The FourTerm Contingency and Tier 3 Functional Behavior Intervention:
Avoiding Common Pitfalls and Encouraging Successful Outcomes
Kevin Kuhn, 2014 ASPP Conference Kahoot.it Code: ____________________ The FourTerm Contingency 1. The ABCs of ABA a. ____________________ b. ____________________ c. ____________________ 2. The 3Term Contingency cannot account for all behavior what's missing? a. _______________ _______________ Stimuli that momentarily change the value of a particular reinforcer and evoke or abate behaviors as a result i. _______________ Operations Establish and Evoke ii. _______________ Operations Abolish and Abate 3. Unconditioned Motivating Operations: a. _______________ and _______________ Food, water, sleep, activity, oxygen, and sex b. Temperature too hot or too cold c. Aversive or painful stimulation 4. Conditioned Motivating Operations a. CMOS (_______________) Pairing of a neutral stimulus with a UMO resulting in the formerly neutral stimulus evoking behavior to a greater degree than would be appropriate given the actual degree of the UMO b. CMOT (_______________) Occur when one environmental stimulus momentarily alters the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus c. CMOR (_______________) Any stimulus that has systematically preceded the onset of any avoidable worsening condition and momentarily increases the value of _______________ as a reinforcer. Evaluating Function 1. Indirect Assessment a. Includes things like rating scales and interviews (FAST, MAS, QABF) b. Low _______________ when considered on an itembyitem basis i. FAST interrater reliability overall 71.5% (itembyitem) (Iwata et al., 2013) ii. Other rating scales typically lower c. Validity compared to Functional Analysis (FA; Iwata et al., 2013): i. 63.8% agreement overallii. 70.8% agreement if two raters identify same function iii. Improves slightly if FAST is used as a structured interview with ABA specialist as interviewer d. Generally indirect assessments overestimate attention and underestimate escape as functions 2. Direct Observation a. ABC recording As with indirect assessments, direct observation overestimates attention and underestimates escape as function of behavior 3. Functional Analysis (FA) a. Iwata & Dozier (2008) identify variations of full FA that show promise for applied settings: i. Brief FA abbreviated session count and duration ii. SingleFunction test and control for only one function iii. Precursor FA FA of correlated behaviors iv. Latency FA session terminates after first response and latency is measured rather than number of responses v. ______________________________ FA assessment is embedded in ongoing activities b. Bloom et al. (2013) TeacherConducted TrialBased FA i. Conditions a presented in paired sequences of _______________ _______________ ii. Responses are measured across trials rather than sessions iii. Trials are typically a maximum of 2 minutes each, for a total of 4 minutes for each paired sequence; 1020 trials per condition iv. Trials terminate contingent upon problem behavior v. Trials are embedded in the ongoing activities as opportunities arise vi. Benefits: 1. Less time than traditional FA 2. Completed in natural setting 3. Decreased frequency of problem behavior during FA trials 4. 80% correspondence with traditional FA results and improving as process is refined Functional Behavior Intervention 1. Many effective behavioral interventions exist, but they all basically boil down to 3 behavioral principles (Iwata, 2013): a. _______________ MO meet the functional need prior to problem behavior, essentially
initiating an _______________ Operation through Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) b. _______________ Discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior so that the target behavior no longer produces reinforcement (Cooper et al., 2007) c. _______________ _______________ Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension of behavior (Cooper et al., 2007) 2. Function: Social Positive Reinforcement (SR+) a. MO ___________________________________________________________ i. Intervention _______________________________________________ b. Maintaining Reinforcer ____________________________________________ i. Extinction ________________________________________________ ii. Other ____________________________________________________ c. Differential Reinforcement i. Intervention _______________________________________________ 3. Function: Social Negative Reinforcement (SR) a. MO ____________________________________________________________ i. Intervention _______________________________________________ ii. Intervention _______________________________________________ iii. Intervention _______________________________________________ iv. See Carbone et al. (2010) for more strategies b. Maintaining Reinforcer ____________________________________________ i. Extinction _________________________________________________ c. Differential Reinforcement i. Intervention _______________________________________________ 4. Function: Automatic Positive Reinforcement (AR+) a. MO ____________________________________________________________ i. Intervention _______________________________________________ b. Maintaining Reinforcer _____________________________________________ i. Extinction _________________________________________________ ii. Other ____________________________________________________ c. Differential Reinforcement i. Intervention ________________________________________________ ii. Intervention ________________________________________________ 5. Function: Automatic Negative Reinforcement (AR) a. MO ____________________________________________________________ i. Intervention _______________________________________________
