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Alphabetical List of Principal Authors & Anonymous Works Discussed xv P R E FAC E

Th e present Handbook of Patristic Exegesis was in the making for over a decade. A fi rst incentive for its conception came in the form of a circular letter from Brill inviting experts to collaborate on a number of projected handbooks. Soon aft er the signature of the contract the idea of a collection of essays dealing with the whole history of patristic exegesis revealed itself to be unworkable and counter-productive. Th e diversity of viewpoints in specialized aproaches excluded a coherent oversight of biblical hermeneutics during the patristic period.

I made the risky decision to become solely responsible for the whole project under consideration, while calling on a number of friends and col-leagues for help. Th eir sixteen “Special Contributions” enhance the present publication. One of these contributions, “Patristic Exegesis of the Books of the Bible,” by David L. Balás and D. Jeff rey Bingham is noteworthy in its sheer volume (here the entire chapter 4 of Part A) and its methodological complementarity: whereas the Handbook presents patristic authors with regard to the Bible, Balás and Bingham concentrate on the Books of the Bible as presented by patristic authors.

Th e unselfi sh commitment and extreme patience of the contributors are for me a source of intense gratitude. My comparatively recent familiar-ity with written English, together with the challenges of teaching commit-ments, as much as the amassing of bibliographic information needed for a synthesis never attempted before, underlies the over-long incubation of the Handbook.

Without the assistance of Deacon Phil Dunn, my former student at Concordia University, who relentlessly computerized all bibliographic data, and without the friendly welcome of Father Claude-Roger Nadeau, s. j. in the oasis of his Bibliothèque de Th éologie in Montreal, the project would have failed. Th e full support of Dr. Martin Singer, Dean of the College of Arts and Science at Concordia University, and that of the Department of Th eological Studies since 1992 were another vital input towards the conclusion of the project. Heartfelt gratitude goes to all helping hands from which the incu-bating handbook benefi tted during the past decade: my Australian relatives and friends, Anne and John Bright, Maureen and Denis McNamara, Pauline Allen and her staff ; my French family, especially Josèpha and Fernand Jenny; my Japanese colleagues; and closer to home, my colleague at Concordia University, Russel Moroziuk, in the last stages of proofreading, and Bernard Glover, also of Concordia, whose expertise with computers made miracles. In diff erent ways they all allowed the project to reach completion. Last but not least, the publisher Brill, taking on for me a human face through the

xvi Preface

enthusiastic commitment of Hans van der Meij, Pim Rietbroek and their staff (in particular, Edgar Smith and Michel Pauw) in Leiden (Holland) and of Patrick Alexander in Boston, Mass. (USA) never failed to provide a generous and highly competent support. Prof. D. Jeff rey Bingham, already mentioned as a special contributor, was also kindly helpful in the editorial stage. With four modest Latin words, the dedicatory formula tries to express the debt of gratitude beyond all words which I owe to my wife, my best friend and student for almost a quarter of a century, and my inspiration for years to come.

C. Kannengiesser Castillon La Bataille, next to Saint-Émilion. September 15, 2003.

Alphabetical List of Principal Authors & Anonymous Works Discussed xvii A B B R EV IAT IO N S

AAB Annuaire de l’Académie Royale de Belgique AAR American Academy of Religion

AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis

AAST Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Torino ÄAT Ägypten und Altes Testament

AAW Anzeiger für die Altertumswissenschaft AB Assyriologische Bibliothek

ABenR American Benedictine review ABla Analekta Blatadon

ABR Australian Biblical Review Abr-n. Abr-nahrain. Leiden

ACEBT Amsterdamse cahiers voor exegese en bijbelse theologie ACl Acta classica

ACR Australasian Catholic Record ACra Analecta Cracoviensia ACW Ancient Christian Writers Aeg. Aegyptus. Milano

AER American Economic Review Aev Aevum

AFLN Annales de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Nice

AHC Annuarium historiae conciliorum

AHDL Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge AIEP Association Internationale d’Études Patristiques

AJBI Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute AJP American Journal of Philology

ALGHJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums

ALi Artisan liturgique

ALMA Archivum latinitatis medii aevi

AMAT Atti e memorie dell’ Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Lettere ‘La Colombaria’

AmiCl L’ami du clergé

AMidi Annales du Midi. Revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale

AMus Anuario musical

AmUSt.P American University Studies. Philosophy

xviii Abbreviations

AnBib Analectica Biblica AnBoll Analectica Bollandiana ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers

Ang. Angelicum. Roma

AnGreg Analectica Gregoriana Anima Anima. Olten AnPhil L’année philologique ANQ Andover Newton quarterly

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt ANTF Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Textforschung AnTol Anales Toledanos

Anton. Antonianum. Roma

ANTT Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung AOSBM Analecta Ordinis Sancti Basilii Magni. Roma APFC Aramaic Papyri of the Fift h Century

APraem Analecta Praemonstratensia ASE Abhandlungen zur Socialethik ASEs Annali di storia dell’esegesi

ASNSP Annali della (R.) Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

Asp. Asprenas. Napoli

AsSeign Assemblées du Seigneur AST Analecta sacra Tarraconensia

ASTI Annual of the Swedish Th eological Institute (Jerusalem) ASV Anales del Seminario de Valencia

ATh A Année théologique augustinienne

ATh ANT Abhandlungen zur Th eologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments

ATh R Anglican Th eological Review ATR Australasian Th eological Review Aug(L) Augustiniana. Louvain

Aug. Augustinianum. Roma

AugL Augustinus-Lexikon AugM Augustinus magister AugSt Augustinian Studies Augustinus Augustinus. Madrid BA Biblical Archaeologist

BAC Bibliotheca de autores cristianos

BAGB Bulletin de l’Association Guillaume Budé

Abbreviations xix BASP Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.

