WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
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Civil Engineering
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Syllabus Water Resource Engg
Syllabus for
Water Resource Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology
Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics.
Irrigation
Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils.
Analysis of GATE Papers
(Water Resource Engineering)
Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage
2013 15.00 18.99% 2012 14.00 2011 14.00 2010 12.00 2009 14.00 2008 19.33 2007 20.67 2006 21.33 2005 24.66 2004 31.33 2003 22.60
Contents Water Resource Engg
C O N T E N T S
Chapter
Page No
#1. Introduction
1–12
Branches of Fluid Mechanics
1– 3
Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
3
Moving and Stationary Parallel Plates
4 – 7
Summary of Main Points
7 – 8
Solved Examples
9 – 10
Assignment
11
Answer Keys
12
Explanations
12
#2. Pressure and It’s Measurement
13 – 22
Tensors
13 – 15
Measurement of Pressure
15
Summary of Main Points
16 – 17
Solved Examples
18 – 20
Assignment
21
Answer Keys
22
Explanations
22
#3. Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
23–35
Parallel Axis Theorem
23 – 24
Force on a Vertical Plane Area
24 – 26
Summary of Main Points
26 – 27
Solved Examples
28 – 32
Assignment
33 – 34
Answer Keys
35
Explanations
35
#4. Floatation and Stability
36 – 44
Hydrostatic Terminology
36 – 38
Stability
38 – 40
Summary of Main Points
41 – 42
Solved Examples
42 – 44
#5. Relative Equilibrium of Fluids
45 – 55
Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Horizontal
Acceleration
45 – 46
Acceleration of a Fluid Mass Along a Slope
47 – 51
Free Vortex
51 – 52
Contents Water Resource Engg
Assignment
54
Answer Keys
55
Explanations
55
#6. Kinematics of Flow
56 – 72
Kinematics
56 – 57
Compressible Flow & Incompressible Flow
57 – 58
Flow Visualization
58 – 63
Flow Net Theory
63
Summary of Main Points
64 – 67
Solved Examples
67 – 70
Assignment
71
Answer Keys
72
Explanations
72
#7. Fluid Dynamics
73–89
Equation of Motion and Energy Equation
73 – 75
The Venturimeter
75 – 76
The Orifice Plate
76 – 79
Summary of Main Points
80 – 83
Solved Examples
83 – 87
Assignment
88
Answer Keys
89
Explanations
89
#8. Flow Through Pipes
90 – 100
Major Losses
90 – 91
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation
91 – 93
Hydraulic Gradient and Total Energy Line
93 – 95
Summary of Main Points
96 – 100
#9. Impulse Momentum Equation and Its Application
101–105
The Momentum Equation
101 –102
Free Liquid Jets
103
Summary of Main Points
104 – 105
#10. Flow Through Orifices and Mouth Pieces
106–122
Sharp Edged Orifice Discharging Free Jet
106 – 108
Experimental Determination of the Coefficients for an Orifice
108 – 112
Flow Through Submerged (or drowned) Orifice
113
Summary of Main Points
114 – 117
Assignment
118 – 120
Answer Keys
121
Contents Water Resource Engg
#11. Weirs and Notches
123–132
Weirs and Notches
123 – 125
Flow over a Trapezoidal Weirs or Notch
125 – 126
Summary of Main Points
126 – 130
Assignment
131
Answer Keys
132
Explanations
132
#12. Boundary Layer Flow
133 – 142
Boundary Layer Flow
133 –135
Boundary Conditions for Velocity Profiles
135 – 136
Turbulent Boundary Layer
136 – 137
Summary of Main Points
138 – 140
Assignment
141
Answer Keys
142
Explanations
142
#13. Viscous Flow
143–159
Flow of Viscous Fluid Through Circular Pipe
143 – 145
Flow of Viscous Fluid Between Two Parallel Plates
146 – 151
Methods of Determination of Co – Efficient of Viscosity
151 – 152
Summary of Main Points
152 – 159
#14. Hydraulics & Hydraulic Machinery
160 – 200
Flow in Open Channels
160 – 165
Measuring Flumes
165 – 168
Bresse’s Method
168 – 173
Curved Vanes on Wheel
173 – 187
Reciprocating Pumps
187 –188
Summary of Main Points
189 – 200
#15. Dimensional Analysis
201 – 208
Dimensional Analysis
201 – 203
Model Laws or Similarity Law
203 – 206
Summary of Main Points
206 – 208
#16. Irrigation
209 – 216
Introduction
209 – 210
Flow Irrigation
210 – 213
Limitations
213
Solved Examples
214
Assignment
215
Answer Keys
216
Explanations
216
Contents Water Resource Engg
#17. Water Requirements of Crops
217–221
Definition
217 – 218
Duty at Various Places
218 – 220
Optimum Utilization of Irrigation Water
220 – 221
#18. Soil Moisture Irrigation Relationship
222–228
Field Capacity
222 – 223
Solved Examples
224 – 228
#19. Sediment Transport and Design of Irrigation Channels
229–266
Sediment Transport and Design of Irrigation Channels
229 – 230
