Coral Reef Research in the Philippines and Beyond…

(1)

Coral Reef Research in the

Philippines and Beyond…

(2)

Philippines

Philippines…

…

Fast Facts:

Composed of 7,107 islands Total area: 300,000 km2 N-S: 1,850 km E-W: 1,127 km) Total coastline: 36,289 km Population: 88.5 M (NSO 2007)

Tropical wet climate

(wet and dry seasons)

How it was formed

LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO CHINA Manila Cebu

(3)

Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the peri Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the peri Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the peri

Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the period 1948od 1948od 1948od 1948----222200000000555 5 (1128 tropical cyclones)

(1128 tropical cyclones) (1128 tropical cyclones) (1128 tropical cyclones)

(4)

LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO South China Sea North Philippine Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Seas Celebes Sea South Philippine Sea

Marine biogeographic regions

(modified from Aliño and Gomez 1994)

Marine Biodiversity

Coral Reefs 25,819 km2 (Burke et al. 2002)

464 coral species (Licuanan & Capili 2003; Veron & Fenner 2002)

915 reef fish species (Hilomen et al. 2000) [>3,000 fish species (FishBase 2007) ]

Algae - 820 species (Trono 1999)

Seagrass - 16 species (Fortes & Santos 2004)

Mangroves - 30 species (WRI 2003)

Other species (Pan et al. 2008):

Annelida – 57 Arthropoda – 582 Bryozoa – 56 Cnidaria – 669 Echinodormata – 90 Mollusca – 1,982 Mammalia - 31 Porfiera – 64 Reptilia - 27

(5)

The Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the w The Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the w The Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the w

(6)

Philippine MPAs

“Hottest” of the

marine biodiversity

hotspots in the

world

(Roberts et al. 2002)

Over 1,000 existing

MPAs in the

country

(Arceo et al. 2008)

Only about 25-30%

are effectively

managed

(7)

Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology

(1993

(1993----1997)

1997)

The Effects of Heavy Metals (Pb,

Zn, Cd, Hg) on Milkfish (

Chanos

chanos

), Tiger Prawn (

Penaeus

monodon

) and Horn Shell

(

Rhinoclavis

sp.)

Department of Biology - Marine Biology Section

University of San Carlos, Cebu City

(8)

Master of Science in Marine Science

(1999

(1999----2004)

2004)

Patterns and Role of

Recruitment on the

Community Dynamics of

Reef Fishes in the

Philippines

Marine Science Institute

University of the Philippines - Diliman

(9)

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To investigate patterns of

recruitment in Philippine reef fishes

Spatial (3 scales)

Temporal

2. To examine the role of recruitment

(10)

115.0 116.0 117.0 118.0 119.0 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 Longitude (°E) 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 L a ti tu d e ( ° N ) Anda (37) Bolinao (23) Masinloc (44) Twin Rocks (40) Danjugan (35) SULU SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA

Aparri (3) Casiguran (3) Dinalungan (7) Baler (7) Mabini (10) Kiamba (8) Tabina (7) Tukuran (7) Zamboanga (2) Sibulan (8) Loon (10)Calape (10) Talibon (7) Cordova (10) Puerto Princesa Bay (17) Honda Bay (17) San Vicente (9) El Nido (20) Kalayaan Island Group (9) North Palawan (7) Masbate (7) Lagonoy Gulf (27) Calauag Bay (31) Ragay Gulf (44) Alaminos (3) Balingasay (45) CELEBES SEA PHILIPPINE SEA ☯ 5 biogeographic regions ☯ 31 localities in 50 provinces • 26 (database) • 5 (primary data) ☯ 514 transects

☯ Fish Visual Census

• Juveniles (100 m2₎ • Adults (500 m2₎ ☯ LIT (secondary data) ☯ Video Transects (primary data)

STUDY AREAS:

(11)

Spatial Pattern: Biogeographic Region

0 50 100 150 200 250 SCS (n=83) NP (n=40) VIS (n=54) SS (n=32) CEL (n=22) n o . o f ju v e n il e s /1 0 0 m 2 *p<0.05 Abundance AbundanceAbundance Abundance Kruskal KruskalKruskal

Kruskal----Wallis ANOVAWallis ANOVAWallis ANOVAWallis ANOVA

0 5 10 15 20 SCS (n=83) NP (n=40) VIS (n=54) SS (n=32) CEL (n=22) n o . o f s p e c ie s /1 0 0 m 2 *p<0.001 Species Richness Species Richness Species Richness Species Richness Kruskal Kruskal Kruskal

(12)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Danjugan Honda Bay PPC Bay Zamboanga SULU SEA (4 localities)

SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities) SULU SEA (4 localities)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Ragay Masbate Cordova Sibulan Talibon Loon Calape