Petersbourg

BAth Bibliotheca Athena BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge

BBLAK Beiträge zur biblischen Landes- und Altertumskunde BeKa Bedi K’art’lisa

Ben. Benedictina. Roma

BenM Benediktinische Monatsschrift BenS Benedictine Studies

Bess. Bessarione. Roma

BETh L Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BETS Bulletin of the Evangelical Th eological Society

BEvTh Beiträge zur Evangelischen Th eologie BFCL Bulletin des facultés catholiques de Lyon BFCT Beiträge zur Förderung christlicher Th eologie BGBE Beiträge zur Geschichte der biblischen Exegese BGBH Beiträge zur Geschichte der biblischen Hermeneutik BGrL Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur

BHG Bibliotheca hagiographica Graeca

BHR Bibliothèque d’humanisme et de renaissance BHTh Beiträge zur historischen Th eologie

BI Biography Index

Bib Biblica. Roma

BIBP Bibliothèque de philosophie

BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale BIHBR Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge de Rome

BIIRHT Bulletin d’information de l’Institution de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes

Bijdr. Bijdragen. Tijdschrift voor philosophie en theologie BiKi Bibel und Kirche

BiLe Bibel und Leben BiLi Bibel und Liturgie

BiOr Bibliotheca orientalis. Leiden BiTod Bible Today

BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library BKV Bibliothek der Kirchenväter

BLE Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique BLit Bibliothèque liturgique

BN Biblische Notizen

xx Abbreviations

BR Biblical Research

BS Bibliotheca sacra

BSAC Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte BScR Bibiothèque de sciences religieuses

BSFEM Bulletin de la Société Française d’Études Mariales BSNTS Bulletin of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies BSRel Biblioteca di scienze religiose. Roma

BSS Bibliotheca sanctorum

BSt Biblische Studien

BT Bibliothèque de théologie. Paris Burg. Burgense. Burgos

BVC Bible et vie chrétienne BySl Byzantinoslavica. Praha ByZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Byz(T) Byzantina. Th essalonikē Byz. Byzantion. Bruxelles BZ Biblische Zeitschrift

BZAW Beiheft e zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

BZNW Beiheft e zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

Cath. Catholicisme. Paris CBiPa Cahiers de Biblia patristica

CBNTS Coniectanea Biblica. New Testament Series CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CC Continental Commentaries CCist Collectanea Cisterciensia CClCr Civiltà classica e cristiana CCR Coptic Church Review

CCSG Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina CD Das christliche Deutschland

CDios Ciudad de Dios Celt. Celtica. Dublin

CFi Cogitatio fi dei

CGPNT Catenae Graecorum patrum in novum testamentum CH Cahiers d’histoire

CHB Cahiers de Biblia Patristica

Abbreviations xxi CHR Catholic Historical Review

CiFe Ciencia y fe

CitN Citeaux in de Nederlanden

CleR Clergy Review

CM Classica et mediaevalia CMech Collectanea Mechliniensia

CNRTh Cahiers de la Nouvelle revue théologique

COCR Collectanea Ordinis Cisterciensium Reformatorum Communio Communio. Sevilla

Comp. Compestellanum. Compostela Conc (D) Concilium. Einsiedeln

Conc (E) Concilium. Madrid

Conc Concilium. Religion in the Seventies / Eighties CorPat Corona Patrum

CPF Collection Les pères dans la foi CPG Clavis Patrum Graecorum CQ Classical Quarterly CQR Church Quarterly

CRAI Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres

CrCr Cross and Crown

CrSt Cristianesimo nella storia CS Contributions in Sociology

CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum CSion Cahiers sioniens

CTh J Calvin Th eological Journal

CTh M Calwer theologische Monographien CuBi Cultura biblica

CuMon Cudernos monásticos

CW Classical World

DB(H) Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. by James Hastings DBM Deltion biblikon meleton

DBS Dictionnaire de la bible. Supplément DC Documentation catholique

DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques Diakonia Diakonia. Mainz 1966-1969

Did(L) Didaskalia. Lisbõa Did. Didaskaleion. Torino

xxii Abbreviations

DissAb Dissertation Abstracts

Div. Divinitas. Roma

DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers

DPAC Dizionario patristico e di antichità

DR Downside Review

DSp Dictionnaire de spiritualité ascétique et mystique DT Divus Th omas. Freiburg, Schweiz

DTC Dictionnaire de théologie chrétienne DuKul Duchovna Kultura

EA Luther, Martin: Sämtliche Werke. Erlangen

EAg = EstAg

EB Die Heilige Schrift in deutscher Übersetzung. ‘Echter Bibel’. Würzburg

EC Encyclopedia cattolica ECarm Ephemerides Carmeliticae

Eccl. Ecclesia. Encyclopédie populaire des connaissances religieuses

ECQ Eastern Churches Quarterly ECS Encyclopedia of Catholic Saints

ED Euntes docete

EE Estudios eclesiásticos

EEC Encyclopedia of Early Christianity EeT Église et théologie

EeV Esprit et vie. Langres

EHPhR Études d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses EkklPh Ekklesiasticos Pharos

EkTh Ekklēsia kai theologia EL Ephemerides liturgicae

EM Emerita. Madrid

EncBib Enciclopedia della biblia EncC Encyclopédie catholique

Eos Eos. Wroclaw

EphMar Ephemerides Mariologicae

Er. Eranos. Uppsala

ERT Evangelical Review of Th eology EstAg Estudio agustiniano

EstB Estudios biblicos EsTe Estudios teológicos EstFr Estudios franciscanos EstJos Estudios josifi nos

Abbreviations xxiii EstTrin Estudios trinitarios

ET Expository Times

EtCarm Études carmélitaines

ETh L Ephemerides theologicae Lovanienses ETh St Erfurter theologische Studien

ETR Études théologiques et religieuses

Études Études. Publ. par des pères de la Compagnie de Jésus EuA Erbe und Auft rag

EurHS Europäische Hochschulschrift en EvQ Evangelical Quarterly

EvTh Evangelische Th eologie

EWNT Exegetisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament EX Ecclesiastica Xaveriana

FaCh Fathers of the Church

FF Frate Francesco

FKDG Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte FKTh Forum katholische Th eologie

FlorPatr Florilegium patristicum FMSt Frühmittelalterliche Studien Fr. Franciscana. Sint-Truiden FrRu Freiburger Rundbriefs

FS Franziskanische Studien

FTh St Freiburger theologische Studien FzB Forschung zur Bibel

FZPhTh Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Th eologie GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schrift steller

GGA Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen GIF Giornale italiano di fi lologia Glotta Glotta. Göttingen

GNO Gregorii Nysseni opera

GOF.S Göttinger Orientforschung. Reihe 1, Syriaca GöMisz Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen

Diskussion

GOTR Greek Orthodox Th eological Review

GrB Grazer Beiträge

GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Greg Gregorianum

xxiv Abbreviations

HandAm Handes amsōreaj HE Histoire de l’église HeB Homiletica et biblica Helm. Helmantica. Salamanca HEN Hautes études numismatiques HeyJ Heythrop Journal

