Perceived ease of use
Behavioural
Technology acceptance
“
Most good products are designed around the
person, not the technology
,” says Donald A. Norman, principal at Fremont, CA-based NielsenNorman Group and author of The Invisible Computer, a manifesto for replacing “technology-centered” products with “human-centered” ones.
“It’s not a case of people saying, Gee, look at
this neat technology.’ It’s a case of people
saying, Gee, look at what this thing can do for
me.’
”Age related changes in receptors, internal
processing and effectors affect how we live and
work for people in all cohorts
• Declines in vision, hearing, balance and other
sensory functions require environmental
interventions to bring level of functioning close to that of young
• Slowing of speed of mental processing may be improved by task redesign and training
• Losses in strength and balance can be prevented or delayed by training although final effect depends in part on other factors, e.g., sensory and cognitive functioning
• An example from vision illustrates this point
Source: Weale, R.A., et al, Gerontechnology
Four goals for technological interventions
for aged and aging people
• Prevention and engagement—technology that delays or prevents
age-associated physiological and behavioral changes that restrict human functioning, e.g., accidents lifestyle and environmental factors
contributing to allergies, depression and other modifiable conditions
• Compensation and assistance—technology that compensates for
age-associated losses in strength and perceptual-motor functioning—the most frequent use
• Care support and organization—technology
– used by caregivers of elderly persons with disabilities, e.g., devices that lift
and move physically disabled persons,
– machines that administer and monitor the use of medications and
– equipment that provides information about physiological functioning to remote location
• Enhancement and Satisfaction
– Improve quality of life at all three levels
• The 4 goals are the same for all 5 domains-health, housing, etc.
p.154
Gerontechnoly’s goals derive from Public
Health intervention goals
• Goals of public health interventions for
managing disease
– Primary prevention of
disease
– Secondary prevention
manage disease
– Tertiary prevention slow
further decline
• Goals or uses of technology in
Gerontechnology
– Prevention and
engagement
– Compensation and
assistance
– Care and organization
• Enhancement and
Gerontechnoly’s goals derive from Public
Health intervention goals
• Goals of public health interventions for
managing disease
– Primary prevention of
disease
– Secondary prevention
manage disease
– Tertiary prevention slow
further decline
• Goals or uses of technology in
Gerontechnology
– Prevention and
engagement
– Compensation and
assistance
– Care and organization
• Enhancement and
satisfaction
Gerontechnology functional matrix
Gerontechnology functional matrix
Goal
Goal / /
Technological Technological intervention intervention
Life domain
Life domain / Domain of human activity / Domain of human activity
Health & Self-esteem Housing & Daily living Mobility & Transport Communication & Governance Work & Leisure Enhancement & Enhancement & Satisfaction Satisfaction Machine coaching for fitness Creative software Prevention & Prevention & Engagement Engagement Housing with flexible/move able indoor walls Compensation & Compensation & Assistance Assistance Smart cars
Care support &
Care support &
organization
organization
Telemedicine Robot
Housing and everyday activities: high
speed networking expands possibilities
• Telemedicine and communication applications using
video over Internet
• Ultra-wideband radio allows for precise location of
persons within a home and communication among appliances
• Allows for shopping and business without being tied to
desktop PC
• Faster interactions in games, virtual simulations and
machine guided rehabilitation services
• 3-D printing for developing and manufacturing
technologies
Emerging technologies for
compensation in rehabilitation
• Exoskeletons—mostly military applications at
present
• Cochlear Implants
• Robotic arms, hands and fingers
– Stanford Research Institute developing 4 ‘finger’
device;
– Scotland firm claims to have 5 finger device with
prehensile capability
Personal service robots
• Honda “Asimo” does some chores and caregiving
under voice, hand gesture control
• “Pearl” is used in an assisted living settings escorts
patients to medical appointments at pace set by patient
• Sony “AIBO” robotic doll provides 6 simulated
emotions to actions of person using it
• “PARO” a robotic hare seal provides comfort and
calming to nursing home patients with dementia
Networked Robotics
• Saito, T., Shibata, T., Wada, K. & Tanie, K. (2003). Relationship
between interaction with the mental commit robot and
change of stress reaction of the elderly. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational
Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. July 16-20, Kobe, Japan.
Newer technologies for care
• Telemedicine and communication applications using video over Internet
– Mobile-Health Toolkit wirelessly measures blood pressure, blood glucose, etc. and relays information to patient records
• Ultra-wideband radio allows for precise location of persons
within a home and communication among appliances
Common feature of examples is, “…enhanced communication between people and people, people and machines and among machines that themselves are networked.”
• Source: Kearns WD, Fozard JL High-speed networking and embedded
gerontechnologies. Gerontechnology 2007;6:135-146
My predictions for future of compensation,
prevention and enhancement applications
• My expectations for future developments in
gerontechnology based on current literature:
– 10-year increases in applied research related to
compensation will be very significant
– 10-year research leading to prevention will be available on
large scale for the first time
– 10-year progress on enhancement is less certain because
Conclusions
Gerontechnology is...
•
A major tool for creating what UN Secretary
General Kofi Annan calls “
Enabling
Environments”
•
A discipline based on obtaining scientific and
consumer input on what constitutes an
“
Enabling Environment
”
Conclusions:
Enabling environment?
•
Gerontechnology’s take on Kofi Anan’s
concept
•
The “enabling” physical environment is more
than neutral or potentially harmful to human
activity.
•
The enabling environment is actively
Summary and Preview of Sept. 29
lecture
•
September 22 lecture topics
– The technology agenda for aging
– Gerontechnology--defined goals for technology – Technology acceptance and user involvement – Assigning functions to man and machine
– Ethical and societal considerations
•
September 29 topics
– Health and self esteem defined – Role of medicine in health
Nan Kai University of Technology
September 25, 2014,
Thank you for your attention!
I hope the material we discussed over the last two lectures makes you want to age gracefully rather than deny or
fear aging.
Comments and questions?
James L. Fozard, Ph.D.
E-mail me for copies of slides or information about references or readings