VISAYAN SEA (7 localities) VISAYAN SEA (7 localities) VISAYAN SEA (7 localities) VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Kiamba Tabina Tukuran

CELEBES SEA (3 localities) CELEBES SEA (3 localities) CELEBES SEA (3 localities) CELEBES SEA (3 localities)

Acanthuridae AcanthuridaeAcanthuridae Acanthuridae Anthiinae Anthiinae Anthiinae Anthiinae Labridae Labridae Labridae Labridae Scaridae Scaridae Scaridae Scaridae Plotosidae PlotosidaePlotosidae Plotosidae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Pomacentridae Other Families Other Families Other Families Other Families 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Masinloc Anda Balingasay Twin Rocks

Bolinao Alaminos Mabini San Vicente

El Nido KIG NW Palawan

SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities) SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities) SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)

Composition of Reef Fish Families

NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities) NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities) NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities) NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

(13)

High (>200 ind/100m High (>200 ind/100m High (>200 ind/100m High (>200 ind/100m2222) Medium (51 Medium (51 Medium (51

Medium (51----200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m2222)

Low (<50 ind/100m Low (<50 ind/100m Low (<50 ind/100m Low (<50 ind/100m2222) High (>15 species/100m High (>15 species/100m High (>15 species/100m High (>15 species/100m2222) Medium (5 Medium (5Medium (5

Medium (5----15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m2222)

Low (<5 species/100m Low (<5 species/100m Low (<5 species/100m Low (<5 species/100m2222)

Spatial Pattern: Locality

Abundance AbundanceAbundance Abundance 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 **p<0.001 One-way ANOVA Species Richness Species RichnessSpecies Richness Species Richness 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 **p<0.001 One-way ANOVA

(14)

Abundance Abundance Abundance Abundance (NS at p<0.05, One (NS at p<0.05, One (NS at p<0.05, One

(NS at p<0.05, One----way ANOVA)way ANOVA)way ANOVA)way ANOVA)

North Wall (NW) Bamboo Bridge (BB) Twin Peaks 2 (TP2) Twin Peaks 1 (TP1) Danjugan West 1 (DW1) Danjugan West 2 (DW2) Third Lagoon (3L) Hillary's Species Richness Species RichnessSpecies Richness Species Richness

(*p<0.05, One (*p<0.05, One(*p<0.05, One

(*p<0.05, One----way ANOVA))way ANOVA))way ANOVA))way ANOVA))

North Wall (NW) Bamboo Bridge (BB) Twin Peaks 2 (TP2) Twin Peaks 1 (TP1) Danjugan West 1 (DW1) Danjugan West 2 (DW2) Third Lagoon (3L) Hillary's

Spatial Pattern: Island

Danjugan Island,

Cauayan, Neg.

Occidental

(15)

0 400 800 1200 1600

Sep-01 Apr-02 no data Mar-03

n o . o f in d iv id u a ls /1 0 0 m 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n o . o f sp e c ie s/ 1 0 0 m 2 DANJUGAN DANJUGAN DANJUGAN DANJUGAN 0 400 800 1200 1600

Sep-01 Dec-01 Sep-02 Jan-03

n o . o f in d iv id u a ls /1 0 0 m 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n o . o f sp e c ie s/ 1 0 0 m 2 TWIN ROCKS TWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKS TWIN ROCKS 0 40 80 120 160 200

Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03

n o . o f in d iv id u a ls /1 0 0 m 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n o . o f sp e c ie s/ 1 0 0 m 2 ANDA ANDAANDA ANDA 0 40 80 120 160 200

Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03

n o . o f in d iv id u a ls /1 0 0 m 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n o . o f sp e c ie s/ 1 0 0 m 2 BALINGASAY BALINGASAYBALINGASAY BALINGASAY 0 40 80 120 160 200

Sep-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Feb-03

n o . o f in d iv id u a ls /1 0 0 m 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 n o . o f sp e c ie s/ 1 0 0 m 2 MASINLOC MASINLOCMASINLOC MASINLOC Sp Richness Sp Richness Abundance Abundance ANOVA ANOVA p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 Area x Area x Season Season NS NS NS NS Season Season p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 Area Area

Temporal Patterns

AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance

LEGEND: LEGEND: LEGEND: LEGEND: S SS

Spppepeececciiiieceessss Re RiiiicRRccchhhhnnnneeeessssssss

(16)

0.00 – 0.19 Very weak 0.20 – 0.39 Weak

0.40 – 0.69 Modest 0.70 – 0.89 Strong

0.90 – 1.00 Very strong

Fowler and Cohen 1990

FAMILY (26 families/subfamilies)

Anthiinae - 0.726** Pomacentridae - 0.645* Cirrhitidae - 0.622* Scaridae - 0.514* Labridae - 0.454*

Correlation Analyses

(Pearson r, p<0.05)

Adult

Adult----Juvenile Relationships &

Juvenile Relationships &

MPAs

(17)

Spatio

Spatio----Temporal Trends in the MPAs

Temporal Trends in the MPAs

No significant differences

in abundance over time

(3-way ANOVA & Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, p<0.05).