HibJ Hibbert Journal Hist(B) Historia. Bratislava HJ Historisches Jahrbuch

HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament HPR Homiletic and Pastoral Review HR History of Religions

HS Historische Studien

HTh R Harvard Th eological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual IBSt Irish Biblical Studies

IER Irish Ecclesiastical Record

IKaZ Internationale katholische Zeitschrift IKZ Internationale kirchliche Zeitschrift IluCle Ilustración del clero

Imm Immanuel. Jerusalem

Interp. Interpretation. Richmond, VA Irén Irénikon. Chevetogne

Ist. Istina. Boulgne-sur-Seine ITh Q Irish Th eological Quarterly ITS Indian Th eological Studies

IZBG Internationale Zeitschrift enschau für Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete

JA Journal asiatique

JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum

JAC.E Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum. Ergänzungsband JANES Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBR Journal of Bible and Religion JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JES Journal of Ecumenical Studies

Abbreviations xxv JHI Journal of the History of Ideas

JITC Journal of the Interdenominational Th eological Center JJP Journal of Juristic Papyrology

JJS Journal of Jewish Studies

JLT Journal of Literature and Th eology

JÖB Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik

JÖBG Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinischen Gesellschaft JPTh Jahrbücher für protestantische Th eologie

JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JR Journal of Religion

JRH Journal of Religious History

JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period

JSL Journal of Sacred Literature (and Biblical Record) JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSOT.S Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series

JSS Journal of the Siam Society

JTC Journal of Th eology and the Church JTh S Journal of Th eological Studies

Kairos Kairos. Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft und Th eologie. Salzburg

KaKe Katorikku-kenkyu KeTh Kerk en theologie KHÅ Kyrkohistorisk årsskrift

KKTS Konfessionskundliche und kontroverstheologische Studien Kl Kleronomia. Th essaloniki

Klio Klio. Leipzig Koin. Koinonia. Essen

KuD Kerugma und Dogma

Kyrios Kyrios. Berlin Lat. Lateranum. Roma Latomus Latomus. Bruxelles

Laur Laurentianum. Roma

LCC Library of Christian Classics

LCI Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie LingBibl Linguistica Biblica

xxvi Abbreviations

LoF Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church LouvSt Louvain Studies

LS Lebendige Seelsorge

LTh K Lexikon für Th eologie und Kirche LTP Laval théologique et philosophique LuM Liturgie und Mönchtum

Lum. Lumen. Vitoria

LuthQ Lutheran Quarterly

LW Lutheran World

Man Man. London

Man. Manuscripta. St. Louis Manresa Manresa. Barcelona

Mar Marianum. Roma

MBTh Münsterische Beiträge zur Th eologie MCom Miscelánea Comillas

MD La Maison-Dieu

MELi Monumenta ecclesiae liturgica Melto Melto. Kaslik

MFC Message of the Fathers of the Church

MGWJ Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums

MH Museum Helveticum

MI Man in India

MillSt Milltown Studies

MIOF Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung MitrBan Mitropolia Banatului

Mn Mnemosyne. Leiden

Mn.S Mnemosyne. Leiden. Supplement MonS Monastic studies

Moreana Moreana. Angres MoTh Modern Th eology

MSLCA Miscellanea di studi di letteratura cristiana antica MSR Mélanges de science religieuse

MTh Melita theologica

MTh Z Münchener theologische Zeitschrift Mus Muséon: Revue d’études orientales MySal Mysterium salutis

NAKG Nederlands(ch) archief voor kerkgeschiedenis NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia

Abbreviations xxvii NDid Nuovo didaskaleion

NedTh T Nederlands Th eologisch Tijdschrift Neotest. Neotestamentica

NGTT Nederduitse gereformeerde teologiese tijdskrif

NGWG Nachrichten (von) der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft en (zu) in Göttingen

NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers NRTh Nouvelle revue théologique. Louvain

NSNU Nuntius Sodalicii Neotestamentici Upsaliensis NT Novum Testamentum. Leiden

NTA Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen NTS New Testament Studies

NTT Nederlands theologisch tijdschrift NTT Norsk teologisk tidsskrift

NZSTh Neue Zeitschrift für systematische Th eologie OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta

OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica OLoP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica OLP Oriental Library Publications OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung

Or. Orientalia. Roma

OrChr Oriens Christianus Orph Orpheus. Catania OrSyr Orient Syrien Ort. Ortodoxia. Bucureşti

OS Ostkirchliche Studien

OTS Oudtestamentische studien

OTWSA Ou Testamentiese Werkgemeenskap van Suid-Afrika PalCl Palestra del clero

PapyCast Papyrologica Castroctaviana Par. Paradosis. Fribourg

ParOr Parole de l’Orient PaVi Parole di vita Pazm. Pazmaveb. Venezia

PBR Patristic and Byzantine Review

PG Patrologia Graeca

PGL Patristic Greek Lexikon Phil Philosophy. London PhJ Philosophisches Jahrbuch

xxviii Abbreviations

Phoe. Phoenix. Leiden

PhW Philosophisches Wörterbuch. Freiburg, Br. PIA Proceedings of the R. Irish Academy

PIBA Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association

PL Patrologia Latina

PLS Patrologiae Latinae Supplementum PO Patrologia orientalis

POC Proche-Orient chrétien

PRSt Perspectives in Religious Studies

PSB.SI Princeton Seminary Bulletin. Supplementary Issue PSV Parola spirito e vita

PTA Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen PTS Patristische Texte und Studien

QD Quaestiones disputatae

QVetChr Quaderni di Vetera Christianorum RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum RAM Revue d’ascétique et de mystique RAMi Rivista di ascetica e mistica

RB Revue biblique

RBen Revue bénédictine de critique, d’histoire et de littérature religieuses

RBI Revue biblique internationale RBL Ruch biblijny i liturgiczny

RBPH Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire RBS Regulae Benedicti studia

RCatT Revista catalana de teologia RCB Revista de cultura biblica

RCCM Rivista di cultura classica e medioevale

RE Realencyklopädie für protestantische Th eologie und Kirche REA Revue des études anciennes

REArm Revue des études arméniennes REAug Revue des études augustiniennes REB Revista eclesiástica brasileira REByz Revue des études byzantines RechAug Recherches augustiniennes RechBib Recherches bibliques REG Revue des études grecques REL Revue des études latines RelCult Religión y cultura