Mechanics of Sediment Transport
231 – 234
Water Logging Control
234 – 237
Suitability
237
Design of Channels
238 – 248
Economical & Physical Justification for Canal
249 – 250
Causes of Failure of Weir on Permeable Foundation
250 – 263
Assignment
264 – 265
Answer Keys
266
Explanations
266
#20. Hydrology
267 - 326
Introduction to Hydrology
267 – 271
Precipitation
271 – 281
Evaporation and Infiltration
281 – 295
Stage Discharge Relationships
295 – 300
hydrograph and Runoff
301 – 310
Floods Estimation
310 – 314
Well Hydraulics
314 – 320
Assignment
321 – 324
Answer Keys
325
Explanations
325 – 326
Module Test
327 - 335
Test Questions
327 – 333
Answer Keys
334
Explanations
334 – 335
Reference Books
336
Chapter 1 Water Resource Engg
Chapter-1
Introduction
Branches of Fluid Mechanics
1. Fluid statics:- deals with fluid at rest
2. Fluid kinematics:- deals with velocities & streamlines
3. Fluid dynamics:- That deals with velocity & accelerations and hence with forces.
Classical Hydrodynamics:- It is mathematical subject that deals with ideal frictionless fluids. Classical Hydraulics:- Deals with Reals fluid.
Fluid Mechanics = Classical Hydrodynamics + Classical Hydraulics. Common Temperature Scales
1. = 2. 273 C
For most gases the molecular density is 2.7 x 1025 molecules per m3. Continuum Flow
Two factors which are important in determining the validity of continuum model. 1. The distance between molecules.
This distance is evidently not the same for all the molecules in the gas at anyone time. Therefore an average distance called the molecular mean free path.
The mean free path of atmospheric air is 50 – 70 mm. 2. Elapsed time between collisions.
A dimensionless parameter, the Knudsen number Kn = = Molecular mean free path.
Chapter 1 Water Resource Engg
1) Continuum ( n ≤ 0.01) – no slip condition. It is condition of zero velocity at solid boundary.
2) Slip flow (0.01 < Kn ≤ 0.1) – These conditions provide for a finite velocity and a temperature jump at a solid boundary.
3) Transition flow (0.10 < n ≤ 10) – The kinetic theory of gases must be employed to adequately describes this flow.
4) Free molecular flow (Kn > 10) molecular interaction can be neglected.
Homogeneity – Identical in all points. Isotropy – Identical in all directions. 1. 2. Terms a. Density (ρ) = = Unit (Kg/m3, slug/ft3). b. Specific weight (γ). γ units ( m⁄ 1 ft⁄ pcf). γ eg c. Specific volume ∀ ∀ unit (m ⁄ g ft ⁄slug). d. Specific gravity (S) Solid Stress continuous deformation Solid Stress Fixed deformation
Chapter 1 Water Resource Engg
S =
It is the ratio of specific weight (or density) of a fluid at actual conditions to the specific weight (or density) of pure water at standard conditions (101 kN/m2, 200C).
Specific weight Of liquids.
1. Varies only slightly with pressure. 2. May vary considerably with temperature. Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
Compressible – Variable density. Incompressible – Constant density.
Ideal Fluids 1. No friction
2. Inviscid (zero viscosity) fluid.
3. Internal forces at any section within are normal (pressure forces). 4. Ideal fluid & ideal gas or perfect gas both are different.
Real Fluids
1. Tangential or shearing forces always develop where there is motion relative to solid body. Thus, fluid friction is created.
2. Shear forces opposes motion of one particle past another. 3. Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called viscosity. Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
Liquids:- Viscosity decreases as temperature increases. Gases:- Viscosity increases as temperature increases
Temperature Viscosity
Chapter 1 Water Resource Engg
Moving and Stationary Parallel Plates
Fluid particles adhere to walls: No slip conditions
Velocity: zero at (1) & U at (2) → velocity profile. For small U γ and no net flow → linear velocity experiment show that F ~
ow newton’s eqn. τ ( ) ∝ τ μ μ
here μ coefficient of viscosity a solute viscosity dynamic viscosity or simply viscosity.
Based on Property of Viscosity, Fluids May Be Classified (i) Ideal Fluid μ 0 o shear stress exists.
(ii) Real Fluid – Shear stresses are induced when fluid is in motion, which possesses viscosity. (iii) Newtonian Fluid:- which follows the Newton law (τ ∝
). Eg. Air, water.
(iv) Non Newtonian Fluids:- It is a fluid in which shear stress is not proportional to velocity gradient
Ex:- paints printer’s ink gel emulsions.
Ideal fluid Shear
stress Pseudo plastic Dilatant (Velocity gradient) du dy μ 1 yield stress ∴ Rheological diagram Moving plate F, U (2) y