Duration of the study

insufficient to detect changes

Abundance showed an

increasing trend over time in Twin Rocks

Due to increasing

number of adult conspecifics

Juvenile Reef Fish

No significant changes in

abundance and biomass over time

(3-way ANOVA & Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, p<0.05).

Duration of study insufficient to detect

changes

Protection ineffective; poaching Depleted sources of fish stock (e.g.

Balingasay & Anda)

Biomass significantly higher inside

than outside the MPA (NE data set, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, p<0.05).

Protection effect

Choice of sites during MPA

establishment

Fish feeding activities inside the MPA

(18)

Project Involvements 115 .0 116.0 1 17.0 118. 0 119.0 12 0.0 121. 0 122.0 123. 0 124.0 1 25.0 126. 0 127.0 128 .0 Longitude (°E) 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 L a ti tu d e ( ° N ) Bol ina o (2 3) SULU SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA

Ki am ba (8 ) S ibul an (8) Lo on (1 0) C al ape (1 0) C ord ova (10) Sa n Vi c ent e (9) CELEBES SEA PHILIPPINE SEA S a lc e d o

Reef monitoring in 8 MPAs

No significant changes in No significant changes in No significant changes in No significant changes in

coral cover coral cover coral cover coral cover

Fish density increased by Fish density increased by Fish density increased by Fish density increased by

50 50 50

50----200%200%200%200%

Fish biomass increased by Fish biomass increased by Fish biomass increased by Fish biomass increased by

100 100 100

100----900%900%900%900%

Initial biomass value Initial biomass value Initial biomass value Initial biomass value

influenced rate of influenced rate of influenced rate of influenced rate of accumulation accumulation accumulation

accumulation ((((NanolaNanolaNanolaNanola et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)

Participatory Evaluation of the

Effectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining Reef

Functional Biodiversity (1997

Functional Biodiversity (1997----2003)

2003)

(19)

(20)

Arceo

Arceo et al.et al. 20012001

1998 Massive

Coral Bleaching

Event

(21)

21

An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests tha An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests tha An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests that t t t exacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced exacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced exacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced exacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;

disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement; disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;

Changes in major benthic attributes, before, 2-6 months after and a year after the coral bleaching event

Bolinao, Pangasinan (n=3) Western Palawan (n=3) Sulu Sea (n=6) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M E A N % C O V E R Jun-98 Aug-98 Jun-99 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Apr-98 Nov-98 May-99 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

HC SC DC DCA AA OT ABIOTIC UNID

May-98 Nov-98 May-99 M E A N % C O V E R M E A N % C O V E R a b a ab b a b b b b a a ab a b a b ab a _b ab a b b ab a b ab a Arceo et al. 2002

(22)

Project Involvements

Enhancing Sustainable Fisheries through

Improved Marine Fishery Reserves

(2000

(2000----2003)

2003)

Short

Short----range effects

range effects

Spillover effect (FVC, fish Spillover effect (FVC, fish Spillover effect (FVC, fish Spillover effect (FVC, fish

tagging & tracking, fecundity, tagging & tracking, fecundity, tagging & tracking, fecundity, tagging & tracking, fecundity, fisheries monitoring)

fisheries monitoring) fisheries monitoring) fisheries monitoring)

Medium

Medium----range effects

range effects

IchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplankton surveys (fish surveys (fish surveys (fish surveys (fish

larvae and eggs) larvae and eggs) larvae and eggs) larvae and eggs)

Oceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studies

Long

Long----range effects

range effects

Genetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studies

115 .0 116.0 1 17.0 118. 0 119.0 12 0.0 121. 0 122.0 123. 0 124.0 1 25.0 126. 0 127.0 128 .0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 L at it u d e (° N ) Anda M a sinl oc Tw i n Rock s Da nj uga n SULU SEA SOUTH CHINA SEA

Z a m boa nga Guim a ra s B ali nga sa y

CELEBES SEA PHILIPPINE SEA

(23)

Movement of reef fish

Tagging

• Danjugan, Cauayan, Negros Occ. • April 2001 – May 2003

• 530 fish tagged

• 99 species, 22 families

Reef fish 1o sedentary

Evidence of crossing boundaries → Spillover ?

Flux rates of crossing over?