Abbreviations xxix Ren. Renovatio. Regensburg

RestQ Restoration Quarterly RET Revista española de teologia RevAg Revista agustiniana. Madrid RevBib Revista biblica

RevSR Revue des sciences religieuses

RF Razón y fé

RFIC Rivista di fi lologia e d’istruzione classica RFNS Rivista di fi losofi a neo-scholastica RGG Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart RHE Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique

RhM Rheinischer Merkur

RHPhR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses RHPr Romero-Haus-Protokolle

RHR Revue d’histoire des religions

RHS Revue d’histoire des sciences et de leurs applications RHSp Revue d’histoire de la spiritualité

RHT Revue d’histoire des textes

RICP Revue de l’Institut Catholique de Paris RivAC Rivista di archeologica cristiana RivBib Rivista biblica

RivLi Rivista liturgica

RLM Revue liturgique et monastique RMab Revue Mabillon

RMAL Revue du moyen âge latin

RMP Rheinisches Museum für Philologie ROC Revue de l’Orient chrétien

RPh Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes RQ Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde RQ.S Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde.

Supplementheft

RR Review of Religion. New York RSB Rivista storica benedettina RSC Rivista di studi classici

RSCI Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia RSLR Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa RSO Rivista degli studi orientali

RSPhTh Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques RSR Recherches de science religieuse

RSTh Regensburger Studien zur Th eologie

xxx Abbreviations

RTh om Revue thomiste

RTh Ph Revue de théologie et de philosophie RTK Roczniki teologiczno-kanoniczne RTL Revue théologique de Louvain RUO Revue de l’Université d’Ottawa RVS Rivista di vita spirituale SacDoc Sacra doctrina

Saec. Saeculum. München

SAH Studia Augustiniana historica

Sal Salesianum. Torino

Salm. Salmanticensis. Salamanca Sap. Sapientia. La Plata

SB Studia Byzantina

SBAW Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaft en

SBEsp Semana biblica española

SBF Studium Biblicum Franciscanum SBFA Studii Biblici Franciscani analecta SBFLA Studii Biblici Franciscani liber annuus

SBL.SP Society of Biblical Library. Seminar papers. Annual meeting SBT Studies in Biblical Th eology

SC Sources chrétiennes

Sc. Scientia. Milano

ScC Scuola cattolica ScEc Sciences ecclésiastiques ScEs Science et esprit

Schol Scholastik. Freiburg, Br. SCM Studies in Christian Movement SCO Studi classici e orientali

Scr. Scriptorium. Bruxelles ScrB Scripture Bulletin ScrHie Scripta Hierosolymitana ScrinTh eol Scrinium Th eologicum Scrip. Scripture. Edinburgh ScrTh Scripta theologica ScrVict Scriptorium Victoriense

SDGSTh Studien zur Dogmengeschichte und systematischen Th eologie

SE Sacris erudiri: Jaarboek voor Godsdienstwetenschappen SEÅ Svensk exegetisk årsbok

Abbreviations xxxi SEAug Studia ephemerides ‘Augustinianum’

SecCen Th e second century

Sef. Sefarad. Madrid

Sem Semitica. Paris

SHAW Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaft en

SicGym Siculorum gymnasium

SIDIC Journal of the Service international de documentation judeo-chrétienne

SIFC Studi italiani di fi lologia classica SJTh Scottish Journal of Th eology SKZ Schweizerische Kirchenzeitung SM Sacramentum mundi. Freiburg, Br. SMSR Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni

SO Symbolae Osloenses

SO.S Symbolae Osloenses. Fasciculus suppletionis Sob. Sobornost. London

SP Studies in Philology

SpC Sponsa Christi

SPCIC Studiorum Paulinorum Congressus Internationalis Catholicus

SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge SpicSol Spicilegium Solesmense

SPMed Studia patristica Mediolenensia SpTo Spirituality Today

SR Studies in Religion. Toronto

SROC Studi e ricerche sull’Oriente cristiano SSL Spicilegium sacrum Lovaniense SSR Studio di sociologia della religione SSRel Studi storico-religiosi

SSTh Studien zur systematischen Th eologie ST Studies in Th eology

ST(V) Studja teologiczne. Wilno STA Studia et testimonia antiqua StAns Studia Anselmiana

StBi Studi biblici

StD Studies and Documents. London

StEcum Studi ecumenici / Rivista di studi ecumenici StEv Studia evangelica

StHell Studia Hellenistica

xxxii Abbreviations

StHib Studia Hibernica

STh U Schweizerische theologische Umschau STK Semaine Th éologique de Kinshasa StMed Studi medievali

StMon Studia monastica

STP Studi e testi di papirologia StPat Studia patavina

StPatr Studia patristica StPhilo Studia Philonica

StPM Stromata patristica et mediaevalia Strom Stromata. San Miquel

StT Studi e testi StTeol Studii teologice

StTh Studia theologica. Lund [etc.]

SU Studia Urbania

SVigChr Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae SvTK Svensk teologisk kvartalskrift SVTQ St. Vladimir’s Th eological Quarterly SWJT Southwestern Journal of Th eology TaS Texts and Studies. Cambridge TE Teologia espiritual

TFil Tijdschrift voor fi losofi e TGL Tijdschrift voor geestelijk leven

THAT Th eologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament Th Dig Th eology Digest

Th eol Th eology. London Th eol(P) Th éologie. Paris Th eoria Th eoria. Lund

Th G(B) Th eologie der Gegenwart Th Gl Th eologie und Glaube Th H Th éologie historique

Th LZ Th eologische Literaturzeitung Th om. Th omist. Washington, D.C. Th ought Th ought. New York Th Ph Th eologie und Philosophie

Th PQ Th eologisch-praktische Monatsschrift . Passau Th Q Th eologische Quartalschrift . Tübingen Th R Th eologische Rundschau

Th Rev Th eological Review. Beirut

Abbreviations xxxiii Th To Th eology Today. Princeton, N.J.