b. Maintaining Reinforcer _____________________________________________ i. Extinction _________________________________________________ c. Differential Reinforcement i. Intervention _______________________________________________ Troubleshooting Tier 3 Interventions 1. Three considerations at the tier 3 level: a. Treatment _______________ b. Function/Intervention ____________________ (FIC) c. _____________________ ____________________ (CV) 2. See Witt, VanDerHeyden, & Gilbertson (2004) for their troubleshooting process a. Includes Behavior Intervention Troubleshooter (BIT) b. Broader focus (Tiers 1, 2, and 3) c. Suggests a 4step linear troubleshooting process d. Does NOT address FIC and CV components as two separate issues 3. Treatment Integrity a. Promoting Treatment Integrity i. Ensure adequate support, instruction, and modeling for the teacher ii. Direct instruction for _______________ including modeling and rehearsal with feedback (SterlingTurner & Watson, 2002) iii. See Test Driving Interventions article by Dart et al. (2012) for interesting data on promoting intervention integrity and increasing successful outcomes b. Assessing Treatment Integrity i. Selfreport of implementation is unreliable ii. _______________ _______________ built into intervention is the easiest way to monitor integrity iii. Best case mix permanent product with administrative or consultant observations and performance feedback c. Repairing Treatment Integrity i. Performance feedback is most meaningful and effective when a _______________ representation of data is used 4. Function/Intervention Correspondence (FIC) a. If treatment integrity is sound, consider possible mismatch between function of behavior and intervention selection b. Use additional measures (indirect assessment, direct observation) to develop a better functional hypothesis
c. Optimally, use FA procedures to gain the most valid estimate of function d. Avoid functional _______________ reducing problem behavior alone is not sufficient; appropriate, functionally equivalent replacement behaviors must be acquired and reinforced e. Direct functional reinforcement is better than generalized conditioned reinforcement when possible 5. Competing Variables a. Motivating Operations Consequences we can offer as reinforcement may be more or less effective at any particular time, and can fluctuate often i. If you say “nothing reinforces this kid” you probably need to consider MO ii. Vary reinforcement when possible iii. It is only reinforcing if it increases the future likelihood of the behavior, so we must always be tracking and analyzing the data iv. Verify motivation in each situation when possible offer choice, monitor response to SD b. Discriminative Stimulus i. Reinforcement is more effective when present ii. Visual cues act as reminders when reinforcement cannot be immediately present iii. Be aware of how people and settings have been paired with reinforcement or punishment (“He never acts that way with me”) iv. Stimulus ____________________ can be achieved by ensuring that reinforcement is delivered by multiple people in multiple settings c. Unprogrammed Consequences Naturally occurring changes in the environment immediately following a behavior that are not part of the intervention design d. Assessing Competing Variables: i. FIC is assessed through _______________ Analysis ii. Competing variables are discovered through _______________ Analysis
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References Alberto, P., & Troutman, A. C. (1999). Applied behavior analysis for teachers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. *Bloom, S. E., Lambert, J. M., Dayton, E., & Samaha, A. L. (2013). Teacherconducted trialbased functional analyses as the basis for intervention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 208218. *Carbone, V. J., Morgenstern, B., ZecchinTirri, G., & Kolberg, L. (2010). The role of the reflexiveconditioned motivating operation (CMOR) during discrete trial instruction of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25(2), 110124. Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. *Dart, E. H., Cook, C. R., Collins, T. A., Gresham, F. M., & Chenier, J. S. (2012). Test driving interventions to increase treatment integrity and student outcomes. School Psychology Review, 41(4), 467481. Iwata, B. A., (July 29, 2013). Problem behavior: Issues in assessment, treatment, and prevention. National Autism Conference, Penn State University. Iwata, B. A., Deleon, I. G., & Roscoe, E. M. (2013). Reliability And validity of the functional analysis screening tool. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 46(1), 271284. Iwata, B. A. & Dozier, C. L. (2008). Clinical application of functional analysis methodology. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1(1), 39. Iwata, B. A., & Worsdell, A. S. (2005). Implications of functional analysis methodology for the design of intervention programs. Exceptionality, 13(1), 2534. Martens, B. K. & Kelly, S. Q. (1993). A behavioral analysis of effective teaching. School Psychology Quarterly, 8, 1026. Michael, J. (November 18, 2005). Motivating Operations. Maryland Association for Behavior Analysis. SterlingTurner, H. E. & Watson, T. S. (2002). An analog investigation of the relationship between treatment acceptability and treatment. Journal of Behavioral Education, 11, 3950. *Witt, J. C., VanDerHeyden, A. M., & Gilbertson, D (2004). Troubleshooting behavioral interventions: A systematic process for finding and eliminating problems. School Psychology Review, 33(3), 363383. * Recommended followup reading