422 tagged inside reserves

• 34 recaptured = 8.1% recapture rate • 8 of 34 tagged inside caught

outside (23.5%)

108 tagged outside reserves

• 10/108 = 9.3% recapture rate • All caught outside

Emigration rate (potential spillover) ~ 23%

Source: AFMA-MFR Project

Aurellado

(24)

>100 ≤100 ≤ 50 ≤ 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 _PANAY Guimaras NEGROS >100 ≤100 ≤ 50 ≤ 10 >100 ≤100 ≤ 50 ≤ 10 >100 ≤100 ≤ 50 ≤ 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 _PANAY Guimaras NEGROS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 _PANAY Guimaras NEGROS

LARVAL & EGG DENSITIES IN PANAY GULF, MAY 2002

Eggs = blue; larvae = red

Spatial scale of 100 km

(25)

Project Involvements

Philippine Environmental Governance 2

Project (2004

Project (2004----2009)

2009)

Target outcome: Reduced

overfishing

overfishing & destructive

& destructive

fishing

106,700 ha of coastal area 106,700 ha of coastal area 106,700 ha of coastal area 106,700 ha of coastal area

under improved under improved under improved under improved management management management management

20 new marine sanctuaries 20 new marine sanctuaries 20 new marine sanctuaries 20 new marine sanctuaries

established (400 ha) established (400 ha) established (400 ha) established (400 ha)

50 existing marine 50 existing marine 50 existing marine 50 existing marine

sanctuaries managed sanctuaries managed sanctuaries managed sanctuaries managed (2,500 ha) (2,500 ha) (2,500 ha)

(2,500 ha) Map from Ong et al. 2000

with marine biogeographic regions (Alino and Gomez 1994)

South China Sea

North Philippi ne Sea South Philippine Sea Sulu Sea Visayan Seas Celebes Sea

(26)

Coastal Resource

Management

Planning &

(27)

MPA Establishment

and Management

(28)

Thesis

(2009

(2009----present)

present)

Performance Indicators to

Assess the Effectiveness of MPAs

in Sustaining Fisheries

ECOMERS

Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis

(29)

Protected

Area or sanctuary

Recruitment

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

or Marine/Fish Sanctuaries

Slide courtesy of W Campos, UPV

Spillover

(30)

MAIN OBJECTIVES:

1. 1. 1.

1.

To determine the effect of protection on fish

recruitment, particularly on density and

mortality of recruits; and,

2. 2. 2.

2.

To investigate density

To investigate density----dependent

To investigate density

dependent

exportation of fish to adjacent areas outside

of the MPAs, specifically:

a. a.a.

a.

the movement of adults (

the movement of adults (spillover

spillover

spillover))))

spillover

b.

b.b.

(31)

METHODOLOGY

Cap Roux MPA (Saint

Rapha

Raphaë

ë

ëllll))))

No-take zone

450 hectares extending up to

the 80-meter isobath

Established in Dec 2003 by

the Prud’homie de Peche

Initially closed for a 4-year

period but was extended to 6 years in Jan 2008

Managed by the city of Saint

(32)

METHODOLOGY

A. Determining Protection Effects on

Fish Recruitment

1. Monitoring Juvenile Fish Abundance

Seagrass beds

Shallow coves

(

Diplodus

spp.)

Rocky substrates

(33)

METHODOLOGY

A. Determining Protection Effects on Fish

Recruitment

2.

Juvenile Fish Mortality Experiment

(34)

Full cage

Open set

Open set----up

up

Partial cage

Inside Reserve

Outside Reserve

= Mortality rate

(35)

The Residents

The Residents…

…

Serranus scriba

Pagrus pagrus

Serranus cabrilla

(36)

Symphodus roissalli

Symphodus sp.

Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus bogaraveo

(37)

(38)

The Predators

The Predators…

…

(39)

Unexpected guests

Unexpected guests…

…

(40)

The risk

The risk…

…

(41)

GENERAL METHODOLOGY

B. Determining Protection Effects on Fish

Recovery and Exportation

1.

Adult recovery (“reserve effect”)

Fish Visual Census (Transect, FAST)

2.

Exportation of adult fish (“spillover effect”)

Experimental Fishing

Fish Tagging/Tracking

3.

Exportation of reproductive propagules

(“recruitment effect”)

Fecundity Study – proxy estimate for potential

(42)

3-4 100-meter nets

deployed at 10-40 m depths

Number of stations

inside MPA = 3 stations

(approximately 400m distance per station)

outside MPA = 5 stations

at varying distances from the south boundary (i.e. 200m, 400m, 600, 800 m, 1000m

control = 2 stations at

least >2000 m away

from the south boundary

Frequency:

2 seasons (spring and

autumn)

2 campaigns per season

Experimental Fishing

Design

(43)

Coral Reef Research in the Philippines and Beyond…

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