Th Z Th eologische Zeitschrift . Basel TJT Toronto Journal of Th eology TLB Th eologisches Literaturbericht TLZ Th eologische Literaturzeitung TQ Th eological Quarterly

TR Th eologická revue

Tr. Traditio. New York

TRE Th eologische Realenzyklopädie TRE Th eologische Realenzykopädie TRev Th eologische Revue

TRSR Testi e ricerche di scienze religiose TS Th eological Studies. Woodstock, Md. TS(I) Terra santa. Jerusalem

TTh Tijdschrift voor theologie

TTh Q Tübinger theologische Quartalschrift TTh Z Trierer theologische Zeitschrift TTK Tidsskrift for teologi og kirke TTS Tübinger theologische Studien TU Texte und Untersuchungen

TWBNT Th eologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament TynB Tyndale Bulletin

TyV Teologia y vida

TZ Th eologie en zielzorg

UCP.CS University of California Publications. Classical Studies UnSa Unam sanctam. Paris

VC Verbum caro

VD Verbum Domini

VE Vida y espiritualidad

Verbo Verbo. Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira de cultura VetChr Vetera Christianorum

VF Verkündigung und Forschung VigChr Vigiliae Christianae

VoxRef Vox reformata

VoxTh Vox theologica VS Vie spirituelle

VS.S Vie spirituelle. Supplements

VT Vetus Testamentum

xxxiv Abbreviations

WiWei Wissenschaft und Weisheit

WS Wörter und Sachen

WSt Wiener Studien

WTJ Wesleyan Th eological Journal

WUNT Wissenschaft liche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament WZ(G) Wissenschaft liche Zeitschrift der

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald

WZ(H) Wissenschaft liche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg

YCS Yale Classical Studies

ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum

ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ZDPV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins für Buchwesen und

Schrift tum

ZdZ Die Zeichen der Zeit

ZHTh Zeitschrift für die historische Th eologie ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte ZKTh Zeitschrift für katholische Th eologie

ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZRGG Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte ZTh K Zeitschrift für systematische Th eologie

ZTK Zeitschrift für Th eologie und Kirche ZWTh Zeitschrift für wissenschaft liche Th eologie

Th e Project of the Handbook 

INTRODUCTION

I. Th e Project of the Handbook: Its Focus and Readership 3 II. Purpose and Method 11

i Th e purpose of the Handbook 11 ii Points of method 17

1 Territorial determination 17 2 Chronological decisions 19

3 Th e prosopographic presentation 20

Th e Project of the Handbook  I

T H E P ROJ E C T OF T H E HA N DB O OK : I T S F O C U S A N D R E A DE R SH I P

Th e term “patristic” fi rst appeared in print in the work of the Lutheran scholar J. F. Buddeus in  (Mühlenberg , ). Th e word calls on a very ancient, inner-church tradition in vigor at least since the fourth cen-tury, recognizing certain former leaders of Christian communities as patres, “Fathers.” Th is honorifi c title implied orthodoxy, intellectual leadership, and in most cases, a literary legacy. While the title “Fathers” continues to be widely used for its convenience (but not without criticism for its gender bias), in contemporary scholarship it denotes the heritage of the early church as forming a distinctive cultural reality. Th e “patristic” era is located in history between the gospel event, to which the nt witnesses, and the collapse of the Roman Empire, that is, from the fi rst to the seventh century of the Common Era in the West or to the ninth century in the East.

For many readers, rather than Handbook of Patristic Exegesis, a more accessible title might be Handbook of Ancient Christian Exegesis, since the phrase “ancient Christian” has a broader currency than “patristic.” On the other hand, if “patristic” has been preferred, it is because the precise focus of the Handbook is on the academic achievements in the fi eld, that is, on the work of modern “patristic” scholars about ancient Christian exegesis, rather than about ancient Christian exegesis for its own sake. Hence its goal is not to add another study to the many publications already registered within its pages, but through analyzing relevant scholarly contributions, to attempt a coherent understanding of scholarly achievements within the whole fi eld of patristic exegesis for almost a century. Th us an important goal is to provide a broader readership with an easy access to what has become highly special-ized research and, on occasion, even to inform the specialists themselves of what is going on within the discipline.

Th ere has been no earlier attempt to produce such a Handbook in the fi eld of patristic exegesis. A survey of patristic literature centered on her-meneutical issues, valuable and needed as it may be, such as the recent

In-troduction à l’histoire de l’exégèse by B. de Margerie, or the succinct Profi lo by

M. Simonetti, or again, the attractive Epochen der Bibelauslegung by H. Graf Reventlow, does not adequately comply with the requirements of a Handbook. Two main reasons may explain the lack of such an important tool:

() Th e study of patristic exegesis as the scientifi c retrieval of early Chris-tian traditions in a distinctive fi eld of historical research found its proper

 Introduction

scholarly recognition only aft er World War II. Hence a short survey of the development of relevant studies during the fi ve decades – needs to follow the present introductory remarks.

() Th e recognition of patristic exegesis as a distinctive fi eld since the early s resulted in such a prolifi c outpouring of studies that at fi rst it seemed impossible to attempt a coherent and balanced assessment of all the scholarship involved. Th at very recognition has itself now reached the status of a critical expertise, in addition to new hermeneutical questions also to be discussed in the present introduction.

As long as the basic notions about the ancient interpretations of the Bible remained blurred, a handbook of patristic exegesis was hardly conceivable. Th e problem of the absence of a critical consensus about patristic hermeneu-tics among the experts themselves was compounded by the negative attitude towards this exegesis entertained in most circles of biblical scholarship. As a result, the interpretation of Scripture in the earliest Christian centuries, prior to Western and Byzantine Middle Ages, was relegated to the realm of erudite curiosities, irrelevant for any form of creativity in contemporary thought, and dispensable for serious theology. It must also be admitted that over the fi ve decades, –, it was not only ignorance or indiff erence that con-stantly slowed the needed theoretical clarifi cation of patristic hermeneutics. It was also sectarian prejudice and confessional apologetics in the fi eld itself. Only an extended bibliographic inquiry can adequately illustrate the slow process since the end of World War II by which patristic scholars fi nally succeeded in securing freedom of judgment and methodological criteria in regard to the hermeneutical aspects of Christian foundations, for quite too long obscured by conscious or unconscious partisanship.

If a handbook of patristic exegesis like this is now a viable and opportune project, two considerations, apparently contradictory, must be taken into account. On one side, the closing years of the twentieth century marked the end of an intense period of patristic scholarship which had been grounded in ecclesiastic and academic institutions all over Europe. It was a period which started with the strong cultural revivals aft er World War II, which had benefi ted from the institutional transformation of the s and the fi nancial facilities of the s, before maturing in the achievements of the s and s. Th e collapse of many clerical institutions, the recession of theological and classical studies, together with the lack of private and public funding, may well entail a severe limitation of substantial contributions in the fi eld for the future.

On the other side, more innovative thinking, reaching beyond the conventional boundaries of clerical and scholastic disciplines imposed on

Th e Project of the Handbook  former generations of students, has opened a new horizon for the study of Western traditions considered in their religious and cultural foundations. Since World War II, the period of time coinciding with the fi rst centuries of the Christian movement has become identifi ed as the highly complex era of Late Antiquity, no longer couched in terms that Gibbon had so dramati-cally styled “the decline” and “the fall” of the Roman Empire, but rather as the era of the “Christianization” of Greco-Roman classical culture which led to medieval and modern forms of society in East and West. Th e renewal of the historical defi nition of the period as Late Antiquity, at once provides a proper cradle for nascent Christian tradition as well as a more adequate perspective for the interpretation of the original structuring of Western identity.

Instead of being isolated from their secular context for more narrowly theological purposes—too frequently the practice in patristic studies of the past—the founding achievements of men and women in the early church became more and more perceived as exemplifying the social, political, and spiritual behavior proper to their own time. Th is changed perspective of Christian origins underlines the shift s currently at work in patristic scholar-ship. Th us, in becoming open to more secular questions, the basic status of Christian origins found itself profoundly changed, at long last released from the confi nes of confessional apologetics. Th e corresponding modifi cations within the discipline of patristic exegesis refl ects an ongoing process of a much broader foundational re-modeling of Christian traditions among theologians and historians of Christian thought. Th ere is no place here for further speculation on these lines. Only a few basic considerations may be suggested.

Christianity has played a major role as one of the major forces in the making of a Western culture. While keeping its constant focus on the inter-pretation of the Bible, the Christian movement slowly structured itself as it pervaded the whole texture of ancient society of the Roman Empire. When the barbarian kingdoms replaced the imperial administration in what was to become Europe, the culture of Late Antiquity merged into the Western Middle Ages, carrying with it a panoply of methods and models pertinent to biblical exegesis standard for long centuries. Even before trying to explore the riches of patristic exegesis it is important to note that medieval authors never attempted to revise, or even to question, these ancient methods and models. Peter Lombard in his Liber Sententiarum (shortly aft er ), or even the questing mind of Abelard (–) in his own scriptural references, did not sift through the opinions of earlier theologians with the intention of replacing or even modifying the earlier hermeneutical system. Th ey discussed

 Introduction

theological statements based on the quoted biblical references rather than the ways in which the Bible was understood by the Fathers.

If the authority of the Fathers was the focus for the early Scholastics, it was the divine authority of Scripture itself that was at stake for the Reformers. Th eir new stance in the history of biblical interpretation did not directly target the principles of patristic hermeneutics, rather it fi rmly denied a sys-tem of interpretation based on papal authority. Th e divine inspiration of Scripture was to be considered as guiding interpreters by its own intrinsic authority. By investing each reader with the capacity for a correct interpreta-tion of Scripture delegated to him or her by Scripture itself, Luther did not engage in a critical retrieving of patristic exegesis. More radically, he declared it obsolete. Confessional apologetics superseded the stereotyped commen-taries of the Fathers, simply paraphrased until then. It was still the case in the fi rst half of the twentieth century. While the biblical sources served as a proof-text for theologians in the frame of their scholarly (and less scholarly) disputes, in large measure the hermeneutical system of the early church was lost for the common believer.

In the following centuries, the history of interpretation did not follow the same paths or the same pace in Protestant and in Roman Catholic insti-tutions. As early as the eighteenth century, due to a greater availability for assuming the challenges of Modernity, the Reformation churches, both on the Continent and on the British Isles, engaged into the fi erce confl ict of interpretations in opposing the rationalistic trends fueled in European minds by the Enlightenment. Th e Roman Church, choosing to keep true to her own institutional past, bluntly rejected Modernity. Nowhere was that negative at-titude of the pontifi cal administration to produce more devastating eff ects than in her handling of sacred Scripture. A defensive reinforcement of all doctrinal positions inherited from the Christianity of the fi rst millennium and from medieval scholastics not only consolidated the obsolete reading of Scripture on which those positions were based, but, by an inevitable circular eff ect, the fossilized biblical hermeneutics linked with the defense of that doctrine also led to a complete closure of any Roman doctrine to Enlightenment criticism.

From the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the impact of the European Enlightenment on the Christian churches was to result in a new kind of academic exegesis, fi rst in Protestant circles, then much later, in fact only in mid-twentieth century, in the central offi ces of the Roman church. Th ough maintaining its fortress-like isolation, the Roman Church remained perme-able to non-Roman hermeneutics. In fact, in predominantly Roman Catholic countries enough scholarship had prospered throughout the nineteenth

cen-Th e Project of the Handbook  tury to allow some individual initiatives which announced the future, despite the control of a very conservative Pontifi cal Biblical Commission. In fact, the same questions about inerrancy, divine inspiration, canonicity, or historicity of Scripture were debated in the separate churches. Th e immediate pastoral impact of these debates was to open a gap between ordinary churchgoers and learned students of Scripture. On the one hand, the academic founda-tions of exegesis favored a real collaboration between experts of diff erent Christian denominations, but, on the other hand, in all churches a fundamen-talist reaction grew out of the frustration and the resentment of Christian communities to whom no access to the academic debate was given. In fact, the new perspectives of biblical academia were basically distorted by these critical challenges to which Christian exegesis claimed to respond.

Th e critical notions of truth and verifi cation, even the critical estab-lishment of the literal content of Scripture, were the very prerequisites of the Enlightenment itself. Th ey distracted Christian exegetes from the less sophisticated concerns of pastors, priests, and other community leaders in charge of their fl ocks. Th e pastors continued to use Scripture as divinely inspired proof-texts whose narrative and didactic statements could still be paraphrased in order to perpetuate a traditional set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices. At the same time, their colleagues in the specialized ranks of biblical exegetes spent all their time and energy in trying to solve the methodological problems imposed on them by their exegetical presuppo-sitions, oft en without taking into account the actual needs of the church communities. Th e recent situation, seen through the eyes of the common believer, is that of a sophisticated fi eld of scientifi c research called biblical exegesis, which has very little connection with actual church communities. Th e exegesis of the biblical text was detached from its founding religious culture by the very fact of its secular study in conformity with the requests of the Enlightenment and therefore was oft en deeply alienated from the believing church assemblies.

In a word, the need for the academic study of Scripture in its traditional status (as exemplifi ed in ancient Christianity) cannot be detached from the need to give the Bible back to the churches. Th e fundamental issue is to con-ceive the task of exegesis as a spiritual exercise within a necessary submission to academic constraint and sophistication. Th is does not mean indulging in the romantic nostalgia of those who would suggest going back to the ancient reading of Scripture with its particular symbolic imagination and its specifi c literary ornaments. One rather must dare to interpret Scripture with a postmodern mind-set, without fearing the inevitable collision between canonized beliefs, apparently taboo in the common understanding, and on

 Introduction

the other hand to sharpen a critical awareness in theological matters, an awareness and creativity that can only be intensifi ed by a consistent study of Scripture in line with present-day exegesis.

If this problematic situation is correctly evaluated, it seems necessary to defi ne more precisely () the very purpose of the present Handbook and its

method, () its scholarly background, and fi nally () its tools and requirements.

A global survey of the past fi ft y years is facilitated by synchronic studies of given themes and of limited periods of time. It benefi ts from general evalu-ations made by the experts from diff erent viewpoints.

While the fi rst chapter of this Handbook is devoted to an analysis of the scholarship of the second half of the twentieth century, a very accurate and thoughtful survey was secured in France by experts from diff erent countries on the occasion of the fi ft ieth anniversary of Sources Chrétiennes (–): Les Pères de l’Église au XXe _{siècle. Histoire-Littérature-Th éologie:}

“L’aventure des Sources Chrétienne” (Paris, ). It includes the following

essays relevant for patristic exegesis, listed in the volume order:

A. Guillaumont, “La diff usion de la culture grecque dans l’Orient chrétien” (–). J. Fontaine, “Esthétique et foi d’après la poésie latine chrétienne des premiers siècles”

(–).

M. Alexandre, “Les écrits patristiques grecs comme corpus littéraire” (–). J.-C. Fredouille, “Les écrits patristiques latins comme corpus littéraire” (–). A. Le Boulluec, “L’apport des chrétiens au langage symbolique de l’Antiquité: Les

Pères grecs” (–).

J.-D. Dubois, “L’apport des chrétiens au langage symbolique de l’Antiquité: L’exemple de la littérature apocryphe chrétienne” (–).

S. Deléani, “Le latin des pères: un domaine encore mal exploré” (–). R. Braun, “Tertullien et le renouvellement du latin” (–).

G. Dorival, “La mutation chrétienne des idées et des valeurs païennes” (–). C. Dagens, “Une certaine manière de faire de la théologie: De l’actualité des Pères de

l’Église à l’aube du IIIe millénaire” (–).

M.-J. Rondeau, “Jean Daniélou, Henri-Irénée Marrou et le renouveau des études patristiques” (–).

A. Di Berardino, “Orientations actuelles des recherches patristiques” (–). J. Martinez, “La patrologie en Espagne: Les défi s et les tâches” (–).

H. J. Vogt, “Ce qui se fait en Allemagne dans le domaine de la patrologie” (–). B. Bobrinskoy, “Le renouveau actuel de la patristique dans l’Orthodoxie” (–). P. Maraval, “La Bible et les Pères: Bilan de cinquante ans de recherches” (–). A. De Halleux, “Pourquoi les Églises ont-elles besoin aujourd’hui d’une théologie

Th e Project of the Handbook 

Other titles useful for an overview of the scholarship of the same period are:

. Overviews of Patristic Studies –:

Cavalcanti, E., “Quindici anni di studi patristici in Italia (Orientamenti metodolog-ici),” in Metodologia della ricerca sulla tarda antichità (ed. A. Garzya; Naples, ), –.

Kannengiesser, C., “Fift y Years of Patristics,” TS  (): –.

Margerie, B. de, Introduction à l’histoire de l’exégèse ( vols.; Paris, –). Mühlenberg, E., “Patristik,” TRE :– (bibliography).

Reventlow, H. Graf, Epochen der Bibelauslegung I: Vom Alten Testament bis Origenes (Munich, ).

Simonetti, M., Profi lo storico dell’ esegesi patristica (Rome, ). . Th e Fathers as Interpreters of Scripture:

Agouridis, S., “Th e Fathers of the Church as Interpreters of the Holy Scriptures,” in

Eisegeseis Prôtou Orthodoxou Hermeneutikou Synedrou (Athens, ), –.

Bardy, G., “La diff usion de la Bible aux premiers siècles,” BVC  (): –. —. “Interprétation. Exégèse patristique,” DBS  (): –.

—. “La lecture de la Bible aux premiers siècles,” BVC  (): –.

Basevi, C., “Hacia la estructuración de una ‘Historia de la exégesi biblica’. Ensayos y Perspectivas,” ScrTh  (): –.

Benedetti, G., “La Bibbia nella teologia patristica e medievale,” in I libri di Dio (ed. C. M. Martin; Turin, ), –.

Bromiley, G. W., “Th e Church Fathers and Holy Scripture,” in D. A. Carson and J. D. Woodridge, Scripture and Truth (Leicester, ), –.

Cignelli, L., “Iniziazione alla Bibbia nella chiesa patristica,” PaVi  (): –, –, –, –.

Curti, C., “Tradizione esegetica e teologica nel Basso Impero,” La cultura in Italia , –.

Daniélou, J., “Th e Fathers and the Scriptures,” TLond  (): –.

Flesseman van Leer, E., Tradition and Scripture in the Early Church (Assen, ). Fontaine, J., “Les laïcs et les études patristiques latines dans l’Université française

aux XXe _{siècle,” RBen  (): –.}

Gandolfo, E., La lettera di Dio agli uomini: La Bibbia secondo lo spirito dei Padri (Saronno, ) (texts).

Gargano, G., “La lettura biblica dei Padri,” StEcum  (): –, English . Grant, R. M., A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible (); R. Grant and

 Introduction

—. “Th e Bible in the Ancient Church,” JR  (): –.

Green, W. M., “Patristic Interpretation of the Bible,” RestQ  (): –. Herzog, R., ed., Restauration und Erneuerung: Die lateinische Literatur von  bis

 n. Chr. (Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike ; Munich, ).

Kannengiesser, C., “Patrologie,” Grande Encyclopédie Larousse : –. —. “Th e Spiritual Message of the Great Fathers,” in B. McGinn, ed., World

Spirituality. An Encyclopedic History of the Religious Quest (New York, ), :

–.

—. “La Bible dans l’Église ancienne. Nature et présupposés de l’exégèse patristique,”

Conc  (): –; German: “Die Bibel wie sie in der frühen Kirche

gele-sen wurde. Die patristische Exegese und ihre Vorausssetzungen,” Conc (D)  (): –.

Florovsky, G. V., Th e Heritage of the Early Church: Essays in Honor of G. V. F. (ed. D. Neiman and M. Schatkin; OrChrAn ; Rome, ).

Leloir, L., “La lecture de l’Écriture selon les anciens Pères,” RAM  (): –. Margerie, B. de, “Réfl exions sur l’exégèse patristique,” EeV (): –.

—. “Th ree Suggestions about the Study and Diff usion of the Biblical Commentaries of the Fathers,” DoC  (): –.

Marin, M., “Orientamenti di esegesi biblica dei Padres,” VetChr  (): –. Naduvilezham, J., “Th e Biblical Interpretation of the Fathers,” Bible Bhashyam 

(): –.

Orme, A. D., Th e Doctrine of Scripture in the Doctors of the Western Church (diss., University of Georgia, ).

Panagopoulos, I., Hè hermeneia: Patristic Interpretation of Holy Scripture. Th e First

Th ree Centuries and the Alexandrian Exegetical Tradition to the Fift h (Orthodoxè

Martyria ; Athens, ).

Pellegrino, M., “L’esegesi biblica nei Padri della Chiesa,” Asprenas  (): –. Perrone, L., “L’iniziazione alla Bibbia nella letteratura patristica,” CrSt  ():

–.

Sadowski, F., Th e Church Fathers and the Bible: Selected Readings (New York, ). Schäfer, R., Die Bibelauslegung in der Geschichte der Kirche (Gütersloh, ). Vernet, A., La Bible au Moyen-Age. Bibliographie (Paris, ).

Wilken, R. L., “Scripture and Dogma in the Ancient Church,” LW  (): –. Wood, J. D., Th e Interpretation of the Bible: Historical Introduction (London, ).

Th e Project of the Handbook  I I

P U R P O SE A N D M E T HOD i. The Purpose of the Handbook

If the purpose of any handbook is to off er an easy access to specialized research for the ordinary reader, how should one specify “the ordinary reader” in the present case? A blurred defi nition, resulting from vague dis-tinctions between scholarly and non-scholarly audiences, would not help to pinpoint the intended purpose. Such distinctions impose superfi cial categories, whereas the current transformation of society places “learned” and “unlearned” alike in front of an unprecedented newness of life. On the threshold of a civilization characterized by electronic communication, uni-versalized to the point of being a “global village,” the spontaneous behavior of people in far-fl ung parts of the world announces the end of the Gutenberg era: television, computers, and internet not only challenge the primacy of the printed text for transmitting knowledge, but also challenge the age-old hegemony of the convention of book-reading. From the point of view of scholarship, these new sources of communication appear to dispense with the most laborious aspects of researching primary sources, which since the time of the Humanists was one of the main duties of a trained scholar. Unlike the reaction a century ago, few would uncritically applaud the impact of the present technological changes on social and economic procedures as evidence of progress. One would rather suspect that the enormous improve-ments introduced everywhere by electronics, in particular in production and distribution systems, may entail cultural ruptures with both the recent and distant past. Most young people today have become accustomed to learn history through television programs. Familiar with computers from primary school on, they may well become “readers” of the present Handbook as a product dating from a former stage of scholarship. Yet far from eliciting alarm, such considerations, while well grounded in the hard facts of current cultural mutations, hold out the prospect of an even wider communication for the many topics included in the Handbook. Specialist and non-specialist alike, willy-nilly we stand on the threshold of the “post-Gutenberg” era. Th e

present Handbook addresses readers who may already no longer be “readers” in the conventional sense.

Th e question of readership leads to a further consideration. Pace some of my learned colleagues, I cannot see how a Handbook of Patristic Exegesis conceived in the precarious situation of today’s patristic enterprise can entirely dispense from being an “Introduction” to the fi eld. Indeed such a

 Introduction

Handbook inevitably addresses readers alienated (oft en against any conscious

intention) from the traditional, humanistic, and Christian culture inherited from Europe. Th e recent ruptures in Western traditions include the loss of classi-cal languages, a distanciation from established religious institutions, and a bewildering ideological vacuum as soon as historic foundations are invoked for any paradigmatic evaluation. Such readers deserve to be informed ob-jectively and clearly about the cultural legacy of ancient Christianity. Th e Handbook does not intent to deliver a self-celebratory discourse of patristic scholarship, but to put that scholarship to the test of its actual relevance in the cross-cultural and nontraditional public arena of today.

As a Handbook of Patristic Exegesis, the attempted work focuses on only one aspect of the cultural Christian legacy from before the Middle Ages, that is, its biblical core. A more general survey of the ancient Christian legacy would have to review all aspects of the Christianizing of Late Antiquity, diverse in nature and relative in importance as it was. Th e gigantic size of the encyclopedic Festschrift for Joseph Vogt (Tübingen), ed. by H. Temporini and W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, tries to catch the multiple aspects of that Christianizing process during the fi rst two centuries c.e., out of which emerged “Christian” Middle Ages in the East and the West of the Mediterranean world. As the neoplatonist philosopher Iamblichus noted sometime in the early fourth century, the time of found-ing a religious tradition by strictly oral communication was foregone aft er Alexandrian culture had spread over the whole Empire in Late Antiquity. In that postclassical context, religious mysteries nourished generations of devotees through written documents. Christianity was no exception in add-ing to Hebrew Scriptures its own revelatory, though not secret, literature. Th e formation of that collection of authorized, or “canonical,” writings was central as far as the church was concerned, not central as a static reference, but as a dynamic source of intellectual creativity.

Th e centrality of the Bible to the whole patristic reality is something that is not generally recognized. As written revelation, the Bible quickly became the exclusive proof-text for establishing the main features of Christian iden-tity. Written in vernacular Greek, the nt itself was the work of the church. Under the aegis of apostolic authority, the nt texts presented God as speak-ing to early Christian generations in their native language, Koine Greek, the lingua franca of that time in the Mediterranean world as today English is around the planet. Linguistic immediacy was even experienced with the ot, because it was inherited in the Greek version, the Septuagint (lxx). One of the main challenges for the earliest Christian interpreters of Scripture would consist in stressing such an immediacy. Th ey would reformulate lxx